The document discusses critical discourse analysis (CDA) and its application to analyzing news media. It provides definitions and approaches to discourse analysis and differentiates it from CDA. CDA pays attention to ideologies and power relations underlying discourse. The aims of CDA are outlined, including uncovering implicit meanings and ideologies. Two examples are given analyzing how newspapers framed a news story about a police incident differently, showing their different ideological stances. The document serves to introduce CDA and its relevance to analyzing media discourse.

1. Critical Discourse
Analysis: Media & News
Presented by:
Mazhar Iqbal Ranjha
Ph. D English
ID. 13009094005

2. 2

3. Points to be discussed
Discourse
Discourse Analysis (DA)
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
Difference between DA and CDA
(Broad)
Aims of CDA
Ideology
Conclusion

4. Text
• M.A.K. Halliday:
… a semantic unit containing specific textual
components, which makes it ‘internally
cohesive’ and functioning ‘as a whole as the
relevant environment for the operation of the
theme and information system’.
4

5. Discourse
• Widdowson 1978:
• ‘discourse’ is made up of sentences having the
properties of cohesion & coherence!
It investigates the supra-sentential
structure of any stretch of language,
spoken or written.
5

6. Defining Discourse Analysis
• Actual practices of talking and writing (
Woodilla, 1998)
• To explore the relationship between
discourse and reality (Foucault, 1965)
• How texts are made meaningful
through production, dissemination, and
consumption, and how do they
contribute to the constitution of social
reality by making meaning ( Phillip &
Brown, 1993)
6

7. Discourse Analysis
1) Speech Act Theory focuses on communicative
acts performed through speech.
2) Interactional Sociolinguistics focuses on the
social and linguistic meaning created during
interaction.
3) The Ethnography of Communication focuses
on language and communication as cultural
behavior.
7

8. Discourse Analysis
4) Pragmatics focuses on the meaning of individual
utterances in hypothetical contexts.
5) Conversation Analysis focuses on how sequential
structures in conversation provide a basis through
which social order is constructed.
6) Variation Theory focuses on structural categories
in texts and how form and meaning in clauses
help to define text. (Schiffrin,1994)
8

9. • The words of those in power are taken as
"self-evident truths" and the words of those
not in power are dismissed as irrelevant,
inappropriate, or without substance (van Dijk,
2000).
9

10. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
• …to figure out the real meaning behind the
spoken and written word… for the betterment
of the human family.
• how unmasking the written word can bring
about a different perspective and deeper
understanding of whose interest is being
served
10

11. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Lack of concern with
explanation (how discourse
and discursive practices are
social shaped / their social
effects)
Descriptive analysis> local
explanatory
CRITICAL DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
CDA pays attention to:
 ideational meanings ,
Assumptions about social
relations underlying
interactional practices
(naturalized implicit propositions in
discourse > positioning of people as social
subjects)
Critical Analysis > global
explanatory
11

12. CDA
• It is a function that operates vertically in
relation to these various units which enables one
to say of a series of signs whether or not they are
present in it (Foucault, 1972, p. 86) (A.
Shahzad’s)
• ...simultaneously a piece of text, an instance of
discursive practice and an instance of social
practice (Fairclough, 1992, p. 4). (A. Naveed’s)
• CDA should deal primarily with the discourse
dimensions of power abuse, and the injustice and
inequality that result from it (Ven Dijk) . (Jabir’s)

13. CDA
• Our words are never
neutral (Fiske, 1994)!
•No text is independent
of its cultural context (N.
G. Dalia, 2012)
13

14. Aims of Critical Discourse Analysis
Van Dijk (1995)
Problem or issue oriented rather than
paradigm oriented
CDA is not a school, field or discipline but a
critical approach, position or stance of studying
text or talk
Inter- or multidisciplinary focusing on the
relations between discourse and society (social
cognition, politics and culture)

15. Aims of CDA
Broad spectrum of critical studies in human
and social sciences
Pay attention to all levels and dimensions of
discourse
Not only to verbal but other semiotic
dimensions of communication
(Group) relations of power, dominance and
inequality in society

16. Aims of CDA
Social relations of gender, race, class,
ethnicity, age, religion, nationality, etc.
Uncover discursive means of mental control
and social influence
Formulate or sustain an over all perspective of
solidarity with dominated groups
Disclose, reveal and uncover what is implicit
or hidden…… Underlying ideologies

17. Ideology
Term “Ideology” coined by Antonie Destt de
Tracey after French Revolution
Ideology is ground of all sciences (McLellan,
1986)
Ideology is a cultural system of ideas about
social and linguistic relationship, together with
their loading of moral and political interest
(Irvine, 1989)

18. Ideology
The notion of ideology is presented- involving
cognitive and social psychology, sociology, and
discourse analysis (Van Dijk, 2004)
Ideology is a set of belief system that
constitutes a person’s belief, value, goals and
anticipation (Van Dijk, 2004)

19. For media
The ideology may be
Government supporting,
Anti-government,
Impartiality
Attract public attention for high rating,
Business
Educate the masses,
 etc.

20. Television Reports in Slovenian Daily
News Broadcasts
By: Vensa Laban
Ref:
Laban, V. (2007). Television Reports in Slovenian
Daily News Broadcasts. Medijska
Istrazivanja/Media Research, 13(2).

21. Article 1: Television Reports in
Slovenian Daily News Broadcasts
Introduction
Lead in
The closure
Lead out

22. Article 1: Television Reports in
Slovenian Daily News Broadcasts
Lead in
A hybrid news genre because of close connection
with the content of journalistic text
The first sentence creates the viewer’s first
impression of the story (Tompkins, 2002)
It has basic information about the event but do
not answer all journalistic questions
“Last night two men paid this year’s first blood tax
on Styrian roads. ……They died under a truck ….”

23. Article 1: Television Reports in
Slovenian Daily News Broadcasts
Lead in……
Visual image 10 to 15 seconds
Accessed voices
Photographs and sounds
Visualized means
Anchor reads without visual image
Anchor reads with graphic image
Moving images for authentication

24. Article 1: Television Reports in
Slovenian Daily News Broadcasts
Discursive strategies:
Reformation of journalist questions,
Use of interrogative questions,
Announcement of up coming event,
Use of unfinished sentences
Reformation of the part of the answer
Use of the original questions, pre-recorded with
answers

25. Article 1: Television Reports in
Slovenian Daily News Broadcasts
The closure
Bring the text to an end
Look back at the contents or present their
opinions
Meaningful sounds

26. Article 1: Television Reports in
Slovenian Daily News Broadcasts
Functions in SDNB
 Announcement of future developments
Main stress or summary
Additional information about similar events
Information about unanswered questions
Interpretation of the event
Direct address with an instruction, warning or
admonish
Emphasized on the identification of the text

27. Article 1: Television Reports in
Slovenian Daily News Broadcasts
Introduction
Lead out
Wrap up or tag line
Two or three sentences immediately after the
closure of the text
Separate from the main news
To make it more authentic and remove any
doubts

28. Article 1: Television Reports in
Slovenian Daily News Broadcasts
Strategies
Communicate the latest information
Communicate additional information
Communicating remarks
Announcement of thematically related
themes

29. CDA and News: Approaches to the
analysis of media discourse
By: Adel Refaat Mehfouz
Ref:
Mahfouz, A. R. (2013). A CRITICAL DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS OF THE POLICE NEWS STORY
FRAMING IN TWO EGYPTIAN NEWSPAPERS
BEFORE JANUARY 25 REVOLUTION. European
Scientific Journal, 9(8).

30. Article 2: CDA and News: Approaches to
the analysis of media discourse
Introduction
Analysis of public text-media discourse
Media may not have the power to dominate
what people think or act but has power to
influence how people think about and response
to the information it provided
Fairclough’s three dimensional frame work:
Text-Discourse practice-Socio-cultural practice

31. Article 2: CDA and News: Approaches
to the analysis of media discourse
Introduction
A school forbids students to bring their lunch
boxes from home
Students can buy healthy lunch boxes from
school
It claims that lunch boxes brought from home
do not contain required nourishing material

32. Article 2: CDA and News: Approaches to
the analysis of media discourse
Chicago Tribune news
• Chicago school bans some
lunches from the school
• Comments: Dozens of
hands flew up in the air
“We should bring our own
lunch”
CNN
• Should school rule kinds’
lunch

33. Article 2: CDA and News: Approaches to
the analysis of media discourse
School clarification
“Dear Parents of Little Village Academy:…..”

34. A CDA of the Police News story framing in
two Egyptian Newspapers
By: Siyuan Wu
www.personal.psu.edu
Retrieved at:
https://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&es
rc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&sqi=2&
ved=0CCkQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.person
al.psu.edu%2Fsww5203%2Fblogs%2Fsiyuans_e-
portfolio%2FSiyuan%2520Wu.-
Final%2520project%2520of%2520APLNG_581.pdf
&ei=K2ZbU_KEDuWQ7Aac5IF4&usg=AFQjCNFl8OF
h-sLKKiZNcBrXdwOYZS3XBw&sig2=46MWrSak-
YBe0RzQP5YHpQ

35. Article 3: A CDA of the Police News story
framing in two Egyptian Newspapers
Introduction
Linguistic structure of framing a story by two
political influential newspapers Al-Dostor and
AL-Gomhuria
Explore the scope and nature of their
ideologies
A story of a woman who was killed in the
result of a scuffle with the police

36. Article 3: A CDA of the Police News story
framing in two Egyptian Newspapers
AL-Gomhuria
The Head line
Riots at Samalout after an
officer caused the death of
a woman
The Lead
Minia’s Samalout has
witnessed yesterday riots
that caused the blocking of
Cairo-Aswangeen road after
the death of a 36-year old
woman named Mervat
Abdul-Fattah Abdul
Al-Dostor
The Head line
Dozens of Minia residents set
fire to a police vehicle after a
pregnant woman killed by
Samalout Police officer
The Lead
The furious residents blocked….
To revenge….

37. Article 3: A CDA of the Police News story
framing in two Egyptian Newspapers
AL-Gomhuria
The Head line
One officer and three soldiers
wounded in Sinai
The Lead
One central security forces
officers were short
yesterday in riots at Al-
Hassana, North Sinai ….. 4
from the crowed injured as
well
Al-Dostor
The Head line
Hundreds of Bedouin rally, set fire to
tries at “Naga Shabana”
One Bedouin killed, another injured in
armed confrontation with police
troops in Central Sinai
The Lead
Armed confrontation between the
nomads of Sinai and Ministry of
Interior newly erupted and resulted
in killing one and injuring another
during police chasing at central Sinai
last Monday evening

38. Article 3: A CDA of the Police News story
framing in two Egyptian Newspapers
AL-Gomhuria
The Head line
Unidentified men fired on
Shebeen train
The Lead
Unidentified men opened fire
at Shebeen Al-Kanter_Cairo
train and wounded a
passenger on passing by
Tahnoub village. They tried
to stop the train and rob the
passengers …..
Al-Dostor
The Head line
Men armed with klashenkof
attacked Qlyyoubia train,
steal passangers’ belongings
The Lead
The number of attackers ----
with quick firing automatic
rifles ----- raised number of
injuries ….

39. Conclusion
Have discussed media discourse
Discursive practice
How media influence the thinking of the
audience
Issues and ideology behind the discourse
“Journalism itself is inadequate to tell the story
…. It is not a reality, but aversion of reality……”
(Times’ Public Editor Okrent, 2005)

40. Thanks for Patience