This document discusses different types of evaporators used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It begins by defining evaporation as a process to concentrate liquids by removing solvent through application of heat. It then describes several types of evaporators in detail, including steam jacket kettles, horizontal tube evaporators, vertical tube evaporators, forced circulation evaporators, and multiple effect evaporators. The key factors influencing evaporation rate are also summarized.
objectives, applications, mechanism of size separation, the official standard of powders, sieves, sieve shaker, cyclone separator, air separator, bag filter, elutriation tank
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
Fluid energy mill for pharmacy principles, construction, working, uses, meri...ASHUTOSH SENGAR
this is an slideshare for pharmacy students, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and
demerits of , fluid energy mill its for b. pharm. and M. PHARM
objectives, applications, mechanism of size separation, the official standard of powders, sieves, sieve shaker, cyclone separator, air separator, bag filter, elutriation tank
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
Fluid energy mill for pharmacy principles, construction, working, uses, meri...ASHUTOSH SENGAR
this is an slideshare for pharmacy students, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and
demerits of , fluid energy mill its for b. pharm. and M. PHARM
in this ppt i descussed about evaporator.evaporation,Evaporation is the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils.
types of Evaporators
Open kettle or pan
Horizontal tube natural circulation evaporator
Vertical tube natural circulation evaporator
Long tube vertical evaporator
Falling film evaporator
Forced circulation evaporator
Open-pan solar evaporator
Objectives
Applications and factors influencing evaporation
Differences between evaporation and other heat process
Principles, construction ,working, uses, merits and demerits of :
-Steam jacketed kettle
-Horizontal tube evaporator
-Climbing film evaporator
-Forced circulation evaporator
-Multiple effect evaporator
-Economy of multiple effect evaporator
Objectives, applications and factors on evaporationAkankshaPatel55
Evaporation is a specific type of heat exchange where a liquid changes its state into a gas. It's a crucial process in nature and has many significant applications.
Factors affecting evaporation rate:
Temperature: The warmer the liquid and surrounding air, the faster the molecules move and gain enough energy to escape, increasing evaporation rate.
Humidity: The amount of water vapor already present in the air (humidity) affects how readily new vapor can be absorbed. Higher humidity slows down evaporation.
Wind speed: Moving air removes evaporated molecules from the surface, preventing them from building up and slowing down further evaporation. Higher wind speeds increase evaporation rate.
Surface area: The larger the exposed surface area of the liquid, the more molecules have the chance to escape, leading to faster evaporation.
Liquid properties: Different liquids have different internal molecular forces and boiling points, impacting how easily they evaporate. For example, alcohol evaporates faster than water due to weaker molecular forces.
Consequences of evaporation:
Cooling: During evaporation, energy is used to break the bonds between water molecules, resulting in a cooling effect on the remaining liquid. This is why sweating feels cool on your skin.
Water cycle: Evaporation is the first step in the water cycle, where water continuously moves between Earth's surface and atmosphere. Water vapor rises, condenses into clouds, and eventually falls back to Earth as precipitation.
Salinity: As water evaporates from oceans and lakes, dissolved salts become more concentrated, impacting marine ecosystems.
Human activities: We use evaporation in various applications, like cooling towers in power plants, humidifiers, and drying processes.
Classification of evaporation equipment
Horizontal tube evaporation
Vertical evaporator: short tubes (standard and basket)-long tubes (climbing film)
Forced circular evaporators
Evaporator accessories (problems encountered)
References
Evaporation is the process of removal of solvent from the solution by boiling the liquid in a suitable vessel and withdrawing the vapour, leaving a concentrated product.
Applications of Evaporation
Evaporation process is used in the manufacture of bulk drugs, particularly in pharmaceutical industries.
Evaporation is used in the manufacture of biological products. e.g. Insulin, enzymes and hormones.
In demineralization of water.
Temperature
Temperature and time of evaporation
Temperature and moisture content
Types of product required
Effect of concentration
Surface area
Vapour pressure of the liquid to be evaporated
Natural circulation evaporators
Evaporating pans
Evaporating still
Short tube evaporators
II. Forced circulation evaporators
III. Film evaporators
Climbing film evaporators
Horizontal film evaporators
Evaporating pan consists of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel and surrounded by steam jacket.
The hemispherical shape provides a large surface area for evaporation.
The evaporators are mounted in such a way that they can be tilted to remove the product.
The evaporating pans are heated by steam which passes through a steam jacket.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
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Evaporation, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Evaporators construction working Advantages
1. EVAPORATION
B. PHARMACY SECOND YEAR
BY- SHALINI KESHAVRAO DHAWALE
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
D. K. PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, LOHA,NANDED
2. INTRODUCTION
Evaporation is a process of converting dilute liquid/
solution to more concentrated liquid by removing solvent
by application of heat.
In this process liquid is changes to gaseous state due to an
increase in temperature.
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the
surface of liquid as it changes into gaseous phase.
Evaporation reduce the volume of product by some
significant amount without loss of nutrients component.
To improve stability.
To make transport and storage easier as evaporation
deacrese weight and volume of product.
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3. EVAPORATION
Advantages:
Used in manufacturing of bulk drug in industries.
In formulation of biological product like enzymes,
antibiotics, vitamins etc.
Concentration of blood plasma and serum.
Removal of water and solvent from fermentation broths.
Concentration of herbal extract.
In demineralization of water.
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4. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF EVAPORATION
Temperature: it is directly proportional to rate of evaporation.
Vapour pressure: if vapour pressure of liquid is more then the
rate of evaporation will be more.
Flow rate of Air: if air already has high concentration of the
substance evaporating , then the given substance evaporate
slowly.
Inter molecular forces: stronger inter molecular forces will
require high energy to evaporate the molecule.
Surface area: substance with large surface area will evaporate
faster
Film and deposits: some product during concentration forms
film on surface of liquid, this film reduce evaporating surface.
Density and Concentration
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5. EQUIPMENT USED FOR EVAPORATION
Evaporation with heating medium in jacket: Steam jacket
kettle
Evaporation with tubes placed horizontally: Horizontal
tube evaporator.
Evaporation with tube placed vertically: Vertical tube
evaporator, basket type vertical tube evaporator.
Evaporation with long tube
Forced circulation evaporation
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6. STEAM JACKET KETTLE
Principle: the conduction and convection mechanism is
involved in the evaporation process, steam provides heat
to the pan in which material is placed, temperature raises
and escaping tendency of solvent molecules into vapours
increases and enhance vaporisation of solvent.
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7. STEAM JACKET KETTLE
construction:
Steam jacket kettle consist of hemispherical pans one is
kettle (inner )and other is called jacket( outer).
These two pan are joined to each other enclosing a space
through which stem is passed.
Several metals are used to construct kettle.
At top of jacket inlet for stem is provided.
Jacket has two outlet for uncondensed gases and another is
to remove condensate.
Kettle is provided with one outlet for the product
discharge at the bottom.
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8. STEAM JACKET KETTLE
Uses-
Used in food processing, pharmaceuticals and fine chemical
industries for evaporation of food items.
Suitable for concentrating aqueous and thermostable liquors.
Advantages-
simple design,
Easy to clean and maintain no moving part so less ware and
tare.
Stirring of contents and removal of product is easy.
Disadvantages-
Capacity is less
Efficiency is less
It’s a batch process.
Heating area decreases as the product gets more concentrated.
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9. HORIZONTAL TUBE EVAPORATOR
Principle- tubes are immersed inside the pool of the liquid to
be evaporated and steam is passed inside the tube. Heat is
transferred from the stem to the liquid.
Liquid is heated and librated vapours are removed from
the top, concentrated product is removed from the bottom.
Construction- it consist of vertical cylindrical body with
dome shaped top and bottom.
These evaporators are of iron or steel plate with 2m
diameter and 3m height.
Heating compartment contains horizontal tubes.
Diameter of tubes is usually 2 to 3 inches.
9 DKPIOP
10. Horizontal tube evaporator
Construction-
The tubes are further secured by the use of gasket to avoid
slippage.
Steam compartment and condensate are place on the either
side of the heating compartment
Stem is introduced from one end and condensate is
removed from another end.
Feed liquor is introduced at any convenient point such a
way that it covers all the tubes.
Vapours are removed from the top and concentrated
product is removed from the top.
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11. HORIZONTAL TUBE EVAPORATOR
Working- Feed liquor is
introduced in the heating
compartment till it covers all
the tubes
Steam is introduced from the
steam compartment
Heat from the steam is
supplied to the tubes and
ultimately to the product.
Liquid is heated by the steam
and vapours are removed from
the top.
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12. HORIZONTAL TUBE EVAPORATOR
Use –
Best Suitable for non-viscous solutions.
to prepare cascara extract.
Advantages-
More efficient than evaporating pans.
heating surface is less.
Disadvantages-
Heat transfer is not efficient.
Crystals can deposit on tubes.
Not suitable for viscous solutions.
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13. VERTICAL TUBE EVAPORATOR
Principle- in this evaporator liquid
is inside the tube and steam is
outside the tubes.
Construction:
This consists of a long tubular
heating element incorporating
the tubes 25 mm to 50 mm and
3 to 10 meters in length.
And also it contains at the top a
separator or vapour space for
removing entrained liquid from
the vapour.
The deflector is provided just
above the tube sheet.
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14. VERTICAL TUBE EVAPORATOR
Working:
The feed at near boiling is fed to the bottom of the
evaporator.
It is then pumped inside the tubes. Steam is provided
on the shell side.
Liquid and vapour are separated in the vapour
separator at the top.
Deflector acts as both primary separator
and foam breaker. Multiple effects are used to achieve
higher steam economy
14 DKPIOP
15. FORCED CIRCULATION EVAPORATOR
Principle- Forced circulation
evaporator working involves the
liquor being pumped through
tubes at high velocity. The liquor
goes from the bottom of the cone
of the vapour body, through the
tubes and then back into the
vapour body. When the liquid
comes out of the tubes and enters
the vapour body, there is a
sudden fall in pressure, leading
to the flashing of superheated
liquor. Hence, evaporation takes
place in the vapour body. Forced
circulation evaporator working
also creates a degree of agitation
15 DKPIOP
16. FORCED CIRCULATION EVAPORATOR
Advantages:
High transfer coefficients obtained even with viscous solutions.
Whenever we are dealing with concentration of highly viscous
and scale forming solutions forced circulation evaporators
prevents the scale formation on heating surfaces
Residence times are low so that heat sensitive materials can be
used.
Disadvantage: The main disadvantage of forced circulation
evaporators is high pumping cost
Applications:
These types of evaporators are widely used in industries for
salting, viscous and scale forming solutions
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17. MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR
The vapors, which contain latent heat, are generally discarded
in an evaporator, thereby wasting energy.
But it can be used as steam supply to another unit operating
under lower pressure and temperature.
The vapor from the second unit can be further used as a steam
supply to a third unit operating at a still lower pressure and
temperature.
Each unit in such a series is called an effect and the method of
re-using the latent heat is called multiple-effect evaporation.
In the case of multiple effect evaporators the economy
increases at the cost of capacity.
Operating cost is same, but the capital cost, repair and
maintenance cost increases with increase in number of effects.
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