Distresses in the pavement

DISTRESSES IN THE
PAVEMENT
Pavement
Management System
Bhavya S. Jaiswal
Btech civil,
Mtech
Transportation
Engineering

1. DISTRESSES IN THE PAVEMENT – HIGHWAY
MAINTENANCE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
• Basic Distress Mechanisms
This mechanisms are generally related to the following factors
• Temperature
• Age
• Construction
• Material
• Load
• Moisture
• Combinations
• To understand some distress or maybe the failures of the pavement we need to
understand the load distribution
Prepared by: Bhavya S. Jaiswal

• The fig besides shows that how the wheel
load
• get distributed in the pavement.
• As shown in the fig, the maximum area for
the load transfer is the bottom layer i.e.
subgrade and the minimum load is taken
by the top most layer which can be referred
as the surface course

• The following are the major distress occurred in the flexible pavement:
• Fatigue cracking
• Thermal cracking
• Rutting
• Frost heave
• Block cracking
• Bleeding
• Raveling
• Stripping

FATIGUE CRACKING
• The fatigue cracks are generally
occurred due to the repetitive
loading of the tyres of the heavy
vehicles.
• Generally such cracks are observed
in the portion of the carriage way
where heavy vehicle moves i.e. the
right most lane of the pavement

THERMAL CRACKING
• Thermal fatigue cracking are formed when
the daily temperature cycles cause
reoccurring tensile stress at the bottom of the
Hot Mixed Asphalt (HMA) layer.
• So, daily temperature variations are taken as
a direct impact of environmental factors on
flexible pavements.
• Such cracks are occurred in the
perpendicular direction to the traffic flow, so
they are also known as Transvers cracks.

RUTTING
• Surface depression in the wheel path.
Pavement uplift (shearing) may occur along
the sides of the rut.
• Ruts are particularly evident after a rain when
they are filled with water.
• There are two basic types of rutting: mix
rutting and subgrade rutting.
• Ruts filled with water can cause vehicle
hydroplaning, can be hazardous because ruts
tend to pull a vehicle towards the rut path as
it is steered across the rut.

FROST HEAVE
• This can also be said as a type of rutting
because in rutting, water takes place but
in the frost heave condition the Ice takes
place as a reason to failure.
• The frost heave is due to Results from
accumulation of moisture in the soil
during the freezing period. Results from
accumulation of moisture in the soil
during the freezing period.

BLOCK CRACKING
• Such cracks are not because of the
loading but they are due to shrinkage
of the asphalt concrete and daily
temperature cycling.
• Such cracks can be clearly identified as
a block shape and they occurs over a
large area of the pavement.

BLEEDING
• Bleeding occurs when asphalt binder
fills the aggregate voids during hot
weather and then expands onto the
pavement surface. Due to this,
resistance to skid is lost.
• Water bleeding generally takes place
occurs when water seeps out of
joints(only for rigid pavements) or
cracks or through an excessively
porous HMA layer.

RAVELING
• Raveling is the disintegration of an asphalt
road surface.
• It is due to the dislodgment of the aggregate
materials such gravel, sand, and crushed
stone.
• The reasons of the raveling are…
• Poor Compaction
• Poor Aggregate Mix
• Dust and moisture
• Heavy and non-homogenous traffic
• The low sensitive raveling is called localized
raveling and highly sensitive is called as
Widespread Raveling

STRIPPING
• The separation of asphalt binder film
from aggregate is termed as stripping.
• In other words, Dis-bonding of bitumen
film from the surface of the aggregate
in the presence of water is usually
known as stripping.
• It is also due to unlikely weather
condition and moisture content
variation.

MAINTENANCE RIGID PAVEMENT
• Basic Distress Mechanisms
Temperature-related:
• Low-temp. mid-slab cracking
• High-temp. joint / crack distress
Load-related:
• Fatigue
• Faulting
Moisture-related:
• Pumping
• D - Cracking

MAINTENANCE RIGID PAVEMENT
• Various distresses observed in the Rigid pavement are as shown below:
• Diagonal cracking
• Longitudinal cracking
• Wrapping cracking
• Faulting
• Spalling
• Pumping
• Scaling
• Reflection cracking

DIAGONAL CRACKING
• Such cracks are formed in a diagonal direction
to the centreline of the pavement that is why it
is called as Diagonal Cracking.
• To eliminate or to repair this, Re-surfacing of
Pavements by Fiber Reinforced Concrete /
Mortar for betterment.

LONGITUDINAL CRACKING
• This form of distress is typically parallel to the
edge of the pavement shoulder and within 6 to
8 ft of the paved shoulder edge.
• There are two stages of longitudinal cracks:
1) Low severity cracks which are < 1/2 inch wide
and infrequent cracks.
2) High severity cracks which are > 1/2 inch
wide and numerous cracks.

WRAPPING CRACKING
• They are also called as shrinkage cracks.
• The reason why Such cracks are occurred…
o Due to rise in the temperature or over
evaporation.
o Also they are formed when the curing of the
concrete is not done properly.
• Generally such cracks are not formed on the
entire pavement slab but they occurs on some
portion of the pavement.
• Size of these cracks are generally lesser than 2m.

FAULTING
• Sometimes the elevation difference is observed
at the joint portion this is called as Faulting.
• The major reasons of the faulting are..
• Settlement due to soft foundation.
• Voids in the pavement due to pumping or
erosion.
• The temperature and climate changes.

SPALLING
• Spalling is a deterioration due to Excessive
compressive stress.
• This may be related to joint infiltration or the
growth of pavement, that are caused by the
reactive aggregates.
• Poor quality concrete or construction technique
are also the reasons of joint spalling.
• In spalling, Small edges to large spalls in the
back of the slab and down to the joints can be
observed.

PUMPING
• Movement of material underneath the slab or ejection
of material from underneath the slab as a result of
water pressure. Water accumulated underneath a PCC
slab will pressurize when the slab deflects under load.
• The repair should be in following stages:
1) pumping area should be repaired with a full depth
patch.
2) consideration should be given to using dowel
bars to increase load transfer.
3) stabilizing any slabs adjacent to the pumping
area as significant amounts of their underlying
base, subbase or subgrade may have been
removed by the pumping.

SCALING
• Scaling of a concrete surface is defined as the
loss of surface mortar and mortar surrounding
the aggregate particles.
• Normally the depth of scaling varies from 3
mm to 13 mm.
• It is measured as the square meters of
affected area.
• Light scaling: Aggregate are not exposed
• Moderate scaling: Aggregate are exposed and
the mortar loss depth may be 3 to 10 mm
• Severe scaling: Aggregate is clearly exposed
and projected from the surface

REFLECTION CRACKING
• These cracks are the overlay over an existing
cracks or joint. Maybe it is over existing cracks
in flexible pavement and over the joints in the
Rigid pavement.
• Such cracks are termed as a joint reflection
crack which means reflection cracks arising
from underlying PCC pavement joint
movement.

REFERENCES
• https://www.roadbotics.com/2019/10/07/distress-call-raveling/
• Pavement Distress and Evaluation:
https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:9f78e9d2-81ee-48e7-
8ca6-91f25d2b9f57
• https://www.stripealot.org/asphalt-stripping-and-what-it-means-for-you/
• Pavement Distress and Evaluation:
https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:9f78e9d2-81ee-48e7-
8ca6-91f25d2b9f57
• The constructor: Types of Failures in Rigid Pavements
• Pavement Interactive: https://pavementinteractive.org/
• Know thy Enemy: https://everythingroads.com/

Distresses in the pavement

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Distresses in the pavement

Similar to Distresses in the pavement (20)

More from Bhavya Jaiswal

More from Bhavya Jaiswal (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Distresses in the pavement