Graph theory is the study of mathematical structures called graphs that are used to model pairwise relations between objects. Key concepts include vertices, edges, degrees, walks, paths, circuits, trees, planar graphs and non-planar graphs. Graph theory originated from Euler's solution to the Königsberg bridge problem in 1736. Important applications of graph theory include modeling networks, optimization problems, and molecular structures.
In mathematics, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects.Graph theory is also important in real life.
what is Hamilton path and Euler path?
History of Euler path and Hamilton path
Vertex(node) and edge
Hamilton path and Hamilton circuit
Euler path and Euler circuit
Degree of vertex and comparison of Euler and Hamilton path
Solving a problem
Euler circuit is a euler path that returns to it starting point after covering all edges. While hamilton path is a graph that covers all vertex(NOTE) exactly once. When this path returns to its starting point than this path is called hamilton circuit.
In mathematics, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects.Graph theory is also important in real life.
what is Hamilton path and Euler path?
History of Euler path and Hamilton path
Vertex(node) and edge
Hamilton path and Hamilton circuit
Euler path and Euler circuit
Degree of vertex and comparison of Euler and Hamilton path
Solving a problem
Euler circuit is a euler path that returns to it starting point after covering all edges. While hamilton path is a graph that covers all vertex(NOTE) exactly once. When this path returns to its starting point than this path is called hamilton circuit.
It is shown that any singular Lagrangian theory: 1) can be formulated without the use of constraints by introducing a Clairaut-type version of the Hamiltonian formalism; 2) leads to a special kind of nonabelian gauge theory which is similar to the Poisson gauge theory; 3) can be treated as the many-time classical dynamics. A generalization of the Legendre transform to the zero Hessian case is done by using the mixed (envelope/general) solution of the multidimensional Clairaut equation. The equations of motion are written in the Hamilton-like form by introducing new antisymmetric brackets. It is shown that any classical degenerate Lagrangian theory is equivalent to the many-time classical dynamics. Finally, the relation between the presented formalism and the Dirac approach to constrained systems is given.
Abstract
1. Description of singular Lagrangian theories by using a
Clairaut-type version of the Hamiltonian formalism.
2. Formulation of a some kind of a nonabelian gauge theory, such
that “nonabelianity” appears due to the Poisson bracket in the
physical phase space.
3. Partial Hamiltonian formalism.
4. Introducing a new (non-Lie) bracket.
5. Equivalence of a classical singular Lagrangian theory to the
multi-time classical dynamics.
This presentation shows a technique of how to solve for the approximate ground state energy using Schrodinger Equation in which the solution for wave function is not on hand
The presentation is about how to evaluate the probability of finding the system in any particular state at any later time when the simple Hamiltonian was added by time dependent perturbation. So now the wave function will have perturbation-induced time dependence.
Space is not fundamental (although time might be). Talk at the 2010 Philosophy of Science Association Meeting, Montreal. By Sean Carroll, http://preposterousuniverse.com/
Time Independent Perturbation Theory, 1st order correction, 2nd order correctionJames Salveo Olarve
The presentation is about how to solve the new energy levels and wave functions when the simple Hamiltonian is added by another term due to external effect (can be due to external field) .
The intended reader of this presentation were physics students. The author already assumed that the reader knows dirac braket notation.
Lecture 8: Introduction to Quantum Chemical Simulation graduate course taught at MIT in Fall 2014 by Heather Kulik. This course covers: wavefunction theory, density functional theory, force fields and molecular dynamics and sampling.
3 Things Every Sales Team Needs to Be Thinking About in 2017Drift
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Read the full story on the Drift blog here: http://blog.drift.com/sales-team-tips
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. 1. Assignment of jobs to employees of an organization
2. The outcomes of round-robin tournaments.
3. To model acquaintanceship between people
4. Telephone calls between telephone numbers, and links between
websites.
5. To walk down all the streets in a city without going down a street
twice
6. Circuit board.
7. Two chemical compounds with the same molecular formula but
different structures using graphs.
8. Computer networks.
Graph Theory Application
3. WHAT IS GRAPH THEORY?
• Graph theory is the study of mathematical
structures called graphs that are used to model
pairwise relations between objects from a
certain collection.
• The origin of graph theory can be traced back
to Leonard Euler's (German pronounciation ley-
awn-hahrt OY-lər) work on the “Konigsberg
bridge problem” on 1736.
5. THE Bridges of the Konigsberg
• The question is whether a person can plan a walk in
such a way that he will cross each of these bridges
once but not more than once.
This can be pictured as follows:
A
B
C
D
e1
e5
e2
e6
e4
e7
The vertices are V={A,B,C,D} and the edges are E =
{e1,e2,e3,e4,e,5,e6,e7}. e1 and e2 is associated with the unordered
pair (A,B), e5 and e6 is associated with (B,C), e3 is associated
with (B,D), e4 and e7 is associated with (A,D) and so on.
e3
6. Definition
A graph G = (V ,E) consists of V , a nonempty
set of vertices (or nodes) and E, a set of edges.
Each edge has either one or two vertices associated
with it, called its endpoints. An edge is said to
connect its endpoints.
7. Vertex Edge Graph
Vertex Edge Graph - A collection of points
some of which are joined by line segments
or curves.
This graph has 6 vertices and 7 edges
Each point is a vertex and each line is an edge
8. Example:
Let V ={1, 2, 3, 4}, and E={e1, e2, e3, e4, e5}.
Let γ be defined by e1=e5={1, 2}, e2={4, 3},
e3={1, 3}, e4={2, 4}.
Draw, G={V, E}
10. The degree of a vertex in a graph is the number of
edges that touch it.
3
2
2
4
3
3
3 Each vertex is labeled
with its degree
A graph is regular if every vertex has the same degree.
22
2
A loop is an edge from a vertex to itself.
Two or more distinct edges with the same set of endpoints
are said to be parallel.
11. The degree of a vertex is not the same as the number of
edges that are incident with U since any loop in U is
counted twice.
12. An isolated vertex is a vertex of degree 0.
A vertex U is incident with an edge e, if e is either a loop at U or
it has the from e={u,v}.
16. BASIC CONCEPTS
Let U and W be vertices of a graph G.
•A walk from U to W is an alternating sequence of
vertices and edges of G, beginning with the vertex U
and ending in the vertex W, with the property that
each edge is incident with the vertex immediately
preceding it and the vertex immediately following it
in the sequence.
•A walk that begins and ends at the same vertex is
called a closed walk. On the other hand, a walk that
begins and ends at two different vertices is called an
open walk.
17. BASIC CONCEPTS
• The complete graph of order n, denoted by Kn is the
graph that has n vertices and exactly one edge
connecting each of the possible pairs of distinct vertices.
• A graph H is called a subgraph of a graph G if every
vertex of H is also a vertex of G and every edge of H is
also an edge of G.
• A path in a graph is a sequence: v1, v2, v3, . . . vk, such
that it is possible to travel from v1 to vk without using the
same edge twice .
• A circuit is a path that begins and ends at the same
vertex.
21. An Eulerian path in a graph is a path that travels
along every edge of the graph exactly once. An
Eulerian path might pass through individual
vertices of the graph more than once.
Euler Graph (pronounced oilier)
Start and finish
Euler circuits is a path that ends at the same vertex it started
A Euler path is a
snowplow problem
where a snow plow
needs to plow every
street once.
22. QUIZ (1/4)
1. Two edges are said to be adjacent if they share
a common________.
2. The ________of a vertex U is number of times
an edge meets U.
3. The graph that has n vertices and exactly one
edge connecting each of the possible pairs of
distinct vertices.
4. A walk that begins and ends at the same vertex
is called a/an__________.
5. Two or more distinct edges with the same
set of endpoints are called _______.
23. SEATWORK:
For Items # 1 to # 3, consider the graph:
1. Identify the elements of V and
E.
2. List down the functions γ(e)
for all e.
3. Give the degree of each
vertex.
4. Draw the graph G = {V, E, γ}, where V={A, B, C, D,
E}, E ={e1, e2, e3, e4, e5, e6} , γ(e1)=γ(e5)={A, C} ,
γ(e2)={A, D}, γ(e3)={E, C}, γ(e4)={B, C}, and
γ(e6)={E, D}
24. THEORIES ABOUT EULER CIRCUITS
• A connected multigraph with at least
two vertices has an Euler circuit if and
only if each of its vertices has even
degree.
25. THEORIES ABOUT EULER PATHS
• A connected multigraph has an Euler
path but not an Euler circuit if and only
if it has exactly two vertices of odd
degree.
26. Draw the Vertex/edge graph and answer the following questions.
1) How many vertices are there?
2) How many edges are there?
3)How many vertices have a degree of 2?
4) How many vertices have a degree of 4?
Draw a Euler circuit starting at the vertex with a white dot.
Remember: A circuit travels along every path exactly once and
may pass through vertices multiple times before ending at the
starting vertex.
6
9
3
3
27. # of ODD Vertices Implication (for a connected graph)
0
There is at least
one Euler Circuit.
1 THIS IS IMPOSSIBLE! Can’t be drawn
2
There is no Euler Circuit
but at least 1 Euler Path.
more than 2
There are no Euler Circuits
or Euler Paths.
Use this chart to see if a Euler path or circuit may be drawn
30. Which of the following have an Euler
circuit, an Euler path but not a Euler
circuit, or neither?
Neither: NO EP, NO EC EP BUT NOT EC
31. Which of the following have an Euler
circuit, an Euler path but not a Euler
circuit, or neither?
NO EP, BUT EC
32. Quiz
Which of the undirected graphs in Figure 3
have an Euler circuit? Of those that do not,
which have an Euler path?
1. 2. 3.
33. Which of the directed graphs in Figure 4 have
an Euler circuit? Of those that do not, which
have an Euler path?
4. 5. 6.
34. Sir William Rowan Hamilton
• In the 19th
century, an Irishman named Sir
William Rowan Hamilton (1805-1865)
invented a game called the Icosian game.
• The game consisted of a graph in which the
vertices represented major cities in Europe.
35. Hamiltonian Circuit/Paths:
A Hamiltonian path in a graph is a path that
passes through every vertex in the graph exactly
once. A Hamiltonian path does not necessarily
pass through all the edges of the graph, however.
A Hamiltonian path which ends in the same place in
which it began is called a Hamiltonian circuit.
36. Example
• Which of the simple graphs have a Hamilton
circuit or, if not, a Hamilton path, or neither?
Solution:
G1 Hamilton circuit: a, b, c, d, e, a.
G2 There is no Hamilton circuit, but G2 does have a Hamilton path, namely,
a, b, c, d.
G3 has neither a Hamilton circuit nor a Hamilton path, because any path
containing all vertices must contain one of the edges {a, b}, {e, f}, and {c, d}
more than once.
38. Trace a Hamiltonian path
Only a path, not a circuit. The path did
not end at the same vertex it started.
The path does not need to go over every edge but it can only go
over an edge once and must pass through every vertex exactly
once.
Hamiltonian Circuits
are often called the
mail man circuit
because the mailman
goes to every mailbox
but does not need to go
over every street.
39. 1. Determine if the following graph
has a Hamiltonian circuit, a
Hamiltonian path but no Hamiltonian
circuit, or neither.
a, b, c, d, e, a is a Hamilton circuit
40. 2. Does the graph have a Hamilton path? Ifso, find such a
path. If it does not, give an argument to show why no
such path exists.
a, b, c, f, d, e is a Hamilton path
41. 3. Does the graph in Exercise 32 have a Hamilton path? If
so, find such a path. If it does not, give an argument to
show why no such path exists.
f, e, d, a, b, c is a Hamilton path.
42. Review:
Euler Graphs Passes over edge exactly once. May pass
through a vertex more than once.
Hamiltonian
Graphs
Passes through every vertex exactly once but
not necessarily over every edge.
Circuits The path ends at the same vertex it started.
44. Quiz Answer
Solution:
1. G1 has an Euler circuit, a, e, c, d, e, b, a.
2. G2 Neither
3. G3 has an Euler path, namely, a, c, d, e, b, d, a, b.
4. H1 Neither
5. H2 has an Euler circuit, a, g, c, b, g, e, d, f, a
6. H3 has an Euler path, namely, c, a, b, c, d, b