Disaster Management: Explain with an example the structural and non-structural mitigation programs taken by GoB with reference to disaster risk reduction in Bangladesh

1. Presentation on
Explain with example the structural
and nonstructural mitigations
programs taken by GoB with reference
to disaster risk reduction in
Bangladesh
Group- Dahlia
Abdullah Al Noman (1315)
S M Abdullah Al-Fatin (1312)
Ms. Bishaka Tanchangya (1311)
Amit Kumar Saha (1309)
Jesmin Akter Moly (1310)
Sadia Nowrin (1313)
Md Yaheya Karim (1314)
Shikha Rani Das (1316)

2. DISASTER
▪ is a severe situation usually associated with severe damage to
infrastructure and utilities, death, injuries and homelessness
▪ it may be widespread or contained within a particular sector
(i.e. social, economic or environmental) or sub sector (e.g.
agriculture, tourism).

3. DISASTER RISK
▪ Disaster Risk is the probability of harmful consequences or
expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods,
economic activity disrupted or environment damaged)
resulting from interactions between natural or human-
induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.
▪ Risk = Hazards X Vulnerability

4. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR)
▪ UN/ISDR (2004b), the conceptual framework of elements considered
with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks
throughout society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and
preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context
of sustainable development
▪ A systematic process of using administrative decisions, organization,
operational skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies and
coping capacities of the society and communities to lessen the impact
of natural hazards and related environmental and technological
disasters (UN/ISDR, 2009).
▪ This comprises all forms of activities, including structural and non-
structural measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation)
adverse effects of hazards

5. MITIGATION
▪ Disaster mitigation measures are those that eliminate or reduce the
impacts and risks of hazards through proactive measures taken before
an emergency or disaster occurs.
▪ The theory behind disaster mitigation is a simple one: by making an
investment of time, money and planning prior to the occurrence of
natural disasters, there can be tremendous savings that result from
reducing the impact of natural disasters when they inevitably occur.

6. WHY MITIGATION IS NEEDED?
▪ Habitation of threatened areas has increased.
▪ Even smaller storms can cause large damage.
▪ Engineering studies have consistently shown that inexpensive measures
can have a large effect on damage reduction (Cost Benefit Analysis)

7. TYPES OF MITIGATION
▪ Disaster mitigation measures may be structural (e.g. flood dikes) or non-structural (e.g. land use
zoning)
▪ Mitigation activities should incorporate the measurement and assessment of the evolving risk
environment. Activities may include the creation of comprehensive, pro-active tools that help decide
where to focus funding and efforts in risk reduction.
▪ Hazard mapping
▪ Adoption and enforcement of land use and zoning practices
▪ Implementing and enforcing building codes
▪ Flood plain mapping
▪ Reinforced tornado safe rooms
▪ Raising of homes in flood-prone areas
▪ Disaster mitigation public awareness programs
▪ Insurance programs

8. MITIGATION PROGRAMS
IN BANGLADESH

9. SOCIAL PROTECTION IN BANGLADESH:
OBJECTIVES
▪ Disaster emergency response
▪ Disaster risk reduction
▪ Climate change adaptation
▪ Poverty reduction
▪ Economic growth

10. ▪ Social Protection in Bangladesh: GOB Commitment (2010-11)
▪ 15.2 Percent of national budget
▪ 2.5 Percent of GDP
▪ Total spending BDT 19,487 crore
▪ Programmes/ projects: 87
▪ Ministries/ Divisions: 21
▪ National Monitoring Committee headed by the Cabinet Secretary
DECREASING VULNERABILITY THROUGH
SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAMMES

11. DECREASING VULNERABILITY THROUGH
SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAMMES
▪ Providing Incentives and Financial Assistance to Poultry and Livestock
Sector;
▪ Poverty Alleviation and Micro-Credit Programmes Undertaken by BRDB,
PKSF, SDF, Palli Daridrya Bimochan Foundation (PDBF);
▪ Small Farmer Development Foundation, etc.
▪ Fund for Housing the Homeless (Guccha Gram, Abashan, etc.)
▪ Programme for generating employment for the unemployed youth by
the Karmasangsthan Bank;

12. DECREASING VULNERABILITY THROUGH
SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAMMES
▪ Opportunity for Public Assets (REOPA)
▪ Support Services Program for Vulnerable Group (SSPVG)
▪ Ekti Bari Ekti Khamar Project
▪ Char Livlihood Programme
▪ Economic Empowerment of the Poorest
▪ Maternal Health Voucher Scheme

13. DECREASING VULNERABILITY THROUGH
SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAMMES
▪ Cash Transfer
▪ Old-Age Allowance Programme;
▪ Allowances Programme for Widowed, Deserted and Destitute
Women;
▪ Honorarium Programme for Insolvent Freedom Fighters;
▪ Training and Self-Employment Programme for Insolvent Freedom
Fighters and their Wards;
▪ Fund for Rehabilitation of the Acid-Burnt and the Physically
Handicapped;
▪ Allowance for the Fully Retarded
▪ Cash transfer programmes for education;

14. DECREASING VULNERABILITY THROUGH
SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAMMES
▪ Cash Transfer
▪ Primary Education Stipend Project (PESP); and
▪ Female Secondary School Assistance Programme (FSSAP);
▪ Rural Maintenance Programme (RMP); and
▪ Food for Works Programme (Cash)
▪ Gratuitous Relief (Cash)
▪ Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest (EGPP)

15. DECREASING VULNERABILITY THROUGH
SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAMMES
▪ Food Transfer
▪ Food for Works Programme
▪ Vulnerable Group Development (VGD) Programme
▪ Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF) Programme
▪ Test Relief (TR) Programme and
▪ Gratuitous Relief - Rice(GR) Programme.
▪ OMS
▪ Fair Price Card

16. STRUCTURAL MEASURES
FOR CYCLONE

17. STRUCTURAL MEASURES FOR CYCLONE
▪ Engineering measures such as cyclone shelter is one of the key cyclone
mitigation measure adapted in Bangladesh.
▪ For effective employment and management of cyclone shelters,
multipurpose versions have been built in carefully selected locations,
identifying uses for both normal and disaster periods.
▪ Cyclone shelters demonstrate an excellent dual purpose use during
non-disaster periods and cyclones.

18. DROUGHT RISK REDUCTION
MEASURES (STRUCTURAL)

19. DROUGHT RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
▪ Deep tube wells in the region to increase agricultural productivity.
▪ The Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA) is actively
involved in irrigating the northern district.
▪ Irrigation is necessary for many types of crops, especially for boro rice
cultivation.
▪ There is a significant development of irrigation systems nowadays in
Bangladesh compared to 1980s.

20. EARTHQUAKE RISK
REDUCTION MEASURES
(NON-STRUCTURAL)

21. EARTHQUAKE RISK REDUCTION
MEASURES
▪ Adequate sustainable land use planning with seismic microzoning
mapping.
▪ The link between land use master planning for earthquake protection
and other urban planning protection measures and the control of
building quality are so interrelated.
▪ Very high resolution satellites are being used for the detection of
tectonic movement of the earth and earth’s fault zones (Choudhury,
2001).
▪ Further to that, seismic vulnerability maps of the buildings and
earthquake prevention plan for urban areas are some other useful
measures for earthquake prevention.

22. FLOOD RISK REDUCTION
MEASURES (STRUCTURAL)

23. FLOOD RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
(STRUCTURAL)
▪ Structural measure refers to those disasters management or mitigation
tools which have physical entity such as embankment, flood or cyclone
shelter, dam etc.
▪ Structural measures aim at protecting an area up to certain level of
flooding. It can be divided into five categories:
▪ Storage reservoir or basins to restrict overflow.
▪ Retarding basins to lower the flow of flooding
▪ Levees and floodwalls to confine floodwaters
▪ Improvement of channel capacity
▪ Some structural measures such as Flood Embankment, Channel Improvement,
River Training, Coastal Embankment etc. to combat the flood sufferings.

24. ▪ There are some options of structural measures-
▪ Dams and Reservoirs for impounding excess runoff.
▪ Detention basin, Retention Pond to lower the level of flooding downstream. (Not
feasible due to topographical limitation.)
▪ Embankment, Dyke, Polder, Levee, Bund, or Flood wall to block the movement of
water from rivers to floodplain. (most preferred option)
▪ Improvement of Conveyance Capacity (planned but not done due to cost element)
▪ Flood bye pass, flood diversion ( not feasible)
▪ Watershed Management and afforestation (not practiced.)
FLOOD RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
(STRUCTURAL)

25. FLOOD RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
(STRUCTURAL)
▪ In Bangladesh
▪ Flood Embankment,
▪ Channel Improvement,
▪ River Training,
▪ Coastal Embankment etc. to combat the flood sufferings.
▪ Among these structural measures, construction of embankment is most
popular and very old practice in Bangladesh. This is also a very cheap
method compared to other structural measures.

26. FLOOD RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
(STRUCTURAL)
▪ Since 1960s, Bangladesh government is involved in large scale flood
control projects and by 1993 over 8,000km of embankments and other
structures had been built at a cost of over US$5bilion.
▪ Loop embankments or polders have been built to protect major urban
centres and coastal agricultural land while submersible embankments
have been constructed for crop production and protection against flash
floods in certain areas.

27. FLOOD RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
(STRUCTURAL)
▪ Impacts of Structural measures
▪ With the experience over the last few decades, it was observed that
the structural measures do not usually bring only blessings. They
also have adverse effect.
▪ The adverse effects always do not appear shortly after their
construction but become apparent with the elapse of time.

28. FLOOD RISK REDUCTION
MEASURES
(NON-STRUCTURAL)

29. FLOOD RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
(NON-STRUCTURAL)
▪ Non-Structural Measure to reduce loss or damage by administrative
measures. It does not control or affect the process of inundation.
▪ Flood Plain Zoning & Management;
▪ Policies for infrastructure Planning and Development in the flood plains;
▪ Flood Proofing;
▪ Disaster Preparedness & Response Planning and
▪ Flood Forecasting and Warning.
▪ Flood fighting,
▪ Evacuation and shelter management,
▪ Flood insurance

30. FLOOD RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
(NON-STRUCTURAL)
▪ Non-Structural Measure
▪ Raised community areas with basic human needs.
▪ Home placed at higher elevations and built with flood resistant materials.
▪ Flood resistant infrastructure to continue critical services during floods.
▪ Floodplain zoning
▪ Changes in cropping pattern
▪ Training and Public Awareness
▪ Institutional Arrangements
▪ Flood Warning System
▪ Local Disaster Action Plans
▪ flood forecasting and warning were later incorporated as it was felt that
structural measures alone could not mitigate flood problems.

31. FLOOD RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
(NON-STRUCTURAL)
▪ Non-structural mitigation measures undertaken by the GoB focus on
preparedness and possibilities for action to reduce risks and losses and
better co-ordination mechanisms between all actors involved (GO,
NGO and community people at grass- root level) during all phases of
any disaster.
▪ Due to increased population pressure it is a typical scenario in
Bangladesh that the human habitat is extending more and more
towards flood plains, which are vulnerable to recurrent flood.
▪ Moreover, more lands of the flood plains are being occupied and
converted to habitat and agricultural lands, which were mostly, back
swamp. Flood plains are generally regarded as the extended portion of
the main river channel.

32. FLOOD RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
(NON-STRUCTURAL)
▪ Flood plain zoning and management is the effective means of
regulating habitat construction and agricultural use with minimum
interference to the natural condition prevailing in the flood plains.
▪ Due to a swell in population in the flood plains, the governments are
bound to undertake more and more development projects in the flood
plains.
▪ Policy formulation should be on the basis of scientific study and
research. Bangladesh Government has already finalized Flood
Management Strategy in 1995, National Water Policy in 1998 and
National Water Management Plan in 2004.

33. FLOOD RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
(NON-STRUCTURAL)
▪ Flood proofing is a measure, which has been found to have less adverse
effects. In most of the flood prone areas in Bangladesh, the people used to
flood proofing technique in such a way that people build their houses on the
built-up earthen mounds. This is being in practice for centuries. Community
participation and awareness are very important in the flood proofing
measures.
▪ Many of the damages of the floods can be reduced to a great extent through a
proper Disaster Preparedness and Response Planning. For the Disaster
Preparedness regarding the flood, the most important tool is the Flood
Forecasting and Warning System. With the current advancement in the
information technology and hydrological and hydraulic sciences, it is possible
to provide most accurate advance warning
▪ In this regard assessment of response of the people to the flood warning is
very important element in response planning. Disaster Preparedness program
cannot be made successful without proper response planning.

34. THANKS TO ALL