This document discusses key concepts related to meaning at the sentence level, including: 1) The difference between an utterance and a sentence, with an utterance being a stretch of talk by a speaker and a sentence being a string of words put together by grammatical rules. 2) Propositions, which are the condition that would make a sentence true. 3) Sentence relations like synonymy, entailment, contradiction, and presupposition which relate to how the meaning and truth value of one sentence depends on another. 4) Logical concepts used to determine truth value and truth conditions of sentences like negation, conjunction, disjunction, modus ponens, and modus toll

1. MEANING IN SENTENCE LEVEL SusiloMulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia

2. UTTERANCESENTENCEPROPOSITIONImportant terms

3. Any stretch of talk, by one person, before and after which there is a silence on the part of that person; the use by a particular speaker, on a particular occasion, of a piece of language.UTTERANCE

4. It is conceived abstractly, a string of words put together by grammatical rules of a language.sentence

5. I would like a cup of coffee --- sentence? Yes“Coffee, please?” sentence? No, Utterance? Yes.Please put it in the kitchen? sentence? yes

6. Can one talk of a loud sentence?Can one talk of a slow utterance?

7. Harry took out the garbageHarry took the garbage outHow many propositions are there?Ho many sentences are there?John gave Mary a bookMary was given a book by JohnProposition

8. I have an account at the Bank of ScotlandWe steered the raft to the other bank of the riverFred hit meThere is no Fred at this addressWhat does “Fred” refer to in the 1stand 2ndsentence?Reference, expression and sense

9. Every expression that has meaning has sense, but not every expression has reference.

10. SENTENCE RELATION AND TRUTH(TRUTH CONDITIONAL-SEMANTICS)

11. To know the meaning of a sentence is to know under what condition that sentence would be true. Tarki’s definition of truth: S is true if and only if P S = sentenceP = the condition which guarantee the truth of S Assumption:

12. Sentence A is synonymous with B means that A has the same meaning as Bmy brother is a bachelormy brother has never marriedSynonymous:

13. Sentence A entails B means that if A then automatically Bthe anarchist assassinated the emperorthe emperor is diedEntailment

14. Sentence A contradicts B means that A is inconsistent with Bmy brother Sebastian has just come from Romemy brother Sebastian has never been to RomeContradiction

15. Sentence B presupposes B means that A is part of the assumed background against which A is said the Mayor of Manchester is a womenthere is a Mayor of ManchesterPresupposition

16. Sentence A is a tautology means that A is automatically true by virtue of its own meaning, but informationally empty Ireland is Ireland Tautology

17. Modus Ponensp -> q if Smith left work early, then he is in the pub p Smith left work early--------q Smith is in the pubLOGIC AND TRUTH

18. Modus Tollensp -> q If Smith has arrived, then he is in the pub - q Smith is not in the pub---------p Smith has not arrived

19. Hypothetical Syllogismp -> q if Smith is in the pub, then he is drinking beerq -> r if Smith is drinking beer, he is drinking Guinness--------p -> r if Smith is in the pub, then he is drinking Guinness

20. Disjunctive Syllogismp v q Smith is in the public bar or he is in the lounge- p Smith is not in the public bar-------- q Smith is in the lounge

21. p -p the symbol – for negation---------T FF Tp=The house is on fire; -p=the house is not on fire T=TrueF=FalseLOGICAL CONNECTIVES

22. p q p Λ q the symbol Λ for and----------------T TTT F FF T FF FFp= The house is on fire andq=the fire brigade are on the way

23. p q p v q ---------------------T TTT F TF T TF FFthe symbol v for or(inclusive or) (p = )I’ll see you today or (q=) I’ll see you tomorrow

24. p q p ve q----------------------T T FT F TF T TF FFthe symbol ve for or (exclusive or) (p=)You will pay the fine or (q= )you will go to jail

25. In Semantics, to understand logic and truth, we should recognize:Truth value -----whether a sentence is being true or falseTruth Condition ----the facts that would have to obtain in reality to make a sentence true or false

26. Based on what a speaker knows (epistemology), truth can be:a priori truth ---Truth is known before or without experiencea posteriori truth---- Truth can only be known on the basis of empirical testingSo, there is always a couple of truth:

27. Necessary truth ----cannot be denied without forcing a contradiction Two and two make fourContingent truth -----can be contradicted, depending on the factsOrangutan is extinct Based on what the world is like (metaphysic), truth can be:

28. Analytic truth ---truth follows from the meaning relations within the sentence, regardless of any relationship with the world. My father is my fatherSynthetic truth --- being true is because of the facts of the world My father is a sailorBased on semantic orientation (semantics), truth can be: