Downloaded 11 times
More Related Content
![Polymer [ बहुलक ] Chemistry Notes PDF - Irfanullah Mehar - JJ Sir Chemistry.pdf](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/polymerchemistrynotespdf-irfanullahmehar-jjsirchemistry-260210172118-3f9b37f7-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Gene discovery
- 1. Gene Discovery Supachai Topanurak Email:Supachai.top@mahidol.ac.th 19 January 2018
- 2.
- 3. Understanding the words •Gene • Genome • Genotype and Phenotype • Bioinformatics • Gene Annotation, Genome annotation • Proteome
- 4. Genotype and Phenotype •Genotype and phenotype are very similar- sounding words that are related, but actually mean different things. The genotype is the set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particular trait. The phenotype is the physical expression, or characteristics, of that trait.
- 5. The DNA molecule •Composed of 2 polymers of nucleotides • Polymers are oriented in antiparallel • Molecule resembles a spiral staircase of complementary base pairs
- 6. Nucleotide structure ofDNA • Each nucleotide of DNA contains: – Deoxyribose – Phosphate – Nitrogen base (either A, G, C, T)
- 7. Nucleotide structure ofRNA • Each nucleotide of RNA contains: – Ribose – Phosphate – Nitrogen base (either A, G, C, U*) *contains Uracil instead of Thymine
- 8. DNA structure • “Doublehelix” propsed by Watson and Crick (1953) • Antiparallel backbones • Complementary base pairing: – Adenine to Thymine – Cytosine to Guanine
- 9.
- 10. Chromosomes vs Genes •A chromosome constitutes an entire DNA molecule + protein – Protein = histones – Supercoiled DNA in nucleosomes – Humans contain 46 such molecules (23 pairs) • 44 somatic chromosomes • 2 sex chromosomes (X +Y)
- 11. Chromosomes vs Genes •Genes constitute distinct regions on the chromosome • Each gene codes for a protein product • DNA -> RNA-> protein • Differences in proteins brings about differences between individuals and species
- 12. Gene structure • Genesmust have: Exons Start site Control region
- 13. From genes toproteins
- 14.
- 15. From genes toproteins
- 16. Comparative Sequence Sizes •Yeast chromosome 3 350,000 • Escherichia coli (bacterium) genome 4,600,000 • Largest yeast chromosome now mapped 5,800,000 • Entire yeast genome 15,000,000 • Entire human genome 3,000,000,000
- 17. DNA, genes &chromosomes The objectives of this presentation are to: • Understand the role and structure of DNA, genes and chromosomes. • Understand that proteins are encoded by genes • Be aware that alterations in genetic material can cause disease
- 18. Gene Annotation • FindingRNA-only genes • Gene prediction – Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes – Introns and exons – Transcription signals – ESTs • Functional annotation • Biochemical pathways and subsystems • Metabolic reconstruction of whole organisms
- 19. Types of exons 5’ 3’ StartStop Transcription start Translation StoppolyA 5’ untranslated region 3’ untranslated region 5’ 3’ Protein coding region promoter GT AG GT AG GT AG GT AG Open reading frame Gene mRNA Translation Initial exon Internal exon Internal coding exon Terminal exon
- 20. Eukaryote genome annotation 20 Genome ATGSTOP AAAn A B Transcription Primary Transcript Processed mRNA Polypeptide Folded protein Functional activity Translation Protein folding Enzyme activity RNA processing m7G Find locus Find exons using transcripts Find exons using peptides Find function
- 21. Prokaryote genome annotation 21 Genome STARTSTOP A B Transcription Primary Transcript Processed RNA Polypeptide Folded protein Functional activity Translation Protein folding Enzyme activity RNA processing Find locus Find CDS Find function START STOP
- 22. Therefore, prior todividing, any cell must first replicate DNA • Each single-stranded (SS) chromosome duplicates to become a double- stranded (DS) chromosome • Example: – A human cell is formed with 46 SS chromosomes – Each chromosome replicates to produce 46 DS chromosomes
- 23.