DNA

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The document discusses the structure and properties of DNA. It notes that DNA is a large polymer formed from linked nucleotides that contain sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogen bases in sections called genes, with each gene coding for a specific protein. The document also mentions that DNA molecules form chromosomes, with humans having 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell nucleus.

Education

Science is a story...

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

3.3.B.a Describe the chemical and structural properties of DNA
(e.g., DNA is a large polymer formed from linked subunits of
four kinds of nitrogen bases; genetic information is encoded
in genes based on the sequence of subunits; each DNA
molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome) (Assess the
concepts – NOT memorization of nitrogen base pairs)
DOK: 1

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

DNA is shaped like a
double helix

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

DNA is a large polymer formed by linking
nucleotides.

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Nucleotides have 3 parts:

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Nucleotides have 3 parts:
1. Sugar

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Nucleotides have 3 parts:
1. Sugar
2. Phosphate

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Nucleotides have 3 parts:
1. Sugar
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogen Base

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Nitrogen Bases come in 4 amazing
flavors (A, T, G, and C)!

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Genetic information is encoded in the
sequence of nitrogen bases

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Genetic information is encoded in the
sequence of nitrogen bases
ATGCTTAAAGCTATA

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Genetic information is encoded in the
sequence of nitrogen bases
ATGCTTAAAGCTATA
TACGAATTTCGATAT

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Genetic information is encoded in the
sequence of nitrogen bases
ATGCTTAAAGCTATA
TACGAATTTCGATAT
These “coding sequences”
are known as genes.

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Each gene codes for the production of a
specific protein.

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Each gene codes for the production of a
specific protein.

DNA

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Each gene codes for the production of a
specific protein.

DNA Protein

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Each gene codes for the production of a
specific protein.

DNA Protein

Characteristics are the physical expression
of the proteins we make!!!

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Each gene codes for the production of a
specific protein.

DNA Protein trait

Characteristics are the physical expression
of the proteins we make!!!

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Each DNA molecule in a cell forms a
single chromosome.

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Each DNA molecule in a cell forms a
single chromosome.

There are 23 pairs of
chromosomes in the nucleus
of every human body cell.

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

The document discusses molecular genetics and the role of DNA in inheritance. It states that DNA codes for proteins, which determine an organism's heritable traits. It explains that the sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA provides the code for building proteins, and that genes act as a blueprint for constructing cell parts and enzymes. Mutations in DNA can alter protein synthesis and affect an organism's characteristics.

Building Muscle

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The document discusses misconceptions about muscle building and provides information on how muscles actually grow. It notes that fat does not turn into muscle, genetics are not the only factor, and supplements are not required for growth. The document explains that muscle is contractile tissue that grows through resistance training which causes microtears repaired through protein synthesis. Proper nutrition including protein, carbs, water and rest also support muscle growth. Anabolic steroids are discouraged due to health risks from long term use.

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The Big Four

The document describes the key components of an experimental design: the independent variable (IV) which is manipulated, the dependent variable (DV) which is measured, the control which is used for comparison, and constants which stay the same. It provides examples of an experiment measuring the effectiveness of different cleaners, where the type of cleaner is the IV, the percentage of residue removed is the DV, water is the control, and factors like the amount of cleaner and wiping method are kept constant.

Fungus

Nathan Arnold

Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorbing them from their environment or other organisms. They can exist as multicellular molds or unicellular yeasts. Fungi are classified into three phyla - Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota - which differ in their reproductive structures and life cycles. Many fungi form beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms through symbiosis, while some cause diseases in humans.

Natural Selection

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The document discusses natural selection and adaptation. It explains that natural selection is the process by which heritable traits that increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction become more common over generations. It was introduced by Charles Darwin in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. Examples are given of natural selection in different organisms. Limiting factors like food, space, disease, and others influence population sizes within ecosystems.

The document outlines key concepts in heredity and genetics, including how genotypes (homozygous and heterozygous) influence phenotypes and how Mendel used pea plants to study traits. It defines important terms like trait, allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant/recessive, true breeding, P/F1/F2 generations, homozygous, heterozygous, and Punnett squares as a tool to predict offspring from genetic crosses. The overall goal is to explain heredity and predict traits in offspring.

Bacteria

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The document discusses bacteria. It describes that bacteria have two kingdoms, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Archaebacteria are the oldest organisms on Earth and live in extreme conditions. Bacteria can be unicellular and prokaryotic. They reproduce through binary fission or sexually through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. Bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan and may have a capsule or form endospores. They can move using flagella or pili.

Virology

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The document discusses different types of viruses including their structure, replication cycles, and examples of diseases they cause. It describes viruses as consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, and that they come in helical, icosahedral, enveloped, and bacteriophage forms. It also discusses viral replication cycles including lytic versus lysogenic, and how DNA and RNA viruses replicate. Examples of viral diseases in humans covered include chickenpox, viral hepatitis, and AIDS.

Bioenergetics (Photosynthesis And Respiration Overview)

Nathan Arnold

The document discusses bioenergetic processes in living systems. It explains that there are two main types of organisms: autotrophs, which can produce their own food via photosynthesis, and heterotrophs, which rely on other organisms for food. Photosynthesis is described as the process by which autotrophs convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light as an energy source. Cellular respiration is then covered as the process heterotrophs use to break down glucose and generate energy in the form of ATP, releasing carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Key factors like temperature, gas levels and nutrients that can influence these energy transformation processes are also outlined.

Prok Euk Cell Division

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The document discusses different types of cells and cell division. It describes that eukaryotes have cells with a nucleus while prokaryotes do not. Eukaryotic cells are usually larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. Plant cells contain organelles like a cell wall, central vacuole and chloroplasts that animal cells lack. There are four main types of cell division - binary fission in prokaryotes produces two identical daughter cells, budding in fungi produces a parent cell and bud, mitosis in eukaryotic body cells produces two identical daughter cells, and meiosis in eukaryotic sex cells produces four unique daughter cells.

Cell Structure And Function

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This document discusses cells, their structure, function, and origin. It begins with an activity where students sketch and analyze 12 different cell types. They observe structural features and infer functions. The document then explains that cells originate from preexisting cells according to the Cell Theory. Cells usually begin as a zygote or stem cell and become specialized through differentiation, which is a result of changes in gene expression rather than DNA code.

Biomolecules

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The document discusses the four major classes of biomolecules (macromolecules) that are the building blocks of living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are used for energy storage. Lipids include fats, oils, and other fatty substances used for energy storage and structural roles. Proteins are made of amino acids and are used for structural, mechanical, and process roles in the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information.

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Properties Of Water

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Water is essential for life. It makes up 75% of our cells and 90% of our blood, hydrating the body. Water acts as a buffer that regulates body temperature through sweating and vasoconstriction. As a polar solvent, water dissolves many other polar substances, providing an environment for chemical reactions in cells. Water also maintains cell turgor pressure through osmosis, leading to full cells and strong plants.

Protists

Nathan Arnold

Protists are eukaryotic microorganisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. They are usually unicellular and reproduce through fission, conjugation, or spore formation. Protists include animal-like protists that are heterotrophic and move to capture prey, plant-like protists that are mostly autotrophic algae, and fungus-like protists such as water molds and slime molds. Protists play important roles in the environment such as producing oxygen, forming the base of marine food webs, and contributing to the carbon cycle through decomposition. They are also economically significant as food sources, in industry, and can cause human diseases like malaria, sleeping

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The Cell

Nathan Arnold

All living things are made of cells, which come from preexisting cells and are the basic functional units of life. A cell's structure relates to its function, with skin cells being flat and nerve cells long and branching. Cells must maintain a high surface area to volume ratio to avoid starvation as they get too large. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and are usually small and simple, like bacteria. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and are usually large and complex, like plants, animals, fungi and protists. Plant cells contain a cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts, while animal cells lack these features.

Passive Transport

Nathan Arnold

There are two main types of cellular transport - passive and active. Passive transport does not require energy and includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and requires energy from ATP. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport, moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane against their gradients. Large molecules are transported across membranes via endocytosis and exocytosis using vesicles.

Biological Organization

Nathan Arnold

This document outlines the hierarchy of organization in biology from the smallest to largest levels of organization: atoms make up molecules, molecules make up macromolecules, macromolecules make up cell organelles, organelles make up cells, cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, organs make up organ systems, organ systems make up organisms, organisms make up populations, populations make up communities, communities make up ecosystems, ecosystems make up biomes, and biomes make up the biosphere.

Photosynthesis

Nathan Arnold

Photosynthesis allows autotrophs like plants to use energy from sunlight to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where chlorophyll captures light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through a series of reactions powered by ATP. Photosynthesis is essential as it removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while producing oxygen and food for plants and animals.

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DNA

1. Science is a story... Tuesday, March 9, 2010

2. Science is a story... Tuesday, March 9, 2010

3. Science is a story... Tuesday, March 9, 2010

4. Science is a story... Tuesday, March 9, 2010

5. Science is a story... Tuesday, March 9, 2010

6. Science is a story... Tuesday, March 9, 2010

7. Science is a story... Tuesday, March 9, 2010

8. Science is a story... Tuesday, March 9, 2010

9. Science is a story... Tuesday, March 9, 2010

10. Science is a story... Tuesday, March 9, 2010

11. Science is a story... Tuesday, March 9, 2010

12. Science is a story... Tuesday, March 9, 2010

13. 3.3.B.a Describe the chemical and structural properties of DNA (e.g., DNA is a large polymer formed from linked subunits of four kinds of nitrogen bases; genetic information is encoded in genes based on the sequence of subunits; each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome) (Assess the concepts – NOT memorization of nitrogen base pairs) DOK: 1 Tuesday, March 9, 2010

14. DNA Tuesday, March 9, 2010

15. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Tuesday, March 9, 2010

16. DNA is shaped like a double helix Tuesday, March 9, 2010

17. DNA is a large polymer formed by linking nucleotides. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

18. DNA is a large polymer formed by linking nucleotides. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

19. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

20. Nucleotides have 3 parts: Tuesday, March 9, 2010

21. Nucleotides have 3 parts: 1. Sugar Tuesday, March 9, 2010

22. Nucleotides have 3 parts: 1. Sugar 2. Phosphate Tuesday, March 9, 2010

23. Nucleotides have 3 parts: 1. Sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Nitrogen Base Tuesday, March 9, 2010

24. Nucleotides have 3 parts: 1. Sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Nitrogen Base Tuesday, March 9, 2010

25. Nitrogen Bases come in 4 amazing flavors (A, T, G, and C)! Tuesday, March 9, 2010

26. Nitrogen Bases come in 4 amazing flavors (A, T, G, and C)! Tuesday, March 9, 2010

27. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

28. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nitrogen bases Tuesday, March 9, 2010

29. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nitrogen bases ATGCTTAAAGCTATA Tuesday, March 9, 2010

30. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nitrogen bases ATGCTTAAAGCTATA TACGAATTTCGATAT Tuesday, March 9, 2010

31. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nitrogen bases ATGCTTAAAGCTATA TACGAATTTCGATAT Tuesday, March 9, 2010

32. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nitrogen bases ATGCTTAAAGCTATA TACGAATTTCGATAT These “coding sequences” are known as genes. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

33. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

34. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

35. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein. DNA Tuesday, March 9, 2010

36. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein. DNA Tuesday, March 9, 2010

37. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein. DNA Protein Tuesday, March 9, 2010

38. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein. DNA Protein Characteristics are the physical expression of the proteins we make!!! Tuesday, March 9, 2010

39. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein. DNA Protein Characteristics are the physical expression of the proteins we make!!! Tuesday, March 9, 2010

40. Each gene codes for the production of a specific protein. DNA Protein trait Characteristics are the physical expression of the proteins we make!!! Tuesday, March 9, 2010

41. Each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

42. Each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

43. Each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of every human body cell. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

44. Tuesday, March 9, 2010

45. So why care? Tuesday, March 9, 2010

46. So why care? Tuesday, March 9, 2010

47. So why care? Tuesday, March 9, 2010

48. So why care? Tuesday, March 9, 2010

49. So why care? Tuesday, March 9, 2010

DNA

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