Distillation oldest separation process. used in unit of industries even in pharma industry for preparation of medicines. it is based on the difference in the boiling point.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical engineering theory related to evaporation. It discusses various types of evaporators used in pharmaceutical manufacturing including steam jacketed kettles, horizontal tube evaporators, climbing film evaporators, and forced circulation evaporators. It also describes the principles of multiple effect evaporators and how they improve steam economy by using the vapor from one effect to heat the next, allowing a single unit of steam to evaporate multiple units of liquid. Key advantages of multiple effect evaporators are their suitability for large scale continuous operations and improved economic efficiency compared to single effect evaporators.
This document discusses different drying methods used in pharmaceutical applications. It describes tray dryers and fluidized bed dryers. Tray dryers consist of cabinets with trays that allow heated air to circulate and dry materials placed on the trays. Fluidized bed dryers suspend materials in a fluidized state using heated air blown through a removable bowl, allowing for rapid drying. Both methods are used to dry granules for tablets and powders, with fluidized bed dryers being faster but risking electrostatic charges or attrition in some materials.
Drying is defined as the removal of water or other liquids from a material through the application of heat. It involves three steps: heat transfer to the material, mass transfer of moisture to the surface and evaporation, and transfer of vapor away from the material. There are several theories that describe the drying mechanism, including diffusion, capillarity, and pressure gradient theories. The drying rate curve shows an initial adjustment period, constant rate period, falling rate periods, and an equilibrium moisture content where drying stops. Factors like material properties, air conditions, and particle size influence the drying process and rate.
Distillation is a separation process that involves boiling a liquid mixture and condensing the vapor to obtain purified fractions. There are several types of distillation: simple distillation separates compounds based on differences in boiling points; fractional distillation is used for very similar compounds through repeated distillation in a fractionating column; steam distillation utilizes steam to distill compounds that have high boiling points; and distillation under reduced pressure allows heat-sensitive compounds to be distilled at lower temperatures. Distillation has many applications in areas like extracting essential oils, purifying organic compounds, and separating immiscible liquids.
Evaporation is the process where a liquid is converted into a gas below the boiling point due to heat. It occurs at the surface of the liquid as mass is transferred from the surface. Several factors affect evaporation such as temperature, vapor pressure, surface area, and time. Common evaporators used are steam jacketed kettles, horizontal tube evaporators, and rising film evaporators. Steam jacketed kettles are simple but less efficient while rising film evaporators provide a large heat transfer area and minimize contact time.
An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor.
A falling film evaporator is an industrial device to concentrate solutions, especially with heat sensitive components. The evaporator is a special type of heat exchanger.
It includes types of evaporator,introduction to falling film evaporator,working of falling film evaporator,applications,advantages .
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical engineering theory related to evaporation. It discusses various types of evaporators used in pharmaceutical manufacturing including steam jacketed kettles, horizontal tube evaporators, climbing film evaporators, and forced circulation evaporators. It also describes the principles of multiple effect evaporators and how they improve steam economy by using the vapor from one effect to heat the next, allowing a single unit of steam to evaporate multiple units of liquid. Key advantages of multiple effect evaporators are their suitability for large scale continuous operations and improved economic efficiency compared to single effect evaporators.
This document discusses different drying methods used in pharmaceutical applications. It describes tray dryers and fluidized bed dryers. Tray dryers consist of cabinets with trays that allow heated air to circulate and dry materials placed on the trays. Fluidized bed dryers suspend materials in a fluidized state using heated air blown through a removable bowl, allowing for rapid drying. Both methods are used to dry granules for tablets and powders, with fluidized bed dryers being faster but risking electrostatic charges or attrition in some materials.
Drying is defined as the removal of water or other liquids from a material through the application of heat. It involves three steps: heat transfer to the material, mass transfer of moisture to the surface and evaporation, and transfer of vapor away from the material. There are several theories that describe the drying mechanism, including diffusion, capillarity, and pressure gradient theories. The drying rate curve shows an initial adjustment period, constant rate period, falling rate periods, and an equilibrium moisture content where drying stops. Factors like material properties, air conditions, and particle size influence the drying process and rate.
Distillation is a separation process that involves boiling a liquid mixture and condensing the vapor to obtain purified fractions. There are several types of distillation: simple distillation separates compounds based on differences in boiling points; fractional distillation is used for very similar compounds through repeated distillation in a fractionating column; steam distillation utilizes steam to distill compounds that have high boiling points; and distillation under reduced pressure allows heat-sensitive compounds to be distilled at lower temperatures. Distillation has many applications in areas like extracting essential oils, purifying organic compounds, and separating immiscible liquids.
Evaporation is the process where a liquid is converted into a gas below the boiling point due to heat. It occurs at the surface of the liquid as mass is transferred from the surface. Several factors affect evaporation such as temperature, vapor pressure, surface area, and time. Common evaporators used are steam jacketed kettles, horizontal tube evaporators, and rising film evaporators. Steam jacketed kettles are simple but less efficient while rising film evaporators provide a large heat transfer area and minimize contact time.
An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor.
A falling film evaporator is an industrial device to concentrate solutions, especially with heat sensitive components. The evaporator is a special type of heat exchanger.
It includes types of evaporator,introduction to falling film evaporator,working of falling film evaporator,applications,advantages .
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
There are three main types of evaporators: natural circulation, forced circulation, and film evaporators. Natural circulation evaporators include evaporating pans, evaporating stills, and short tube evaporators. Forced circulation evaporators use pumps to circulate the liquid through a heated tube bundle. Film evaporators spread the liquid as a thin film over a heated surface, including wiped film, long tube climbing film, and long tube falling film evaporators. Each type has distinct construction features and advantages for different applications in concentrating liquids and removing solvents.
This document discusses mixing and homogenization processes. It defines mixing as combining two or more substances together, and identifies perfect mixing as each particle of one material lying adjacent to a particle of the other material. The objectives of mixing are outlined. There are three types of mixtures discussed: positive, negative, and neutral. The mechanisms and equipment used for mixing powders, liquids, and semi-solids are described. Homogenization is defined as preparing a fine emulsion from a coarse one by converting large globules to small globules. Common homogenization equipment like hand homogenizers, Silverson mixers, and colloidal mills are summarized.
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an equipment for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.
Steam is mostly used as heating medium in Multiple effect evaporator.
Multiple Effect Evaporation remains one of the popular method for the concentration of aqueous solutions.
This document discusses distillation, including definitions, applications, Raoult's law, and different types of distillation processes. It describes steam distillation and its setup for separating immiscible liquids like water and essential oils. Azeotropic distillation is explained where an entrainer is added to break or form an azeotrope allowing better separation. Various industrial and medical applications are presented along with diagrams of distillation equipment.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate particles in suspension based on density differences. It works by spinning the suspension at high speeds, causing heavier particles to settle faster than lighter ones. There are several types of centrifuges that can be used including filtration, sedimentation, and continuous centrifuges. Filtration centrifuges separate particles through a perforated basket, sedimentation centrifuges separate in a solid walled vessel, and continuous centrifuges allow for high throughput separation. Key factors that affect centrifugation include liquid properties, particle characteristics, operating parameters, and centrifuge design features.
Vacuum distillation allows purification of compounds that cannot be readily distilled under normal atmospheric pressure or that may decompose at high temperatures. It works by reducing pressure above the boiling liquid, lowering the boiling point so compounds evaporate and separate based on differences in their boiling points. Key advantages are faster processing, ability to distill higher boiling point solvents without damage, and improved separation, yield, and purity. It finds applications in separating thermolabile substances and preparing extracts while preserving active constituents.
The climbing film evaporator uses long, narrow steam-jacketed tubes to heat and evaporate liquid. As the preheated liquid rises through the tubes, bubbles form and coalesce into larger bubbles that trap liquid and rise as well. This forms a liquid film on the tube walls that rapidly vaporizes. The mixture of vapor and entrained liquid is then separated by an entrainment separator at the top, with vapor exiting and concentrated liquid collected below. Climbing film evaporators are well-suited for heat-sensitive and foaming liquids due to their short contact time and ability to break foam. However, they are also expensive to construct and maintain.
Vacuum distillation is a distillation technique performed under reduced pressure that allows compounds to boil and be separated at temperatures below their normal boiling points. This technique is useful for separating compounds with high boiling points over 200°C that may decompose if boiled at their normal temperature, or compounds that are otherwise difficult to distill. Under reduced pressure, the boiling point of compounds is lowered, facilitating separation based on differences in boiling points.
The document discusses different types of evaporators used to concentrate aqueous solutions. It describes evaporation as removing solvent like water from a solution or slurry through boiling in a vessel called an evaporator. Natural circulation evaporators use convection currents for circulation, and can have horizontal tubes with steam inside or vertical tubes with steam outside. Forced circulation evaporators improve on natural circulation units with better agitation and heat transfer. Film evaporators separate concentrated solution from vapor through a thin liquid film over the heating surface.
This document discusses different types of solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction processes. Solid-liquid extraction, also called leaching, involves removing soluble components from an insolute matrix using a solvent. It occurs through diffusion of the solvent into the solid and diffusion of the dissolved components out of the solid into the solution. Common solid-liquid extraction techniques include maceration, percolation, digestion, and countercurrent extraction using equipment like diffusion batteries, rotocel extractors, and screw extractors. Liquid-liquid extraction relies on the partition of compounds between two immiscible liquid phases. Large-scale equipment used in extraction includes mixers, towers, spray towers, and agitated columns.
The document discusses various physiochemical processes including precipitation, evaporation, exsiccation, desiccation, and efflorescence. It provides details on precipitation methods such as organic solvent, pH change, and double decomposition. It explains factors that affect evaporation like temperature, surface area, and atmospheric pressure. Exsiccation is the process of removing water of crystallization from hydrated substances by heating. Desiccation completely removes adhered moisture from substances. Efflorescence is the loss of water from hydrated substances into the atmosphere to reach equilibrium between the substance and surroundings.
This document discusses methods for particle size separation and analysis. Size separation involves separating particles of different sizes using sieves, microscopes or sedimentation. Particle size analysis determines the size of particles in a substance or mixture. Sieving is commonly used to separate powder grades by passing materials through sieves of different mesh sizes. Sedimentation analysis particle size based on measuring the settling rate of particles dispersed in a liquid. Both methods are useful for quality control in pharmaceutical production processes.
The document discusses fluidized bed dryers. It explains that fluidized bed dryers use hot air or gas to fluidize solid particles, allowing for rapid and uniform drying. There are two main types - batch and continuous. Batch dryers allow control of residence time for uniform drying, while continuous dryers can dry materials with high moisture content and achieve piston-like flow. Fluidized bed drying is advantageous as it is faster than other dryers and avoids issues like heat damage and soluble material migration.
Human: Thank you for the summary. You captured the key points about fluidized bed dryers and their operation concisely in 3 sentences as requested.
This document discusses drying in pharmaceutical technology. It defines drying as the final removal of water from materials, usually by heat. Drying is important for stability, properties, cost, and handling of materials. The main difference between drying and evaporation is that drying involves removing small amounts of water from solids while evaporation removes larger amounts from liquids. Common drying equipment includes drum dryers, spray dryers, freeze dryers, tray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, and vacuum dryers. Each type of equipment is then briefly described.
This document discusses different types of mixing equipment used in pharmaceutical engineering. It describes turbines, which are used for mixing very viscous liquids and slurries. It also discusses vortex formation and how to prevent it. Additionally, it summarizes return flow with draft tubes, air jet mixers, jet mixers, and flow/line/pipe mixers. Air jet mixers use compressed air bubbles to lift and mix liquids, while jet mixers use high velocity liquid jets. Flow mixers rely on pumping liquid through a pipe or chamber to achieve mixing.
Especially created to understand the basic concept of Natural Gas Dehydration and to describe the popular dehydration method with their process working principles.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
There are three main types of evaporators: natural circulation, forced circulation, and film evaporators. Natural circulation evaporators include evaporating pans, evaporating stills, and short tube evaporators. Forced circulation evaporators use pumps to circulate the liquid through a heated tube bundle. Film evaporators spread the liquid as a thin film over a heated surface, including wiped film, long tube climbing film, and long tube falling film evaporators. Each type has distinct construction features and advantages for different applications in concentrating liquids and removing solvents.
This document discusses mixing and homogenization processes. It defines mixing as combining two or more substances together, and identifies perfect mixing as each particle of one material lying adjacent to a particle of the other material. The objectives of mixing are outlined. There are three types of mixtures discussed: positive, negative, and neutral. The mechanisms and equipment used for mixing powders, liquids, and semi-solids are described. Homogenization is defined as preparing a fine emulsion from a coarse one by converting large globules to small globules. Common homogenization equipment like hand homogenizers, Silverson mixers, and colloidal mills are summarized.
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an equipment for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.
Steam is mostly used as heating medium in Multiple effect evaporator.
Multiple Effect Evaporation remains one of the popular method for the concentration of aqueous solutions.
This document discusses distillation, including definitions, applications, Raoult's law, and different types of distillation processes. It describes steam distillation and its setup for separating immiscible liquids like water and essential oils. Azeotropic distillation is explained where an entrainer is added to break or form an azeotrope allowing better separation. Various industrial and medical applications are presented along with diagrams of distillation equipment.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate particles in suspension based on density differences. It works by spinning the suspension at high speeds, causing heavier particles to settle faster than lighter ones. There are several types of centrifuges that can be used including filtration, sedimentation, and continuous centrifuges. Filtration centrifuges separate particles through a perforated basket, sedimentation centrifuges separate in a solid walled vessel, and continuous centrifuges allow for high throughput separation. Key factors that affect centrifugation include liquid properties, particle characteristics, operating parameters, and centrifuge design features.
Vacuum distillation allows purification of compounds that cannot be readily distilled under normal atmospheric pressure or that may decompose at high temperatures. It works by reducing pressure above the boiling liquid, lowering the boiling point so compounds evaporate and separate based on differences in their boiling points. Key advantages are faster processing, ability to distill higher boiling point solvents without damage, and improved separation, yield, and purity. It finds applications in separating thermolabile substances and preparing extracts while preserving active constituents.
The climbing film evaporator uses long, narrow steam-jacketed tubes to heat and evaporate liquid. As the preheated liquid rises through the tubes, bubbles form and coalesce into larger bubbles that trap liquid and rise as well. This forms a liquid film on the tube walls that rapidly vaporizes. The mixture of vapor and entrained liquid is then separated by an entrainment separator at the top, with vapor exiting and concentrated liquid collected below. Climbing film evaporators are well-suited for heat-sensitive and foaming liquids due to their short contact time and ability to break foam. However, they are also expensive to construct and maintain.
Vacuum distillation is a distillation technique performed under reduced pressure that allows compounds to boil and be separated at temperatures below their normal boiling points. This technique is useful for separating compounds with high boiling points over 200°C that may decompose if boiled at their normal temperature, or compounds that are otherwise difficult to distill. Under reduced pressure, the boiling point of compounds is lowered, facilitating separation based on differences in boiling points.
The document discusses different types of evaporators used to concentrate aqueous solutions. It describes evaporation as removing solvent like water from a solution or slurry through boiling in a vessel called an evaporator. Natural circulation evaporators use convection currents for circulation, and can have horizontal tubes with steam inside or vertical tubes with steam outside. Forced circulation evaporators improve on natural circulation units with better agitation and heat transfer. Film evaporators separate concentrated solution from vapor through a thin liquid film over the heating surface.
This document discusses different types of solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction processes. Solid-liquid extraction, also called leaching, involves removing soluble components from an insolute matrix using a solvent. It occurs through diffusion of the solvent into the solid and diffusion of the dissolved components out of the solid into the solution. Common solid-liquid extraction techniques include maceration, percolation, digestion, and countercurrent extraction using equipment like diffusion batteries, rotocel extractors, and screw extractors. Liquid-liquid extraction relies on the partition of compounds between two immiscible liquid phases. Large-scale equipment used in extraction includes mixers, towers, spray towers, and agitated columns.
The document discusses various physiochemical processes including precipitation, evaporation, exsiccation, desiccation, and efflorescence. It provides details on precipitation methods such as organic solvent, pH change, and double decomposition. It explains factors that affect evaporation like temperature, surface area, and atmospheric pressure. Exsiccation is the process of removing water of crystallization from hydrated substances by heating. Desiccation completely removes adhered moisture from substances. Efflorescence is the loss of water from hydrated substances into the atmosphere to reach equilibrium between the substance and surroundings.
This document discusses methods for particle size separation and analysis. Size separation involves separating particles of different sizes using sieves, microscopes or sedimentation. Particle size analysis determines the size of particles in a substance or mixture. Sieving is commonly used to separate powder grades by passing materials through sieves of different mesh sizes. Sedimentation analysis particle size based on measuring the settling rate of particles dispersed in a liquid. Both methods are useful for quality control in pharmaceutical production processes.
The document discusses fluidized bed dryers. It explains that fluidized bed dryers use hot air or gas to fluidize solid particles, allowing for rapid and uniform drying. There are two main types - batch and continuous. Batch dryers allow control of residence time for uniform drying, while continuous dryers can dry materials with high moisture content and achieve piston-like flow. Fluidized bed drying is advantageous as it is faster than other dryers and avoids issues like heat damage and soluble material migration.
Human: Thank you for the summary. You captured the key points about fluidized bed dryers and their operation concisely in 3 sentences as requested.
This document discusses drying in pharmaceutical technology. It defines drying as the final removal of water from materials, usually by heat. Drying is important for stability, properties, cost, and handling of materials. The main difference between drying and evaporation is that drying involves removing small amounts of water from solids while evaporation removes larger amounts from liquids. Common drying equipment includes drum dryers, spray dryers, freeze dryers, tray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, and vacuum dryers. Each type of equipment is then briefly described.
This document discusses different types of mixing equipment used in pharmaceutical engineering. It describes turbines, which are used for mixing very viscous liquids and slurries. It also discusses vortex formation and how to prevent it. Additionally, it summarizes return flow with draft tubes, air jet mixers, jet mixers, and flow/line/pipe mixers. Air jet mixers use compressed air bubbles to lift and mix liquids, while jet mixers use high velocity liquid jets. Flow mixers rely on pumping liquid through a pipe or chamber to achieve mixing.
Especially created to understand the basic concept of Natural Gas Dehydration and to describe the popular dehydration method with their process working principles.
The document discusses ash leaching in the kraft chemical recovery process in pulp and paper mills. It describes how ash leaching removes chlorides and potassium from ash, allowing sodium sulfate to be recovered and recycled back into the process. This improves boiler performance by reducing plugging and corrosion. The key benefits are lower chemical costs, reduced environmental impact, and higher boiler efficiency.
- Distillation is a process that separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It involves heating a liquid mixture to form vapors, condensing the vapors back to liquid, and collecting the purified liquid fractions.
- There are several types of distillation including simple, steam, fractional, and vacuum distillation which vary based on conditions and mixtures separated.
- A laboratory experiment demonstrates simple distillation to separate ethanol and water using common distillation equipment like a round bottom flask, condenser, and receiver flask. The mixture is heated to form vapors that condense and drip into the collection flask.
This document provides an overview of various mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, and advanced treatment processes used in industrial wastewater treatment plants. It describes processes like screening, sedimentation, flotation, neutralization, chemical precipitation, activated sludge, trickling filters, anaerobic digestion, and membrane separation. It also includes diagrams of processes like API separators, CPI units, dissolved air flotation systems, and sequential batch reactors. At the end, it proposes a possible flow diagram for an industrial wastewater treatment plant incorporating several of these treatment steps and technologies.
This presentation details out all the process in an Oil Refinery. If you are looking to have a hawk eye view of all the oil refinery process, this presentation will set you on.
Simple explained.
After crude oil is desalted and dehydrated, it is separated into fractions through distillation. However, the distilled fractions cannot be used directly and require further processing due to differences between crude oil properties and market needs. The complexity of refining processes is also due to environmental regulations that require cleaner products. Distillation involves heating crude oil to separate it based on boiling points, but the distilled fractions need additional conversion processes before they can be used or sold.
Digester Training slides v203 - 2010-05-19Joe Evans
The document provides an overview of the percolation and anaerobic digestion process. It discusses key steps including percolation to separate organics, solid separation and dewatering, anaerobic digestion, biomass retention, denitrification to remove ammonia, hydrogen sulfide removal, and power generation from biogas. The overall goal is to divert waste from landfills and produce renewable energy through treatment of municipal solid waste.
Distillation is one of unit operation which is uses for separation of two or more liquids which have difference in boiling points. Basic theory and calculation of Distillation which will help to understand Distillation and stage calculation. it will be helpful for students who are studying chemical engineering and fresh engineers in chemical process industries.
This document provides instructions for separating the components of a ternary mixture through a multi-step process involving filtration and chemical reactions based on solubility differences. The process begins by (1) adding water and filtering to separate NaCl from SiO2 and CaCO3. Next, (2) the residue is reacted with HCl to dissolve the CaCO3, leaving SiO2. Then, (3) the filtrate is reacted with K2CO3 to precipitate out CaCO3, leaving KCl in solution. Finally, (4) the amounts of each separated component are measured and used to calculate recovery percentages. Detailed steps are provided for vacuum filtration, including proper setup and technique.
This document provides instructions for separating the components of a ternary mixture through a multi-step process involving filtration and chemical reactions based on solubility differences. The process begins by (1) adding water and filtering to separate NaCl from SiO2 and CaCO3. Next, (2) the residue is reacted with HCl to dissolve the CaCO3, leaving SiO2. Then, (3) the filtrate is reacted with K2CO3 to precipitate out CaCO3, leaving KCl in solution. Finally, (4) the amounts of each separated component are measured and used to calculate recovery percentages. Detailed steps are provided for vacuum filtration.
The document discusses adsorption cooling technology. It explains that adsorption chillers use solid sorption materials like silica gel or zeolite instead of liquid solutions, with water as the refrigerant. The chiller consists of two compartments - one for evaporation and one for condensation. Heat is applied to one compartment to regenerate the sorbent material and release vapor, while the other compartment adsorbs the vapor to provide cooling. Only a few manufacturers currently produce adsorption chillers, with capacities ranging from 5.5 kW to 500 kW. Benefits include robustness, low electricity use, and ability to utilize waste heat for cooling. Disadvantages include larger size and currently higher costs compared to other technologies
This document provides an introduction and overview of industrial wastewater treatment. It discusses how industries use water for manufacturing and processing purposes, which becomes wastewater that must be treated before discharge to prevent environmental pollution. The document then outlines some key contaminants found in wastewater and characteristics of industrial wastewater. It describes common wastewater treatment methods including physical, mechanical, chemical and biological processes and provides details on specific unit operations like screening, sedimentation, flotation and biological treatment methods.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses important contaminants of concern in wastewater treatment including suspended solids, nutrients, priority pollutants, refractory organics, heavy metals, and dissolved inorganics. It then describes characteristics of industrial wastewater such as physical characteristics (total solids, odors, temperature, color, turbidity), chemical characteristics (organic and inorganic matter), and biological characteristics. Finally, it outlines common wastewater treatment methods including mechanical, physical, chemical, physio-chemical, biological, and auxiliary operations like disinfection.
UNIT OPERATIONS (unit 2) pharmaceutical process chemistrySaketChoudhary13
its a presentation on the 2nd unit of pharmaceutical process chemistry which include extraction ,filtration and steam distillation and azeotropic distillation
Unit operations involve physical changes or chemical transformations such as separation, crystallization, evaporation, and filtration. Extraction is defined as treating plant or animal tissues with a solvent to dissolve active constituents. Common extraction methods include maceration, percolation, decoction, digestion, and infusion. Filtration separates solids from fluids using a porous medium, with pressure filtration employing increased pressure. Distillation techniques like azeotropic distillation and steam distillation allow separation of compounds that form azeotropes or are heat sensitive.
The document provides an introduction to industrial wastewater treatment. It discusses how industries use water for manufacturing and processing, which becomes wastewater after use. The wastewater must be treated before discharge to prevent environmental pollution and protect domestic sewage systems. Common contaminants in wastewater are discussed, along with characteristics of industrial wastewater. Finally, the main treatment technologies are described at a high level, including mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, and advanced processes.
The document provides information about glycol dehydration units used to remove water from natural gas. It discusses the types of glycols suitable, including triethylene glycol which is most widely used. The purpose is to prevent hydrate formation, corrosion, and reduce impacts on heating value. The process involves absorbing water from wet gas into lean glycol in an absorber, then thermally regenerating the rich glycol in a stripper to remove water and produce lean glycol for reuse. Proper operation requires managing temperatures and pressures during absorption and regeneration to effectively depress the hydrate formation point by removing sufficient water from the treated gas stream.
Bioavailability is rate and extent of drug absorption
The relative amount of administered dose of drug that reaches to its site of action from the site and dose of administration in an unchanged form. The rate at which this phenomenon occurs is known as BIOAVAILABILITY
Here site of action refers to plasma or systemic circulation and unchanged form refers to therapeutically active form
Bioavailabile Dose:- Fraction of administered dose of drug which reaches to site of action is bioavailable dose.
As a matter of fact basti is the most important item among the samshodhana procedures. However the term basti is derived from the fact that the basti yantra or the apparatus used for introducing the medicated materials is made up of basti or animal urinary bladder. Generally a basti is applied through the rectum though it may also be applied for urethra. In such cases the term Uttara basti is applied.
Depending upon the use of different drugs, basti effects samshodhana of doshas. It has also samshamana effects. Thus basti in its different forms has very wide application.
Aushada is one which can be taken in disease, in alpha matra, even in severe condition, many doshas involved. Taken in specific disease, aushada which is of good quality, in proper dose should destroy it, without any complications.
AVARTANA TECHNOLOGY IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS.pptxDr Priyanka Patil
The Avartana technology is the method in which repeated processing of a Sneha is done with prescribed Kalka and Drava dravya and heating it to a specific number of times.
refractive index, pH, specific gravity, viscosity, alcohol content, fineness of the particles, saponification value, Acid value, iodine value, Reducing sugars, quantitative inorganic analysis, loss on drying, determination of ash value.
Mahagandhakam is a classical Ayurvedic formulation mentioned in Bhaishajya Ratnavali that is helpful for diseases of the Annavaha Srotas like Grahani Roga. It contains ingredients like parada, gandhaka, lavanga, elabeeja, jatiphala, nimba patra, and mukta shukti that are prepared using methods like kajjali, parpati, and pottali paka. It possesses qualities like deepana, grahi, and balavarna prasadaka and is helpful for mandagni, the root cause of many diseases according to Ayurveda. It works by improving digestion
Arshas/ Haemorroids most disturbing disease of this generation. Kasisa drava basti is ayurvedic line of treatment of piles. its rasoushadhi mention in rasatarangini.
The document discusses the role of Ayurvedic drugs in immunomodulation. It begins with introducing the topic and scope of immunomodulation. Next, it describes the Ayurvedic concept of immunomodulation and compares it to the modern scientific understanding. It then discusses specific Ayurvedic drugs and formulations that have immunomodulatory properties, including Agastya Haritaki Rasayana yoga. Studies investigating the immunomodulatory effects of ingredients like Pippali and Haritaki are summarized. The document concludes by outlining the probable mode of action of the Ayurvedic drugs in modulating the immune system.
cohort study is clinical study design. particular form of longitudinal study that samples a cohort group of people. type of panel study.
cohort study represent fundamental designs of epidemiology in field of medicine, social science & psychology.
Ekangaveera rasa is a classical Ayurvedic formulation used for neurological disorders like hemiplegia. It contains metals and minerals like gandhaka, rasasindura, kantaloha bhasma, tikshnaloha bhasma, and abhrak bhasma. The ingredients are mixed together and given 3 bhavanas each with drugs like triphala, trikatu, nirgundi, chitrak, shigru, and others. The vati is administered in a dose of 1-3 rattis with adrakaswarasa as anupana. A clinical study found it effective for relieving symptoms of hemiplegia like
This document discusses Kottumchukkadi taila, an Ayurvedic herbal oil used to treat vata disorders. It provides the ingredients of the taila which include kushta, shunti, vacha, shigru, lasuna, kaartotti, devadaru, sarshapa, rasna, and til oil. The taila is described in Sahasrayoga and AFI as beneficial for vata disorders. The probable mode of action is discussed, including pacifying vata, improving agni and digestion, and removing ama toxins. A proposed clinical trial is mentioned to study the effects of snehapana with this taila for carpal tunnel syndrome
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
1. Distillation & Evaporation
HOD
Dr. SHANKAR GOWDA, M.D
(Ayu),
PROFESSOR AND HOD (PG),
DEPT OF P.G STUDIES IN
RASASHASTRA
& BHAISHAJYA KALPANA,
TGAMC, BALLARI.
8/8/2021 TGAMC Ballari 1
GUIDE
Dr. RAVI R. CHAVAN,
M.D (Ayu)
ASSOCIATE
PROFESSOR,
DEPT OF P.G
STUDIES IN RS & BK
TGAMC, BALLARI. Presented by
Dr.Priyanka. B. Patil
1st year PG Dept of RS & BK
TGAMC Ballari.
2. What is distillation ??
• It’s the process of separating the constituents
of a liquid by vapourizing the liquid and
passing the vapours through a cold surface,
and thereby converting vapours again to
liquid.
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Converting
liquid into
vapour
Condense
vapour into
liquid
3. • It’s a process of separating the component
substance from liquid mixture by selective
vaporization and condensation.
• Distillation result in essentially complete
separation (nearly pure components)
• Distillation can only be applied for two
immiscible or non reacting solid and liquid or
liquid and liquid.
• Application of distillation in the fields of
laboratory, Industrial, Perfumery, Medicinals
and food processing.
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5. Pharmaceutical applications
1. Extraction of volatile oils from vegetable
drugs
2. Separation of volatile substances from less
volatile impurities.
3. Separation of one liquid from one or more
other liquids, differing in their vapour
pressure.
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7. Simple distillation
• Separation of volatile liquids from
non volatile solids or
liquids(drugs).
• Used mainly for purification of
organic liquids and separation of
liquids from non volatile solids.
Ex: a) distilled water
b) preparation of ether, amyl
nitrate and spirit
c) recovery of alcohol
• There should be minimum 25
degree celsius difference between
two component for distillation.
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10. applications
1. Purification of organic liquids
2. Separation of liquids from non volatile solids.
3. Preparation of ether, amyl nitrate & spirit of
nitrous ether.
4. Preparation of distilled water.
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11. Fractional distillation
• Process of separating two miscible two volatile liquids
with two different boiling points.
ex: mixture of alcohol and water where alcohol is more
volatile and evaporates faster than water
• The fractionating columns condense the vapours of less
volatile component and return them to still.
• This distillate may not be so pure and may require
repeated distillation(because of very less difference of
BP)
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15. Steam distillation
• It’s for the distillation of two
immiscible liquids one of which is
water. An immiscible liquid and water
boil independently at different
temperature.
• Liquids boils at much lower
temperature than B.P of water when
steam is passed through mixture of
these liquids
Ex: turpentine with B.P 1600 C0 when
mixed with water ca be distilled at 95.6 C0
the if the current of steam passed through
it.
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18. application
• Extraction of volatile oils such as clove oil,
eucalyptus oil.
• Purification of volatile oils
• Separation of water immiscible liquids having
high BP like turpentine, aniline
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19. Vacuum distillation
• Method of distillation performed
under reduced pressure, which
lowers the B.P of most liquids so that
it increases the rate of distillation.
• Principle of working: liquid boils
when it’s vapor pressure becomes
equal to atmospheric pressure.
• Specially designed Claiscen flask is
used to carry out this distillation.
Ex: used for distillation of thermo labile
substances & for the concentration
drying of extracts that gets destroyed at
high temp.
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22. application
• Distillation of thermolabile substances.
• Extraction of thermolabile substances.
• Separation of impurities.
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23. Destructive distillation
• Destructive distillation is the chemical process of
the decomposition of unprocessed material by heating
it to a high temperature; the term generally applies to
processing of organic material in the absence of air or
in the presence of limited amounts of oxygen or
other reagents, catalysts, or solvents, such
as steam or phenols. It is an application of pyrolysis.
The process breaks up or 'cracks' large molecules.
• ex Coke, coal gas, gas carbon, coal tar, ammonia liquor,
and "coal oil" are examples of commercial products
historically produced by the destructive distillation of
coal.
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26. Evaporation
• Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs
on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the
gas phase.
• Evaporation is maximum at boiling point of a
liquid
Factors affecting rate of evaporation
• Temperature
• Surface area of boiling vessel
• Agitation
• Air moisture content
• Atmospheric pressure
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29. Conclusion
• Distillation is a very effective method of
separating the constituent parts of the
mixture. Has large application of distillation in
the fields of laboratory, Industrial, Perfumery,
medicine and food processing.
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