Diffusion and adoption
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Diffusion and adoption of important components of knowledge and adoption process which plays a significant role in dissemination and implementation of the technology
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Adoption & adoption process stages
The document discusses Rogers' model of the adoption process, which involves 5 stages: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption. It describes several studies that helped develop this model. Ryan and Gross identified 4 stages: awareness, conviction, acceptance, and adoption. Wilkening described adoption as a process involving learning, deciding, and acting over time through 4 stages: awareness, obtaining information, conviction, and trial. The North Central Rural Sociology Committee identified the same 5 stages that Rogers later outlined. The stages are presented as: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption. It is noted that not all models agree on the number of stages, and individuals may jump between stages or abandon the process depending on various factors
Private extension
Through initiatives like e-Choupal, Tata Kisan Sansar, and Samriddhi Centers, various organizations aim to empower Indian farmers by providing access to market information, inputs, financial services, and education to help improve productivity and incomes. These programs establish local resource hubs that deliver agronomic advice, test soil/water, supply seeds/pesticides, offer insurance, and connect farmers to markets. The goal is to break cycles of poverty and enable rural prosperity.
ICTs for Agriculture Extension
1. ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) include technologies that enable the storage, processing, and transfer of information, like computers, the internet, and mobile phones.
2. The document discusses various modern ICT tools and techniques that can be used to transfer agricultural technologies to farmers, including expert systems, touchscreen systems, information kiosks, and interactive voice response systems.
3. Expert systems are intelligent computer programs that use stored human expertise to help solve problems. They allow widespread and consistent sharing of best practices and can help address the lack of agricultural experts.
Market led extension
Market-led extension focuses on identifying customer needs before offering services. It is demand-driven, client-oriented, and aims to provide high returns for farmers. Agricultural extension personnel play key roles like conducting SWOT analyses of markets, organizing farmer groups, establishing marketing linkages, and acquiring market intelligence. Challenges include the large size of extension systems, integrating information technology, diverse farm conditions, and improving market intelligence and extension reforms. Effective market-led extension produces based on demand, works with efficient farmer groups, uses various market information sources, and improves communication within marketing channels. Reforms are needed to empower farmers with market knowledge and provide competitive marketing options and infrastructure investments.
Cyber Extension
The document discusses cyber extension as an innovative approach for disseminating agricultural information using information and communication technologies. It defines cyber extension as using online networks and digital media to facilitate disseminating agricultural technologies. It outlines the objectives, concepts, tools, functions, applications, process, advantages, and issues of cyber extension. The key tools discussed are email, telnet, FTP, gopher, Archie, and the world wide web. [END SUMMARY]
New trends in extension
The document discusses new trends in agricultural extension, including a shift from top-down to bottom-up and production-led to market-led approaches. It outlines the need for market-led extension to help farmers understand market demands and consumer preferences in order to improve livelihoods. Examples of innovative market-led extension approaches provided include market intelligence, contract farming, and direct marketing. The challenges and dimensions of market-led extension are also summarized, along with some successful farmer entrepreneurs utilizing these approaches.
Privatization of extension in india
The document discusses the privatization of agricultural extension services. It begins by providing context on the traditional public funding and delivery of extension, and how private and voluntary sectors have increasingly challenged this monopoly since the 1980s. Chile was the first country to test privatized extension services in 1978 as part of economic reforms. The document then discusses private extension models and services provided, as well as some advantages like increased efficiency and accountability, and disadvantages like potentially hampering free information flow. It also outlines challenges like addressing subsistence farmers and women in the rural workforce. Overall, the document examines the shift toward private extension internationally and in India.
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Adoption & adoption process stages
The document discusses Rogers' model of the adoption process, which involves 5 stages: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption. It describes several studies that helped develop this model. Ryan and Gross identified 4 stages: awareness, conviction, acceptance, and adoption. Wilkening described adoption as a process involving learning, deciding, and acting over time through 4 stages: awareness, obtaining information, conviction, and trial. The North Central Rural Sociology Committee identified the same 5 stages that Rogers later outlined. The stages are presented as: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption. It is noted that not all models agree on the number of stages, and individuals may jump between stages or abandon the process depending on various factors
Private extension
Through initiatives like e-Choupal, Tata Kisan Sansar, and Samriddhi Centers, various organizations aim to empower Indian farmers by providing access to market information, inputs, financial services, and education to help improve productivity and incomes. These programs establish local resource hubs that deliver agronomic advice, test soil/water, supply seeds/pesticides, offer insurance, and connect farmers to markets. The goal is to break cycles of poverty and enable rural prosperity.
ICTs for Agriculture Extension
1. ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) include technologies that enable the storage, processing, and transfer of information, like computers, the internet, and mobile phones.
2. The document discusses various modern ICT tools and techniques that can be used to transfer agricultural technologies to farmers, including expert systems, touchscreen systems, information kiosks, and interactive voice response systems.
3. Expert systems are intelligent computer programs that use stored human expertise to help solve problems. They allow widespread and consistent sharing of best practices and can help address the lack of agricultural experts.
Market led extension
Market-led extension focuses on identifying customer needs before offering services. It is demand-driven, client-oriented, and aims to provide high returns for farmers. Agricultural extension personnel play key roles like conducting SWOT analyses of markets, organizing farmer groups, establishing marketing linkages, and acquiring market intelligence. Challenges include the large size of extension systems, integrating information technology, diverse farm conditions, and improving market intelligence and extension reforms. Effective market-led extension produces based on demand, works with efficient farmer groups, uses various market information sources, and improves communication within marketing channels. Reforms are needed to empower farmers with market knowledge and provide competitive marketing options and infrastructure investments.
Cyber Extension
The document discusses cyber extension as an innovative approach for disseminating agricultural information using information and communication technologies. It defines cyber extension as using online networks and digital media to facilitate disseminating agricultural technologies. It outlines the objectives, concepts, tools, functions, applications, process, advantages, and issues of cyber extension. The key tools discussed are email, telnet, FTP, gopher, Archie, and the world wide web. [END SUMMARY]
New trends in extension
The document discusses new trends in agricultural extension, including a shift from top-down to bottom-up and production-led to market-led approaches. It outlines the need for market-led extension to help farmers understand market demands and consumer preferences in order to improve livelihoods. Examples of innovative market-led extension approaches provided include market intelligence, contract farming, and direct marketing. The challenges and dimensions of market-led extension are also summarized, along with some successful farmer entrepreneurs utilizing these approaches.
Privatization of extension in india
The document discusses the privatization of agricultural extension services. It begins by providing context on the traditional public funding and delivery of extension, and how private and voluntary sectors have increasingly challenged this monopoly since the 1980s. Chile was the first country to test privatized extension services in 1978 as part of economic reforms. The document then discusses private extension models and services provided, as well as some advantages like increased efficiency and accountability, and disadvantages like potentially hampering free information flow. It also outlines challenges like addressing subsistence farmers and women in the rural workforce. Overall, the document examines the shift toward private extension internationally and in India.
Diffusion and Adoption of Agricultural Innovations
Diffusion process - Adoption Process - Adopter Categories
- Characteristics of Innovation - Rate of Adoption - Variable Determining the Rate of Adoption
Farmer led extension
Farmer Led Extension is a promising approach wherein farmer leaders were utilized as extensionists to transfer the technologies they learned with a view to boosting up production.
The FLE approach gives farmers the opportunity to share their experiences and practices through a method demonstration with fellow farmers in the area.
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3) Recommended solutions and a plan of action to achieve objectives over the short and long-term.
The planning process is progressive, involving fact-finding, analysis, priority-setting, and establishing measurable objectives. It requires input from representatives of the people and is an ongoing process that is periodically evaluated and modified based on results.
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The document discusses several models of the adoption process for innovations. The earliest and most widely known model proposed five stages: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption. Later models expanded on these stages or proposed alternative frameworks. The five stage model remains commonly used but is not necessarily a rigid sequence and can vary by factors like culture and the specific innovation. Overall, the models seek to describe the typical progression individuals go through in learning about, considering, testing, and ultimately adopting a new idea or technology.
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The document summarizes India's agricultural extension systems. It discusses four major organizational streams that work for rural development: ICAR institutes and universities, state agriculture departments, rural development departments, and voluntary organizations. It then provides details on several specific extension programs established by ICAR, including National Demonstrations (1964), Operational Research Projects (1972), Krishi Vigyan Kendras (1974), Lab to Land (1979), and Frontline Demonstrations. It describes the objectives and roles of these various extension initiatives in demonstrating and disseminating new agricultural technologies to farmers.
Market led extension
This document discusses market-led extension and its importance for farmers in India. It begins by noting that as markets have globalized, farmers need to sell to wider markets beyond their local areas. It then discusses how the organization MANAGE began promoting the concept of "market-led extension" through workshops in 2001.
The key aspects of market-led extension are identified as having a market orientation, including both agriculture and economics considerations, and providing the perfect blend of reaching farmers with appropriate technologies. Reasons for adopting a market-led approach include addressing input, efficacy, credibility and structural crises in the existing extension system. The document outlines paradigmatic shifts needed from a production-led to market-led focus. Various models
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The document outlines the adoption process model, which describes the stages an individual goes through when adopting an innovation. The key stages are:
1) Awareness - learning of the innovation's existence but not details;
2) Interest - seeking more information about how it works;
3) Evaluation - mentally applying the innovation to one's situation to assess worth;
4) Trial - experimentally applying the innovation on a small scale;
5) Adoption - full-scale, continued use upon satisfaction with trial results.
The stages are influenced by social and cultural factors and not always linear, but provide a general framework for understanding how innovations are adopted.
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This document summarizes Rogers' innovation-decision process model. It describes the five stages an individual or organization goes through when adopting an innovation: 1) knowledge, 2) persuasion, 3) decision, 4) implementation, and 5) confirmation. At each stage, the individual forms perceptions and evaluates the innovation. Communication channels and the social system influence how quickly an innovation is adopted. The innovation-decision period is the length of time it takes an individual or organization to progress through all five stages when deciding to adopt or reject an innovation.
Adoption and diffusion.pptx
1. Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated over time among members of a social system. It involves an innovation, communication channels, time, and a social system.
2. There are five stages in the adoption process: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. Adopter categories include innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards.
3. Key aspects of diffusion include the innovation's attributes, the communication channels, the adopter's innovativeness, and the social system's norms and structure. Adoption occurs after an individual passes through awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption stages.
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The FLE approach gives farmers the opportunity to share their experiences and practices through a method demonstration with fellow farmers in the area.
Reasons for Group Led Extension
1. Efficiency
2. Effectiveness
3. Collective action
4. Equity
Farm school :
“Farm school is a field where latest technology was demonstrated to progressive and interested farmers who undergo training for a certain period of time. Farm schools help in speedy dissemination and adoption of technologies through training of progressive farmers on the latest production technology.”
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Extension Programme Planning
An agricultural extension programme involves a collaborative planning process between extension staff and local communities. It includes:
1) An analysis of the current situation and problems facing the local area
2) Objectives and goals determined by the community to address key problems
3) Recommended solutions and a plan of action to achieve objectives over the short and long-term.
The planning process is progressive, involving fact-finding, analysis, priority-setting, and establishing measurable objectives. It requires input from representatives of the people and is an ongoing process that is periodically evaluated and modified based on results.
Role of extension agent
The basic roles and functions of an extension agent is presented for better understanding and appreciation.
extension teaching
This document discusses rural agricultural work experience and extension teaching methods. It defines extension teaching methods as devices used to create communication between instructors and learners. Extension methods are classified as individual contact methods, group contact methods, and mass contact methods. Individual methods include farm visits and demonstrations. Group methods include result demonstrations, method demonstrations, and group discussions. Mass methods include publications, newspapers, radio, television, and campaigns. The document provides details on objectives, advantages, and limitations of various extension teaching methods.
From technology transfer (TT) to agricultural innovation systems (AIS)
Presented by Iddo Dror at the SEARCA Forum-workshop on Platforms, Rural Advisory Services, and Knowledge Management: Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development, Los Banos, 17-19 May 2016
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Privatization of agriculture extension involves transferring ownership of extension services from the public sector to private organizations. This began in India in the 1980s to improve access to inputs and create a more efficient system, as the public system had shortcomings like only reaching a small portion of farmers and having an ineffective top-down approach. Private extension is now provided by groups like agricultural consultants, farmers associations, input companies and NGOs. While privatization reduces the economic burden on the government and increases efficiency, it could hamper free sharing of information if farmers don't disseminate learning to others and only commercial farmers benefit.
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The document discusses several models of the adoption process for innovations. The earliest and most widely known model proposed five stages: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption. Later models expanded on these stages or proposed alternative frameworks. The five stage model remains commonly used but is not necessarily a rigid sequence and can vary by factors like culture and the specific innovation. Overall, the models seek to describe the typical progression individuals go through in learning about, considering, testing, and ultimately adopting a new idea or technology.
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The document summarizes India's agricultural extension systems. It discusses four major organizational streams that work for rural development: ICAR institutes and universities, state agriculture departments, rural development departments, and voluntary organizations. It then provides details on several specific extension programs established by ICAR, including National Demonstrations (1964), Operational Research Projects (1972), Krishi Vigyan Kendras (1974), Lab to Land (1979), and Frontline Demonstrations. It describes the objectives and roles of these various extension initiatives in demonstrating and disseminating new agricultural technologies to farmers.
Market led extension
This document discusses market-led extension and its importance for farmers in India. It begins by noting that as markets have globalized, farmers need to sell to wider markets beyond their local areas. It then discusses how the organization MANAGE began promoting the concept of "market-led extension" through workshops in 2001.
The key aspects of market-led extension are identified as having a market orientation, including both agriculture and economics considerations, and providing the perfect blend of reaching farmers with appropriate technologies. Reasons for adopting a market-led approach include addressing input, efficacy, credibility and structural crises in the existing extension system. The document outlines paradigmatic shifts needed from a production-led to market-led focus. Various models
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This document discusses various promotional methods for seed marketing, including advertisements, sales promotions, personal selling, publicity, extension activities, and demonstrations. It describes both controllable marketing messages designed by organizations as well as uncontrollable personal recommendations. Farmers in developing countries tend to have low incomes, be conservative, lack information, and have limited transportation. The document then provides details on different media for advertisements, including print, broadcast, outdoor, and packaging. It also discusses sales promotion techniques, field demonstrations, personal selling, and public relations activities to promote seed adoption.
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Agriculture technology management agency (ATMA)
ATMA (Agriculture Technology Management Agency) is a registered society responsible for agricultural technology dissemination at the district level in Uttar Pradesh. It aims to decentralize decision making, increase farmer input, and improve coordination between research and extension activities. ATMA has a Governing Board that makes policies and a Management Committee responsible for planning and executing activities. It works to strengthen research-farmer linkages, coordinate different agricultural agencies, disseminate new technologies, and increase farmer ownership of the agricultural system. A case study describes how a farmer in Jharkhand increased her paddy yields from 16 to 82 quintals per hectare by adopting improved practices and technologies disseminated through ATMA.
Adoption process and stages
The document outlines the adoption process model, which describes the stages an individual goes through when adopting an innovation. The key stages are:
1) Awareness - learning of the innovation's existence but not details;
2) Interest - seeking more information about how it works;
3) Evaluation - mentally applying the innovation to one's situation to assess worth;
4) Trial - experimentally applying the innovation on a small scale;
5) Adoption - full-scale, continued use upon satisfaction with trial results.
The stages are influenced by social and cultural factors and not always linear, but provide a general framework for understanding how innovations are adopted.
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Similar to Diffusion and adoption
Diffusion of innovation------Innovation Decision Process
This document summarizes Rogers' innovation-decision process model. It describes the five stages an individual or organization goes through when adopting an innovation: 1) knowledge, 2) persuasion, 3) decision, 4) implementation, and 5) confirmation. At each stage, the individual forms perceptions and evaluates the innovation. Communication channels and the social system influence how quickly an innovation is adopted. The innovation-decision period is the length of time it takes an individual or organization to progress through all five stages when deciding to adopt or reject an innovation.
Adoption and diffusion.pptx
1. Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated over time among members of a social system. It involves an innovation, communication channels, time, and a social system.
2. There are five stages in the adoption process: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. Adopter categories include innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards.
3. Key aspects of diffusion include the innovation's attributes, the communication channels, the adopter's innovativeness, and the social system's norms and structure. Adoption occurs after an individual passes through awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption stages.
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1. Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated over time among members of a social system. It involves an innovation, communication channels, time, and a social system.
2. The innovation-decision process includes knowledge of the innovation, forming an attitude, deciding to adopt or reject, implementing the innovation, and confirming the decision.
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This document provides an overview of diffusion and adoption of livestock innovations. It defines key terms like innovation, diffusion, and adoption. It describes Rogers' diffusion of innovations theory, including the innovation-decision process and adopter categories. The five adopter categories are innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. Each category is characterized by their attributes, demographics, and role in the diffusion process. The document also outlines the perceived attributes of innovations and factors that influence their rate of adoption.
Innovation decision process
1) The innovation-decision process describes the steps an individual goes through from first learning about an innovation to adopting or rejecting it. It includes knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation stages.
2) The case study examines the diffusion of hybrid seed corn among Iowa farmers in the 1930s. It went through the five stages over 12 years to reach widespread adoption. Farmers needed an average of 7 years to progress from awareness to full adoption.
3) At the knowledge stage, salesmen introduced hybrid seed corn which increased yields but required annual purchase. At the persuasion stage, farmers discussed it with neighbors. At the decision stage, farmers received small samples to trial. At implementation, farmers who decided
Innovation-Decision Process(A critical appraisal of the new formulation)
The document discusses Rogers' innovation-decision process, which describes the steps an individual or organization goes through in deciding to adopt or reject an innovation. It includes 5 stages: 1) Knowledge, where one learns of the innovation's existence; 2) Persuasion, where one forms attitudes about the innovation; 3) Decision, where one decides to adopt or reject; 4) Implementation, where one puts the innovation into use; 5) Confirmation, where one reinforces or reverses the decision. The rate of moving through these stages and adopting innovations varies between individuals and groups. Decisions can be optional, collective, or authority-based.
Diffusion of innovation
This document discusses the diffusion of innovation, which examines how new products, ideas or technologies are adopted by consumers over time. It outlines several key aspects of the diffusion process, including:
- The diffusion process itself, by which an innovation spreads via communication channels to members of a social system over periods of time.
- The innovation characteristics that influence its rate of adoption, such as relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability.
- Adopter categories that consumers fall into based on when they adopt - innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards.
- The innovation adoption process individuals go through - awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adoption/reject
Innovation decision
The innovation-decision process consists of 5 stages:
1) Knowledge - individuals learn about the innovation's existence and function.
2) Persuasion - individuals form favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward the innovation.
3) Decision - individuals decide to adopt or reject the innovation.
4) Implementation - individuals put the innovation into use.
5) Confirmation - individuals seek reinforcement of their decision and may reverse it if exposed to conflicting information.
Mashaliya kishan extn503
The document discusses Rogers' innovation-decision process, which describes the steps individuals go through when learning about a new innovation. The five steps are: 1) Knowledge - gaining awareness and understanding of the innovation, 2) Persuasion - forming attitudes toward the innovation, 3) Decision - deciding whether to adopt or reject the innovation, 4) Implementation - putting the innovation into use, and 5) Confirmation - reinforcing the decision or reversing it if issues arise. Each step involves cognitive and behavioral processes as individuals evaluate new ideas and determine whether and how to apply them.
Diffusion of Innovation
A theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread. Everett Rogers, a professor of communication studies, popularized the theory in his book Diffusion of Innovations
diffusion of innovation.pptx
This document discusses the key concepts of diffusion of innovations, including adoption, diffusion, innovation, and the innovation-decision process. It defines these terms and explains the elements and characteristics of diffusion, including innovation characteristics like relative advantage and complexity. It also outlines the stages of the innovation-decision process and describes different categories of adopters from innovators to laggards.
Adoption
adoption concepts, adopter categories and their characteristics,models of adoption, rate of adoption, attributes
Hcc lesson7
This document discusses key concepts from the Diffusion of Innovation theory, including:
- There are different types of adopters (innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards) who adopt innovations at different rates.
- Factors like relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability influence how quickly an innovation is adopted.
- The innovation adoption process involves knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation stages.
- Communication channels, time, and the social system all impact the spread of new ideas through a population.
Diffusion of innovation
This document provides an overview of the diffusion of innovation theory and consumer adoption processes. It discusses key concepts like the stages of innovation adoption (innovators, early adopters, etc.), characteristics that influence diffusion, and the awareness-interest-evaluation-trial-adoption consumer decision process. It also profiles different types of early adopters like opinion leaders, market mavens, change leaders, and technophiles who influence wider adoption. The document concludes by noting applications for marketing research, new product development, and product reviews.
Lect 5a- Diffusion of Innovations-1.ppt
The document discusses the diffusion of innovations theory developed by Everett Rogers. It defines key concepts such as:
- An innovation is an idea perceived as new that reduces uncertainty. Diffusion is the process by which innovations spread through communication over time among social systems.
- There are four main elements of diffusion: the innovation itself, communication channels, time, and a social system. Innovations have characteristics like relative advantage and complexity that influence their adoption. Interpersonal channels are more effective than mass media in spreading innovations.
- The innovation-decision process involves five steps: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. Innovativeness refers to how early someone adopts innovations compared to peers. There are
Adoption and its Model
The document discusses models of the adoption of innovations by farmers. It describes several stage-based models including a 5-stage model of awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption. A 7-stage model is also presented consisting of need, awareness, interest, deliberation, trial, evaluation, and adoption. Several key points are made about the adoption process including that it is not a single decision but a process involving learning, thinking, and acting over time through different mental stages.
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Writing for print media
This document discusses writing for print media such as magazines, newspapers, and journals. It explains that a print article should provide a detailed account of a single topic to educate interested readers. An article has five key parts: a title to catch readers' interest, the author's identification, an introductory paragraph called the lead, the main body of the article, and a concluding summary. The title and lead are important to engage readers and set up the theme, while the main body thoroughly explores the topic and the summary recaps the main points.
Script writing for television
This document provides information about script writing for agricultural television programs in India. It discusses how television is an effective medium for educating rural populations. Two common farm television programs in India are "Savi Dharti" and "Mera Pind Mere Khet", which aim to provide useful agricultural information to farmers. The document outlines best practices for writing scripts, including clearly stating objectives, deciding on presentation format (talks, interviews, etc.), including an introduction and conclusion, planning indoor/outdoor shooting, and using a run down sheet to plan shots, audio/video, and lighting. The goal is to effectively communicate timely agricultural information to farmers to support their work.
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This document discusses dairy development activities and technology transfer in Punjab, India. It provides background on the various organizations involved in dairy development like the Punjab Dairy Development Board and Punjab State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation. It then analyzes survey results from 600 dairy farmers which find that most receive little training and education. The document identifies farmers' main information needs and challenges with services. It provides recommendations to strengthen the dairy extension system through improved training, cooperation, and addressing issues like high input costs and exploitation by middlemen.
Practical 2 university extension system
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Practical 1 Audio visual aids
This document discusses audio-visual aids and their use in the adoption process. It defines audio, visual, and audio-visual aids and provides examples of each type. The objectives are to impart knowledge about different aids and how to prepare and use them. Various aids are described, including non-projected aids like posters, charts, and flashcards, and projected aids like slides and videos. The importance of aids in teaching and their role at different stages of the adoption process from awareness to adoption are covered. Guidelines for using aids alone or combined with other methods based on teaching objectives, subject matter, audience size, and other factors are provided.
Pract 3 Script writing for radio
This document provides guidance on writing scripts for farm radio talks. It discusses that radio is an effective medium for informing and motivating rural audiences. When writing scripts, key points to consider include the audience's background and needs, selecting a relevant and practical topic, and collecting detailed information from reliable sources. The script should arrest listeners' attention, hold it by using local examples, clearly convey the information in the proper sequence, and fire listeners' imagination about applying the information. The script should be brief, clear, and written with empathy for the audience. When delivering the script, the speaker should rehearse, be conversational, repeat important points, and summarize at the end.
Capacity building
Extension personnel require training to improve their performance and acquire new knowledge, skills, and attitudes. There are different types of training courses including short-term and long-term courses as well as orientation training and on-the-job training. Training courses for farmers include those offered at the village, block, and district levels, as well as specialized training courses offered by Punjab Agricultural University.
Planning and development of agricultural extension programs
The document discusses the planning and development of agricultural extension programs. It outlines that extension program planning is a continuous and cooperative process involving local people and extension personnel to identify problems, set objectives, and take action to achieve objectives. Key principles of program planning include addressing felt needs, joint participation, flexibility, simplicity, and evaluation. The planning process involves collecting facts, analyzing the situation, identifying problems, determining objectives, developing a plan of work, executing the plan, and determining progress. A six-phased model for program planning is also presented.
Use of plastic in agriculture
Plastics have many uses in everyday life and agriculture due to their low cost, durability and ability to prolong the shelf life of foods. However, plastics persist in the environment for centuries and can pollute soils and waterways. In agriculture, plastics such as mulching films increase yields but eventually fragment and release toxins. Long-term use of plastic mulches reduces soil quality over time by decreasing porosity, oxygen levels and beneficial microbes. Microplastics less than 5mm in size are a growing problem, as they accumulate in soils and are eaten by earthworms and other organisms, entering the food chain and potentially compromising human health. Efforts are needed to reduce plastic pollution through alternatives to single
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1. Leaders coordinate group efforts to achieve goals, establish a positive social climate, assist with organization, and help plan and execute development programs.
2. Methods for selecting leaders include identifying active participants, those with high social participation, persons with a reputation for honesty and help, and current formal leaders.
3. Leaders are also selected through informal meetings to identify those people turn to for help, self and informal ratings of leadership abilities, and sociometric techniques where group members name preferred leaders.
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This document discusses factors related to success and failure. It states that success requires hard work, perseverance, sacrifice, and passion for your goals. Successful people are confident, have a vision, and focus on their strengths. Factors that can lead to failure include unwillingness to take risks, lack of persistence, seeking instant gratification, poor priorities, and greed. The document also lists rationalizing, inability to recognize opportunities, lack of discipline, poor self-esteem, and a fatalistic attitude as reasons for failure. Finally, it identifies accepting responsibility, striving for excellence, and thinking win-win as important factors for achieving success.
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This document discusses feedback in communication and its importance. It provides definitions of feedback and notes that feedback helps enhance adoption rates and understanding by promoting free communication. It identifies some difficulties in obtaining feedback, such as limitations of communication channels, shyness of receivers, and socioeconomic barriers. The document recommends several methods for encouraging feedback, such as not getting defensive, updating knowledge, and ensuring feedback is timely. Overall, the document emphasizes that feedback is important for removing barriers, facilitating action, rectifying errors, and improving the communication process.
Kisan call centres
The Kisan Call Centre was launched in 2004 by the Ministry of Agriculture to provide extension services to farmers over the phone. Farmers can call a toll-free number to get their questions answered in local languages. If the call centre operator cannot answer a question, it is forwarded to an agricultural scientist. The call centre aims to answer queries instantly and records personal information in a knowledge management system. It operates from multiple locations with shifts covered 24/7 to ensure accessibility.
Teaching learning process
The document discusses the teaching and learning process. It defines teaching as providing situations for learning to occur, and learning as how a person changes their behavior through self-activity. It notes that learning takes place within the learner when they feel a need and work to fulfill and gain satisfaction from it. The key components of an effective teaching and learning situation are an instructor, learner, physical facilities, teaching equipment, and subject matter. It provides characteristics an instructor and learner should have, and factors the subject matter, physical facilities, and teaching equipment should address. Finally, it outlines the steps in the teaching-learning process as getting the learner's attention, interest, desire, conviction, action, and satisfaction.
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Diffusion and adoption
- 1. Role of Diffusion and Adoption of Innovations in Agricultural Development Rajinder Kaur Kalra Professor and Head (Retired) PAU Ludhiana 9814067709
- 2. Diffusion Process by which innovations spread to the members of a social system.
- 3. Diffusion process • Spread of a new idea from its source of invention to its ultimate users or adopters.
- 4. Adoption decision to make full use of a new idea. In other words the adoption process is the mental process through which an individual passes from first hearing about an innovation to final adoption.
- 5. Adoption process • Decision making process goes through a number of mental stages before making a final decision to adopt an innovation
- 6. Innovation An idea, practice or object that is perceived as new by an individual Perception: activity through which an individual become aware of objects around oneself and of event taking place
- 7. Diffusion of Innovation Innovation spread within the social system called diffusion An innovation however, diffusion within the social system through its adoption by individual and groups
- 8. Elements in diffusion process Innovation Communication channels Time Social system System norms Opinion leadership and change agents
- 9. Types of innovation decisions Optional innovation-decision Collective innovation Authority innovation
- 10. Consequences of innovation Desirable versus undesirable Direct versus indirect Anticipated versus unanticipated
- 11. Adoption : decision to continue full use of innovation Adoption Process: mental process through which an individual passes from first hearing about an innovatio to final adoption. Adoption Period : length of the time required for an individual to pass through the adoption process from awareness to adoption
- 13. Other model of adoption process “Singh and pink” (1975) 1. Need 2. Awareness 3. Interest 4. Deliberation 5. Trail 6. Evaluation 7. Adoption
- 14. Innovation-decision process Knowledge Persuasion Decision Implementation Confirmation Adoption Continued Adoption
- 15. • Rejection : decision not to adopt an innovation 1. Active rejection 2. Passive rejection • Dissonance: uncomfortable state of mind • Discontinuance: decision to reject an innovation after having previously adopted it. 1. Replacement discontinuance 2. Disenchantment discontinuance 3. Forced discontinuance • Over adoption • Innovation decision period: length of time required to pass through the innovation-decision process early adopter have a shorter innovation-decision period
- 16. Categories of Adopters Innovators Early adopters Early Majority Late Majority Laggards
- 17. Innovators 2.5% Early Adopters 13.5% Early Majority 34% Late Majority 34% Laggards 16% Adopter Categorization on the basis of innovativeness x+2sd x+sd x x+sd
- 18. Attribute of innovation Relative Advantage: degree to which an innovation is perceived as better than the idea it supersedes. Compatibility: degree to which an innovation is perceived consistent with the existing values, past experiences and need of the receives. Complexity: degree to which an innovation is perceived as relatively difficult to understand and use.
- 19. • Trailability: degree to which an innovation may be experimented with on a limited basis before deciding to adopt. • Observability: degree to which the results of an innovation are visible/observable, demonstrable and communicable to farmers • Predictability: degree or certainty of receiving expected benefits from the adoption of an innovation
- 20. Factors influencing adoption of innovation Personal Factors 1. Age 2. Education 3. Psychological characteristics 4. Values and attributes Situational Factor 1. Nature of the practices 2. Farm income
- 21. 3. Size of farm 4. Tenure status 5. Level of living Social factor 1. Social values
- 22. THANKS