Lipids include triacylglycerols, fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids. Triacylglycerols are composed of fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule through ester bonds. Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxylic acid end. Phospholipids contain two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol via ester bonds, making them amphipathic. Steroids have four carbon-hydrogen rings with various functional groups.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the changing landscape of higher education and the tensions universities face in expanding participation rates, maintaining quality, and reducing costs per student. It outlines how universities are becoming more market-oriented and must identify their strengths to focus on in order to meet rising global standards and satisfy more demanding stakeholders. Universities now focus on lifelong learning, research, knowledge transfer, and engagement with society and the economy rather than separation from them.
Green screen techniques allow parts of an image to be replaced, which allows a small number of actors to portray large scenes, like the D-Day landings. Motion capture involves tracking markers placed on actors' bodies to capture their movements and apply them to digital characters. Markerless motion capture systems aim to capture more subtle movements without markers by tracking the body. Both techniques are used widely in movies and games to bring realistic digital characters and environments to life.
This document compares the scalability, performance, partitioning, availability, and manageability of IBM DB2 and Oracle databases. It discusses that IBM DB2 can scale to 512 TB of data in a traditional cluster, while Oracle allows for unlimited scaling in a Real Application Cluster across geographically dispersed nodes. For performance, it shows that IBM DB2 outperforms Oracle on TPC-C and TPC-H benchmarks at large scale factors of 3000GB, 10000GB, and 30000GB, though Oracle holds the world record at 30000GB. It also outlines advantages and disadvantages of data partitioning for performance. For availability, it notes that Oracle allows for hot plugging of nodes and warm cache failover, while IBM DB2
Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for chemical reactions to occur. This allows reactions in the body to happen more easily and faster. Each enzyme has an active site that is shaped to bind to one specific reaction. When an enzyme is involved, the reaction it catalyzes can proceed much quicker than without the enzyme present.
This document summarizes various tools for visualizing and analyzing activity data. It discusses tools for data wrangling like Google Refine and DataWrangler. It also covers visualization libraries and platforms like Many Eyes, Matplotlib for time series data, and Graphviz for graphs and networks. Statistical analysis in R and graphics libraries like Protovis and Processing are also mentioned. The document provides links to examples of analyzing hierarchical data, text processing with Unix tools, and visualizing trends and autocorrelation in time series data.
Lipids include triacylglycerols, fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids. Triacylglycerols are composed of fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule through ester bonds. Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxylic acid end. Phospholipids contain two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol via ester bonds, making them amphipathic. Steroids have four carbon-hydrogen rings with various functional groups.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the changing landscape of higher education and the tensions universities face in expanding participation rates, maintaining quality, and reducing costs per student. It outlines how universities are becoming more market-oriented and must identify their strengths to focus on in order to meet rising global standards and satisfy more demanding stakeholders. Universities now focus on lifelong learning, research, knowledge transfer, and engagement with society and the economy rather than separation from them.
Green screen techniques allow parts of an image to be replaced, which allows a small number of actors to portray large scenes, like the D-Day landings. Motion capture involves tracking markers placed on actors' bodies to capture their movements and apply them to digital characters. Markerless motion capture systems aim to capture more subtle movements without markers by tracking the body. Both techniques are used widely in movies and games to bring realistic digital characters and environments to life.
This document compares the scalability, performance, partitioning, availability, and manageability of IBM DB2 and Oracle databases. It discusses that IBM DB2 can scale to 512 TB of data in a traditional cluster, while Oracle allows for unlimited scaling in a Real Application Cluster across geographically dispersed nodes. For performance, it shows that IBM DB2 outperforms Oracle on TPC-C and TPC-H benchmarks at large scale factors of 3000GB, 10000GB, and 30000GB, though Oracle holds the world record at 30000GB. It also outlines advantages and disadvantages of data partitioning for performance. For availability, it notes that Oracle allows for hot plugging of nodes and warm cache failover, while IBM DB2
Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for chemical reactions to occur. This allows reactions in the body to happen more easily and faster. Each enzyme has an active site that is shaped to bind to one specific reaction. When an enzyme is involved, the reaction it catalyzes can proceed much quicker than without the enzyme present.
This document summarizes various tools for visualizing and analyzing activity data. It discusses tools for data wrangling like Google Refine and DataWrangler. It also covers visualization libraries and platforms like Many Eyes, Matplotlib for time series data, and Graphviz for graphs and networks. Statistical analysis in R and graphics libraries like Protovis and Processing are also mentioned. The document provides links to examples of analyzing hierarchical data, text processing with Unix tools, and visualizing trends and autocorrelation in time series data.
The document discusses natural selection and adaptation. It explains that natural selection is the process by which heritable traits that increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction become more common over generations. It was introduced by Charles Darwin in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. Examples are given of natural selection in different organisms. Limiting factors like food, space, disease, and others influence population sizes within ecosystems.
The document outlines key concepts in heredity and genetics, including how genotypes (homozygous and heterozygous) influence phenotypes and how Mendel used pea plants to study traits. It defines important terms like trait, allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant/recessive, true breeding, P/F1/F2 generations, homozygous, heterozygous, and Punnett squares as a tool to predict offspring from genetic crosses. The overall goal is to explain heredity and predict traits in offspring.
The document discusses bacteria. It describes that bacteria have two kingdoms, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Archaebacteria are the oldest organisms on Earth and live in extreme conditions. Bacteria can be unicellular and prokaryotic. They reproduce through binary fission or sexually through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. Bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan and may have a capsule or form endospores. They can move using flagella or pili.
The document discusses misconceptions about muscle building and provides information on how muscles actually grow. It notes that fat does not turn into muscle, genetics are not the only factor, and supplements are not required for growth. The document explains that muscle is contractile tissue that grows through resistance training which causes microtears repaired through protein synthesis. Proper nutrition including protein, carbs, water and rest also support muscle growth. Anabolic steroids are discouraged due to health risks from long term use.
The document discusses molecular genetics and the role of DNA in inheritance. It states that DNA codes for proteins, which determine an organism's heritable traits. It explains that the sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA provides the code for building proteins, and that genes act as a blueprint for constructing cell parts and enzymes. Mutations in DNA can alter protein synthesis and affect an organism's characteristics.
The document discusses the structure and properties of DNA. It notes that DNA is a large polymer formed from linked nucleotides that contain sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogen bases in sections called genes, with each gene coding for a specific protein. The document also mentions that DNA molecules form chromosomes, with humans having 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell nucleus.
The document discusses different types of viruses including their structure, replication cycles, and examples of diseases they cause. It describes viruses as consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, and that they come in helical, icosahedral, enveloped, and bacteriophage forms. It also discusses viral replication cycles including lytic versus lysogenic, and how DNA and RNA viruses replicate. Examples of viral diseases in humans covered include chickenpox, viral hepatitis, and AIDS.
Bioenergetics (Photosynthesis And Respiration Overview)Nathan Arnold
The document discusses bioenergetic processes in living systems. It explains that there are two main types of organisms: autotrophs, which can produce their own food via photosynthesis, and heterotrophs, which rely on other organisms for food. Photosynthesis is described as the process by which autotrophs convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light as an energy source. Cellular respiration is then covered as the process heterotrophs use to break down glucose and generate energy in the form of ATP, releasing carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Key factors like temperature, gas levels and nutrients that can influence these energy transformation processes are also outlined.
The document discusses different types of cells and cell division. It describes that eukaryotes have cells with a nucleus while prokaryotes do not. Eukaryotic cells are usually larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. Plant cells contain organelles like a cell wall, central vacuole and chloroplasts that animal cells lack. There are four main types of cell division - binary fission in prokaryotes produces two identical daughter cells, budding in fungi produces a parent cell and bud, mitosis in eukaryotic body cells produces two identical daughter cells, and meiosis in eukaryotic sex cells produces four unique daughter cells.
This document discusses cells, their structure, function, and origin. It begins with an activity where students sketch and analyze 12 different cell types. They observe structural features and infer functions. The document then explains that cells originate from preexisting cells according to the Cell Theory. Cells usually begin as a zygote or stem cell and become specialized through differentiation, which is a result of changes in gene expression rather than DNA code.
The document discusses the four major classes of biomolecules (macromolecules) that are the building blocks of living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are used for energy storage. Lipids include fats, oils, and other fatty substances used for energy storage and structural roles. Proteins are made of amino acids and are used for structural, mechanical, and process roles in the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information.
DNA is a large polymer made of nucleotides linked together in a double helix shape. Nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G). Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogen bases along the DNA strands. Specific base sequences called genes code for the production of individual proteins, which determine our physical traits.
This document describes two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells with the same amount of DNA as the parent cell and is used for body cell reproduction. Meiosis produces four daughter cells each with half the amount of DNA as the parent cell and is used to create sex cells like eggs and sperm.
Water is essential for life. It makes up 75% of our cells and 90% of our blood, hydrating the body. Water acts as a buffer that regulates body temperature through sweating and vasoconstriction. As a polar solvent, water dissolves many other polar substances, providing an environment for chemical reactions in cells. Water also maintains cell turgor pressure through osmosis, leading to full cells and strong plants.
The document describes the key components of an experimental design: the independent variable (IV) which is manipulated, the dependent variable (DV) which is measured, the control which is used for comparison, and constants which stay the same. It provides examples of an experiment measuring the effectiveness of different cleaners, where the type of cleaner is the IV, the percentage of residue removed is the DV, water is the control, and factors like the amount of cleaner and wiping method are kept constant.
Protists are eukaryotic microorganisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. They are usually unicellular and reproduce through fission, conjugation, or spore formation. Protists include animal-like protists that are heterotrophic and move to capture prey, plant-like protists that are mostly autotrophic algae, and fungus-like protists such as water molds and slime molds. Protists play important roles in the environment such as producing oxygen, forming the base of marine food webs, and contributing to the carbon cycle through decomposition. They are also economically significant as food sources, in industry, and can cause human diseases like malaria, sleeping
Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorbing them from their environment or other organisms. They can exist as multicellular molds or unicellular yeasts. Fungi are classified into three phyla - Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota - which differ in their reproductive structures and life cycles. Many fungi form beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms through symbiosis, while some cause diseases in humans.
Genetics and the genomic era provide answers that lie within our genes. Recent advances allow us to study entire genomes and genetic factors influencing health and disease. Understanding an individual's DNA sequence may help treat and prevent illness on a personalized level in the future.
All living things are made of cells, which come from preexisting cells and are the basic functional units of life. A cell's structure relates to its function, with skin cells being flat and nerve cells long and branching. Cells must maintain a high surface area to volume ratio to avoid starvation as they get too large. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and are usually small and simple, like bacteria. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and are usually large and complex, like plants, animals, fungi and protists. Plant cells contain a cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts, while animal cells lack these features.
There are two main types of cellular transport - passive and active. Passive transport does not require energy and includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and requires energy from ATP. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport, moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane against their gradients. Large molecules are transported across membranes via endocytosis and exocytosis using vesicles.
The document discusses natural selection and adaptation. It explains that natural selection is the process by which heritable traits that increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction become more common over generations. It was introduced by Charles Darwin in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. Examples are given of natural selection in different organisms. Limiting factors like food, space, disease, and others influence population sizes within ecosystems.
The document outlines key concepts in heredity and genetics, including how genotypes (homozygous and heterozygous) influence phenotypes and how Mendel used pea plants to study traits. It defines important terms like trait, allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant/recessive, true breeding, P/F1/F2 generations, homozygous, heterozygous, and Punnett squares as a tool to predict offspring from genetic crosses. The overall goal is to explain heredity and predict traits in offspring.
The document discusses bacteria. It describes that bacteria have two kingdoms, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Archaebacteria are the oldest organisms on Earth and live in extreme conditions. Bacteria can be unicellular and prokaryotic. They reproduce through binary fission or sexually through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. Bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan and may have a capsule or form endospores. They can move using flagella or pili.
The document discusses misconceptions about muscle building and provides information on how muscles actually grow. It notes that fat does not turn into muscle, genetics are not the only factor, and supplements are not required for growth. The document explains that muscle is contractile tissue that grows through resistance training which causes microtears repaired through protein synthesis. Proper nutrition including protein, carbs, water and rest also support muscle growth. Anabolic steroids are discouraged due to health risks from long term use.
The document discusses molecular genetics and the role of DNA in inheritance. It states that DNA codes for proteins, which determine an organism's heritable traits. It explains that the sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA provides the code for building proteins, and that genes act as a blueprint for constructing cell parts and enzymes. Mutations in DNA can alter protein synthesis and affect an organism's characteristics.
The document discusses the structure and properties of DNA. It notes that DNA is a large polymer formed from linked nucleotides that contain sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogen bases in sections called genes, with each gene coding for a specific protein. The document also mentions that DNA molecules form chromosomes, with humans having 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell nucleus.
The document discusses different types of viruses including their structure, replication cycles, and examples of diseases they cause. It describes viruses as consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, and that they come in helical, icosahedral, enveloped, and bacteriophage forms. It also discusses viral replication cycles including lytic versus lysogenic, and how DNA and RNA viruses replicate. Examples of viral diseases in humans covered include chickenpox, viral hepatitis, and AIDS.
Bioenergetics (Photosynthesis And Respiration Overview)Nathan Arnold
The document discusses bioenergetic processes in living systems. It explains that there are two main types of organisms: autotrophs, which can produce their own food via photosynthesis, and heterotrophs, which rely on other organisms for food. Photosynthesis is described as the process by which autotrophs convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light as an energy source. Cellular respiration is then covered as the process heterotrophs use to break down glucose and generate energy in the form of ATP, releasing carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Key factors like temperature, gas levels and nutrients that can influence these energy transformation processes are also outlined.
The document discusses different types of cells and cell division. It describes that eukaryotes have cells with a nucleus while prokaryotes do not. Eukaryotic cells are usually larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. Plant cells contain organelles like a cell wall, central vacuole and chloroplasts that animal cells lack. There are four main types of cell division - binary fission in prokaryotes produces two identical daughter cells, budding in fungi produces a parent cell and bud, mitosis in eukaryotic body cells produces two identical daughter cells, and meiosis in eukaryotic sex cells produces four unique daughter cells.
This document discusses cells, their structure, function, and origin. It begins with an activity where students sketch and analyze 12 different cell types. They observe structural features and infer functions. The document then explains that cells originate from preexisting cells according to the Cell Theory. Cells usually begin as a zygote or stem cell and become specialized through differentiation, which is a result of changes in gene expression rather than DNA code.
The document discusses the four major classes of biomolecules (macromolecules) that are the building blocks of living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are used for energy storage. Lipids include fats, oils, and other fatty substances used for energy storage and structural roles. Proteins are made of amino acids and are used for structural, mechanical, and process roles in the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information.
DNA is a large polymer made of nucleotides linked together in a double helix shape. Nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G). Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogen bases along the DNA strands. Specific base sequences called genes code for the production of individual proteins, which determine our physical traits.
This document describes two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells with the same amount of DNA as the parent cell and is used for body cell reproduction. Meiosis produces four daughter cells each with half the amount of DNA as the parent cell and is used to create sex cells like eggs and sperm.
Water is essential for life. It makes up 75% of our cells and 90% of our blood, hydrating the body. Water acts as a buffer that regulates body temperature through sweating and vasoconstriction. As a polar solvent, water dissolves many other polar substances, providing an environment for chemical reactions in cells. Water also maintains cell turgor pressure through osmosis, leading to full cells and strong plants.
The document describes the key components of an experimental design: the independent variable (IV) which is manipulated, the dependent variable (DV) which is measured, the control which is used for comparison, and constants which stay the same. It provides examples of an experiment measuring the effectiveness of different cleaners, where the type of cleaner is the IV, the percentage of residue removed is the DV, water is the control, and factors like the amount of cleaner and wiping method are kept constant.
Protists are eukaryotic microorganisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. They are usually unicellular and reproduce through fission, conjugation, or spore formation. Protists include animal-like protists that are heterotrophic and move to capture prey, plant-like protists that are mostly autotrophic algae, and fungus-like protists such as water molds and slime molds. Protists play important roles in the environment such as producing oxygen, forming the base of marine food webs, and contributing to the carbon cycle through decomposition. They are also economically significant as food sources, in industry, and can cause human diseases like malaria, sleeping
Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorbing them from their environment or other organisms. They can exist as multicellular molds or unicellular yeasts. Fungi are classified into three phyla - Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota - which differ in their reproductive structures and life cycles. Many fungi form beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms through symbiosis, while some cause diseases in humans.
Genetics and the genomic era provide answers that lie within our genes. Recent advances allow us to study entire genomes and genetic factors influencing health and disease. Understanding an individual's DNA sequence may help treat and prevent illness on a personalized level in the future.
All living things are made of cells, which come from preexisting cells and are the basic functional units of life. A cell's structure relates to its function, with skin cells being flat and nerve cells long and branching. Cells must maintain a high surface area to volume ratio to avoid starvation as they get too large. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and are usually small and simple, like bacteria. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and are usually large and complex, like plants, animals, fungi and protists. Plant cells contain a cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts, while animal cells lack these features.
There are two main types of cellular transport - passive and active. Passive transport does not require energy and includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and requires energy from ATP. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport, moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane against their gradients. Large molecules are transported across membranes via endocytosis and exocytosis using vesicles.