DISCOURSE AND POWER
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This document discusses critical discourse analysis (CDA) and the relationship between discourse and power. CDA examines how social power is abused and reproduced through text and talk. The goals of CDA are to understand, expose, and resist social inequalities that are enacted through discourse. CDA takes a multidisciplinary approach and views discourse as inherently part of social structures and power relationships, rather than being value-neutral. It focuses on how discourse confirms, legitimizes, and challenges social relations of power and dominance.
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Introducing Critical Discourse Analysis
This document provides an introduction to critical discourse analysis (CDA). It defines CDA as going beyond describing discourse to explain how and why particular discourses are produced. The document outlines some of the key principles of CDA, including that discourse constructs and reflects social issues and power relations. It then gives a brief historical background on the development of CDA out of critical linguistics in the 1970s. The document also discusses some of the main approaches to CDA developed by scholars like Fairclough, Van Dijk, and Wodak. It provides examples of "toolkits" used for CDA analysis and discusses some common criticisms of CDA, such as claims that analyses can be too complex or focus on obvious prejudices
DISCOURSE AND POWER
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This document summarizes Ruth Wodak's Discourse Historical Model approach to critical discourse analysis (CDA). It discusses how CDA highlights the relationship between social power relations and discourse. It also notes that CDA is not a single theory but a diverse research program. The Discourse Historical Approach is problem-oriented and interdisciplinary. It integrates historical context and explores how discourse changes over time. According to this approach, language is social and interconnected with power dynamics, ideologies, interactions, and interpretations.
Discourse analysis
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Systemic Functional Grammar
This document provides an introduction to Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). It discusses the following key points:
1) SFG views language as a system of choices and was developed based on the work of Malinowski, Firth, and Halliday. It examines language from a functional perspective rather than just a structural perspective.
2) SFG represents grammar as system networks that show the paradigmatic choices available and realization rules that map choices to syntactic structures. This models the relationship between semantic choices and surface structures.
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Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice. Scholars working in the tradition of CDA generally assume that (non-linguistic) social practice and linguistic practice constitute one another and focus on investigating how societal power relations are established and reinforced through language use
Critical discourse analysis
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) aims to reveal hidden values and perspectives in language use. CDA explores the connection between language and its social/political contexts. Key principles of CDA are that social issues are constructed through discourse, power relations are negotiated in discourse, and ideologies are produced in discourse. CDA analyzes discourse genres, framing, multimodality, identity construction, and texts from the world wide web. Criticisms of CDA include that it does not sufficiently consider reader interpretation or provide systematic textual analysis.
Pragmatics
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1) SFG views language as a system of choices and was developed based on the work of Malinowski, Firth, and Halliday. It examines language from a functional perspective rather than just a structural perspective.
2) SFG represents grammar as system networks that show the paradigmatic choices available and realization rules that map choices to syntactic structures. This models the relationship between semantic choices and surface structures.
3) In SFG, language is analyzed in terms of three metafunctions - the ideational to represent experience, the interpersonal to enact social relationships, and the textual to organize messages
Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice. Scholars working in the tradition of CDA generally assume that (non-linguistic) social practice and linguistic practice constitute one another and focus on investigating how societal power relations are established and reinforced through language use
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Pragmatics
Pragmatics studies how utterances are used and interpreted based on context. It examines linguistic context like other words used, physical context like location, and how deixis requires shared knowledge. Speech act theory analyzes locutionary meaning, illocutionary intention, and perlocutionary effect. Cooperation theory proposes maxims for conversation like being relevant and clear. Pragmatic analysis considers how meaning relates to situation, people, context, and shared information.
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2. Place or spatial deixis uses words like here, there, this, that to indicate locations relative to the speaker.
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The document provides an overview of critical discourse analysis (CDA). It discusses how CDA emerged from critical linguistics and examines how language both shapes and is shaped by society. CDA is concerned with studying texts to reveal the discursive sources of power, dominance, and bias. The document also describes Fairclough's three-dimensional model of CDA and how it analyzes the text, discursive practice, and social practice dimensions of language.
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The document presents an overview of deixis, which refers to linguistic expressions whose meaning depends on the context of the utterance. It discusses the main categories of deixis, including person deixis (pronouns like I, you), place deixis (demonstratives like this, that), time deixis (temporal adverbs like now, then), discourse deixis (words referring to parts of the discourse), and social deixis (expressions encoding social relationships). Key points are that deictic expressions cannot be understood without context and indicate something relative to the speaker.
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Critical discourse analysis (CDA) examines language use in real world contexts beyond sentence structure, considering social and political aspects. CDA views language as a form of social practice and seeks to identify power structures and inequities reinforced through language. It takes a critical stance to analyze how language constructs social phenomena and plays a role in domination or social change. Approaches to CDA include Fairclough's three-dimensional framework analyzing text, discourse practices, and social context, and Van Dijk's focus on social cognition and power relations at the micro and macro levels.
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The slides contain a short account of the relationship between discourse analysis and interactional sociolinguistics linguistics. They also provide a short account of different approaches to politeness. The influence of Gumperz and Goffman on politeness and facework is highlighted.
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Diglossia
Diglossia refers to a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used by a language community. The high variety (H) has prestige and is used for formal, written communication while the low variety (L) lacks prestige and is used for informal, spoken communication. Some key aspects of diglossia include the high variety having prestige, a literary heritage, acquisition through formal education, standardization, a simpler grammar in the low variety, differing lexicons between the varieties, and the high variety having a divergent sound system from the low variety.
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This document discusses critical discourse analysis (CDA) and the relationship between power and language. It covers two major aspects: (1) power in discourse, which involves powerful participants controlling contributions from non-powerful participants, and (2) power behind discourse, including the hidden power of standard languages and mass media. CDA views discourse as where power relations are enacted and examines how social relations and ideologies are reflected and reproduced through language use.
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Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that can only be interpreted based on contextual information like who is speaking, their location, or the time. There are several types of deixis:
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2. Place or spatial deixis uses words like here, there, this, that to indicate locations relative to the speaker.
3. Time or temporal deixis includes words like now, then, tomorrow to reference times in relation to the moment of speaking.
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This document discusses two views of discourse structure - as a product and as a process. It describes how discourse can be analyzed by looking at its hierarchical rank structure with different levels like lessons, transactions, exchanges, moves and acts. It also examines turn-taking in conversations and how speakers negotiate turns through mechanisms like pauses and intonation which can vary between cultures. Finally, it characterizes conversation as a mutually constructed process where participants feel their way forward together through established patterns and repair.
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This document discusses the concepts of power and solidarity in sociolinguistics. It defines power as the ability to control another's behavior, which can stem from physical attributes, wealth, age, or social roles. Solidarity refers to the shared characteristics between speakers, like attending the same school or sharing a profession, religion, or background. Languages signal power and solidarity through pronouns like "tu" versus "vous" in French, which convey intimacy versus distance. Over time, relationships can change - solidarity may increase as people grow closer, and power dynamics can shift as social roles and circumstances change.
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The document is a 9-page assignment on the topic of language variation submitted for a sociolinguistics course. It defines key concepts in sociolinguistics such as standard language, dialects, registers, and style. It discusses how factors like region, social class, gender, and formality influence language variation. Specific language varieties covered include regional dialects, social dialects, individual dialects, accent, jargon, slang, and styles. Speech accommodation processes like convergence and divergence are also summarized.
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The document presents an overview of deixis, which refers to linguistic expressions whose meaning depends on the context of the utterance. It discusses the main categories of deixis, including person deixis (pronouns like I, you), place deixis (demonstratives like this, that), time deixis (temporal adverbs like now, then), discourse deixis (words referring to parts of the discourse), and social deixis (expressions encoding social relationships). Key points are that deictic expressions cannot be understood without context and indicate something relative to the speaker.
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These slides are the relationship between language, culture and thought as Ronald Wardhaugh has discussed in "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". The examples have been provided from the Pakistani context and culture.
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This document provides an overview of critical discourse analysis (CDA). It discusses key principles of CDA, including how social and political issues are constructed through language use and how power relations are negotiated in discourse. The document also outlines how CDA explores the connections between language and social context, and how it examines issues like gender, ethnicity and ideology. Several methods of CDA are introduced, such as analyzing framing techniques, multimodality, and identity construction in texts. Criticisms of CDA are noted, as well as suggestions for expanding its analytical tools and approaches.
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This document discusses language and identity through examining indexicality and markedness. It provides context on Amhara Muslims in Ethiopia who face an identity crisis due to the strong association of their Amharic language with Christianity. It also examines the Speak Mandarin Campaign in Singapore, noting how Mandarin has risen to an unmarked position among Chinese Singaporeans, implying other Chinese varieties are somehow "less Chinese". The document discusses how identity involves both discovering and inventing similarities between social groups, and how markedness establishes a power hierarchy among social categories.
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The document discusses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity, which proposes that the language we speak influences our thoughts and worldview. It provides a brief history of the hypothesis and its developers, Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf. Examples are given of how aspects like verb tenses, social relationships, and word order are structured differently across languages and thus shape perspectives in culturally unique ways. The implementation of linguistic relativity in language teaching and issues with translation between languages with differing thought patterns are also examined.
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Norman Fairclough 3D Model, Relational dialectal approach
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10 Nopember 2022.ppt
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) examines language use in real world contexts beyond sentence structure, considering social and political aspects. CDA views language as a form of social practice and seeks to identify power structures and inequities reinforced through language. It takes a critical stance to analyze how language constructs social phenomena and plays a role in domination or social change. Approaches to CDA include Fairclough's three-dimensional framework analyzing text, discourse practices, and social context, and Van Dijk's focus on social cognition and power relations at the micro and macro levels.
CDA Presentation part 1.pptx
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is the study of discourse in its social context. CDA began in the 1970s with Critical Linguistics at the University of West Anglia, which was further developed into CDA in the 1980s and 1990s. CDA examines how language use both reflects and constitutes social meanings and power relations. It analyzes discourse through social, political, cultural, and historical contexts to understand ideologies and power dynamics. The principles of CDA include addressing social problems, understanding that power is discursive, recognizing how discourse shapes society and culture, unmasking ideology in discourse, and taking an explicit socio-political stance.
The Discourse - Historical Approach
Aims of DHA:
The DHA attempts to integrate a outsized quantity of
available knowledge about the historical sources and the
background of the social and political fields in which
discursive “events” are embedded.
Further, it analyzes the historical dimension of discursive
actions by exploring the ways in which particular genres
of discourse are subject to diachronic change.
DHA lays emphasis on the practice-related quality of the
discourse, the context dependence of discourse, and the
structures as well as constructive character of discourses.
DHA focuses on the systematic analysis of context and its
dialectical relationships to meaning-making process.
This approach entails trans-disciplinary and multitheoretical methods with other disciplines.
Like the other critical anlysts, the proponents of DHA
make practical claims of emancipation and criticize
discursively constituted power abuse, injustice, and social
discrimination and they make epistemic claims of
reduction.
DHA sustains that language is not powerful on its own, it
is a means to gain and maintain power by the powerful
people make use of it.
Aims of DHA
The first study for which the DHA was developed
analyzed the constitutions of anti-semantic stereotyped
images as they emerged in public discourses in the 1986
Austrian presidential campaign of former UN General
Kurt Waldheim, who for along time had kept secrets his
national-socialist past.
This type of analysis first time introduce by Wodak, who
argues that discourse has different practices in society.
Wodak pays attention to the multi-model macro as well
as micro phenomena to inter-textual and inter-discursive
relationships as well as social, historical, and political
factors relating to the verbal and non-verbal phenomena
of communication.
The Origin of DHA:
This approach is inter-disciplinary. He explains that interdisciplinary involves theory, methods, methodology research
practice, and practical application.
This approach is problem oriented, like the any other theoretical
and methodological approach, is relevant as long as it is able to
successfully study relevant social problems such as sexism, racism,
and other forms of inequality.
.
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This document discusses principles of critical discourse analysis (CDA). CDA aims to analyze how power and dominance are enacted and reproduced through discourse. It focuses on how elite groups and institutions maintain dominance and social inequality through patterns of access to public discourse. CDA takes an explicit sociopolitical stance and focuses on the perspectives of dominated groups. It examines how social cognition and representations in people's minds provide the link between discourse and the reproduction of dominance at the societal level.
Principle of-discourse-analysis
This document discusses principles of critical discourse analysis, including its explicit sociopolitical stance and focus on how elite groups and institutions enact and reproduce dominance through text and talk. It argues that in order to relate power and discourse, we must examine social cognition and how models, knowledge, attitudes and ideologies interface between individuals and society. The document provides an analysis of parliamentary debates about ethnic affairs to illustrate these principles.
Aspects of Critical discourse analysis by Ruth Wodak
This document provides an overview of critical discourse analysis (CDA). It discusses key terms like discourse, ideology, and power. It outlines the historical development of CDA from the 1970s onward. The document also examines the main research agenda of CDA, including its aims to investigate social inequality and power relations as expressed through language. Open questions are noted about operationalizing theories and the need for more explicit linguistic theories.
Introduction to the Social Dimensions of Education : Consensus and Conflict T...
This document discusses consensus and conflict theories as they relate to social dimensions of education. Consensus theory focuses on shared norms and values that maintain social order, while conflict theory emphasizes power dynamics and social change occurring through conflict between dominant and subordinate groups. The document provides examples of how education systems can both integrate social values to maintain order under consensus theory and reproduce social inequalities through conflict theory by training students for different roles that maintain the status quo. Key theorists who developed consensus and conflict perspectives are also mentioned such as Marx, Durkheim, Weber, Parsons and Merton.
Fairclough et al, critical discourse analysis
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to analyzing written, spoken, and signed texts that seeks to make relationships between language, power, and ideology more visible. CDA views discourse as a form of social practice and sees a dialectical relationship between discourse and other social elements. Discourse both shapes and is shaped by power relations and ideologies in situations. CDA aims to critically analyze often opaque aspects of discourse and make relationships between power and language use more apparent. It takes a problem-oriented approach and draws on various theories and methods depending on the topic being investigated.
The Writer Hegemony What Is It Where Can I Find ItOur .docx
"
The Writer"
Hegemony? What Is It? Where Can I Find It?
Our text discusses hegemony and defines it as “the process by which the dominant culture takes over and shifts the perspective from that of the minority group to the biased perspective of the majority group” (p.44). With this in mind, consider where hegemony occurs in schools. What evidence tells you it is present? What are some observable and/or implied signs? How does it impact the curriculum?
*If you need additional resources or context for this discussion please consider visiting one or more of these links:
Cultural Hegemony in the Public School System
Foundation of EDAD Reflections
Hidden Curriculum and the Role of Schools in Cultural Hegemony
Guided Response:
Review at least two of your classmates’ posts and elaborate on how the hegemony they presented might have an impact on students and/or society. Begin a discussion about how to reduce the presence of hegemony in schools and/or society.
*It is important to keep in mind the sensitive nature of our discussion topic and respond thoughtfully to each other without judgment.
Text Book
Wardle, F. (2013).
Human Relationships and Learning in the Multicultural Environment
.
San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.*
*This text is a Constellation™ course digital materials (CDM) title.
Horton, M., & Freire, P. (1990)
. We make the road by walking: Conversations on education and social change.
Temple University Press.
.
Forms of discourse analysis
A lecture was given to bachelor students of the PPLE college of University of Amsterdam, on 20th February 2017.
This part covers political discourse theory and critical discourse analysis.
Theories on Sociological Perspective
Conflict theory sees education as perpetuating social inequality by providing greater resources to schools in affluent districts, giving those students advantages. It argues that standardized tests exhibit cultural bias and are used to track students into different levels of education and careers. Critics say conflict theory takes too negative a view and does not acknowledge positive aspects of society. Functionalism sees education as socializing students and imparting skills and knowledge to benefit society. It argues education preserves culture but also changes it. Interactional theory focuses on day-to-day interactions in schools and how teacher expectations influence students, rather than larger social forces.
the shift to discourse the discursive construction of gendered identities
the shift to discourse the discursive construction of gendered identitiesUNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LAHORE (MULTAN CAMPUS)
This document provides an overview of discourse and gendered identities. It discusses how gender is produced through discourse in dynamic and context-specific ways. Discourse is defined in various ways across disciplines but generally refers to patterns of language use and social interaction. Gender identities are discursively constructed through recognizable discourses around masculinity and femininity. These discourses can support and conflict with each other, represent ways of thinking and doing, and enact social power dynamics. Feminist approaches to discourse analysis examine how gender ideology and power relations are reproduced and contested in representations and social relationships.IntersectionalityIntersectionality is a theory that was develope
Intersectionality
Intersectionality is a theory that was developed by Kimberle Crenshaw, a feminist of color who was troubled by the more mainstream notions of feminism that seemed to exclude the experiences of women of color and queer women in the 1970s and 1980s (Bubar, et al., 2016). Over the past decade, intersectionality has become a prominent theory in social work education as the profession has given much more attention to the impact of colonization on social work clients. The foundations of intersectionality and post-colonial approaches to social work are built on the idea that populations on the margins who have been most impacted by issues of racism, colonization, sexism, homophobia, and many other forms of marginalization are often not included in conversations addressing these issues.
In social work, intersectionality has largely been looked as a framework for understanding how issues of power, privilege intersect and focuses largely on the complex and diverse experiences that people have related to their race, class, gender, SOGI (sexual orientation gender identity), ability, etc. For instance, if we were looking at the experience of a teenager who is placed in the foster care system, those experiences might look different for a child who is black when compared to a child who is white. Similarly, the experiences for a child who is gay, or lesbian might look different than a child who is not. An intersectional lens or analysis would expose the diversity of experiences within groups.
An important component of both intersectionality and post-colonial social work is the attention that is given to both the oppressed and the oppressor.
A common critique of many social work theories it they fail to address the role of the oppressor, especially when it comes to issues of racism and gender violence. Intersectionality and post-colonial social work place a strong emphasis on issues of power and privilege and the way that oppressions work together to produce injustice. Consider the following case
example:
Elsa is a 34-year old woman who migrated to the U.S. from Guatemala after her ex-husband and his father had threatened violence against Elsa and her 8-year old son. Both Elsa and her son are undocumented. Nearly a year after arriving in the U.S she and her son were living with a boyfriend that she had met at her workplace. The boyfriend was controlling with Elsa and her son and has recently started to perpetrate behaviors that Elsa considered to be both psychologically and physically abusive.
An intersectional and post-colonial approach to Elsa's case would offer a lens to look at the factors related to her identity, status, socioeconomic that would make Elsa's more vulnerable to being in an abusive relationship. For instance, does Elsa's undocumented status make her more vulnerable to force or threats, control tactics such as financial control, humiliation, and emotional isolation. Furthermore, intersectional and post-colonial approaches ...
During Week 5, we studied social stratification and how it influence.docx
During Week 5, we studied social stratification and how it influences what goes on in many social interactions among people. After you have read the reading assignment and lecture for this week, please respond to all parts of the discussion by the due date assigned:
What are some of the factors that affect social mobility? Can these be overcome?
Do you believe the structural-functionalist or the social conflict approach best explains social stratification? Why?
How does the media reflect attitudes on gender as far as depicting women and men in very traditional roles? Provide two detailed examples that substantiate your points—these can be an advertisement, television show, website, or magazine.
When you think of various groups (race, class, and gender) in society, which ones have the most power and which ones have the least? Using Intersection Theory, identify two groups that have unequal amounts of power and resources, being specific and using the text and outside resources. For each group, has the power dynamic changed over time? Do you think it will change in the future? Why or why not?
Kendall, D. (2013).
Sociology in Our Times, 11th
. Independence, KY: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN : 9781305503090
.
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DISCOURSE AND POWER
- 1. Discourse And Power Dr. Syed Kazim Shah Transcribed by Kalsoom Jahan GCUF
- 2. Power and discourse at descriptive level Critical discourse analysis A type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuses, dominates, and inequalities or enacted. Reproduce and resisted by the text and talk in social and political context.
- 3. How social power is abused Here Van Dijk is subjective. Text and talk is representative in power abuse and dominates social power. It deals with relationship between discourse and power with aims of understanding exposing , resisting against social inequalities It deals with discourse and power
- 4. Discourse and Power To understand this relationship To expose this relationship Resist if there is a social inequality Text is not tool but a product
- 5. Discourse and Power Discourse structure confirms, Legitimise, Reproduce relation in power and dominance in society Rejects the value free science Inherently the part of social structure and influenced by social interaction.
- 6. Discourse and Power Social power , social relationship, they are not value free. CDA not so much directions, school of specialization, rather it aims or prospect of theorising and analysing application though out the whole field. It focuses on the objectives of CDA
- 7. Discourse and Power Its not a discipline but brings different modes of analysing. More or less prospects in other discipline like ethnographic and media analysis, but the CDA has tried to collect these in one multidisciplinary approach of CDA .
- 8. The aims of CDA CDA must have to be better as compared to other researches. Sociological. Psychological, ethnographical cultural A multidisciplinary Approach
- 9. The aims of CDA Second point is it focuses primarily on social problems and political issues rather than on current paradigm and fashion. CDA is usually multidisciplinary Mainly describe the social structure and explains it in social interaction.
- 10. The aims of CDA Linguistic structure are related to the social structure. More specifically CDA focuses on the way is discourse structure enact, confirm, legitimise , reproduce and challenge relation of power and the dominance of society.
- 11. The aims of CDA Fairclough , Woodak and Van Dijk have similar points CDA addresses social problems Power relations are discursive Manipulative, created structures Discourse constitute society and culture
- 12. The aims of CDA Discourse does ideological work Discourse is historical Link between text and society is mediated Interpretative and explanatory. Discourse is a form of social action.
- 13. Thank you