This document discusses key aspects of seed marketing including demand forecasting, marketing structure, storage, sales promotion, post-sales service, and economics of seed production and pricing. It notes that seed marketing covers activities from seed production to consumption and refers specifically to acquiring, selling, storing, and delivering packaged seeds as well as promotional activities. Key factors in demand forecasting are outlined. Public and private marketing structures are described involving organizations at different levels moving from producers to farmers. Arrangements for grassroots seed storage are recommended. Various sales promotion methods are listed including print, electronic, field demonstrations and educational outreach. Post-sales services of technical help and complaint response are highlighted. Finally, the document outlines cost components involved in seed production and
CMS Source
1. Cajanus scarabaeoides
2. Cajanus cajanifolius
3. Cajanus platycarpus
4. Cajanus lineatus
5. Cajanus sericeus
This document provides an overview of hybrid pigeonpea seed production technology and its validation on farms. It discusses the major components of hybrid technology including male sterility systems, stable fertility restoration, and cost-effective mass pollination methods. It also summarizes key commercial hybrids released in India, their traits, and yield advantages over traditional varieties. The document concludes that hybrid seed production is profitable but requires validation
Seed production agency and seed marketing in Indiasangacib
The document discusses seed production and marketing in India. It outlines the various government agencies involved in seed production at the national, state, and private levels. It also describes seed certification processes, the national seed project objectives, seed marketing structure and factors, and outlines India's policy towards custom seed production.
The document discusses potato breeding, including the origin, botany, genetics, and breeding methods of potato. It provides details on several commercial potato varieties grown in India and their characteristics. The document also covers topics like biotechnology, future prospects, and the development of true potato seeds.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and history. It contains:
1) Definitions of organic farming emphasizing avoiding synthetic inputs and relying on natural systems and materials.
2) A brief history tracing traditional farming methods, then the rise of artificial fertilizers in the 18th-20th centuries.
3) Details on various organic farming methods like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming which utilize natural inputs.
4) Principles of organic farming focused on soil health, ecology, fairness and care.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
The document discusses the establishment of a seed testing laboratory. It provides information on the objectives of seed testing which are to determine seed quality, identify problems, and check if seeds meet standards. It also discusses following proper procedures for seed sampling, testing germination and purity, and storing records. The summary outlines the key steps for managing a seed testing laboratory which are receiving samples, conducting moisture tests quickly, preparing samples for germination tests, performing routine purity and germination analyses, completing other tests promptly, storing sample remains, and maintaining accessible records.
This document discusses key aspects of seed marketing including demand forecasting, marketing structure, storage, sales promotion, post-sales service, and economics of seed production and pricing. It notes that seed marketing covers activities from seed production to consumption and refers specifically to acquiring, selling, storing, and delivering packaged seeds as well as promotional activities. Key factors in demand forecasting are outlined. Public and private marketing structures are described involving organizations at different levels moving from producers to farmers. Arrangements for grassroots seed storage are recommended. Various sales promotion methods are listed including print, electronic, field demonstrations and educational outreach. Post-sales services of technical help and complaint response are highlighted. Finally, the document outlines cost components involved in seed production and
CMS Source
1. Cajanus scarabaeoides
2. Cajanus cajanifolius
3. Cajanus platycarpus
4. Cajanus lineatus
5. Cajanus sericeus
This document provides an overview of hybrid pigeonpea seed production technology and its validation on farms. It discusses the major components of hybrid technology including male sterility systems, stable fertility restoration, and cost-effective mass pollination methods. It also summarizes key commercial hybrids released in India, their traits, and yield advantages over traditional varieties. The document concludes that hybrid seed production is profitable but requires validation
Seed production agency and seed marketing in Indiasangacib
The document discusses seed production and marketing in India. It outlines the various government agencies involved in seed production at the national, state, and private levels. It also describes seed certification processes, the national seed project objectives, seed marketing structure and factors, and outlines India's policy towards custom seed production.
The document discusses potato breeding, including the origin, botany, genetics, and breeding methods of potato. It provides details on several commercial potato varieties grown in India and their characteristics. The document also covers topics like biotechnology, future prospects, and the development of true potato seeds.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and history. It contains:
1) Definitions of organic farming emphasizing avoiding synthetic inputs and relying on natural systems and materials.
2) A brief history tracing traditional farming methods, then the rise of artificial fertilizers in the 18th-20th centuries.
3) Details on various organic farming methods like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming which utilize natural inputs.
4) Principles of organic farming focused on soil health, ecology, fairness and care.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
The document discusses the establishment of a seed testing laboratory. It provides information on the objectives of seed testing which are to determine seed quality, identify problems, and check if seeds meet standards. It also discusses following proper procedures for seed sampling, testing germination and purity, and storing records. The summary outlines the key steps for managing a seed testing laboratory which are receiving samples, conducting moisture tests quickly, preparing samples for germination tests, performing routine purity and germination analyses, completing other tests promptly, storing sample remains, and maintaining accessible records.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
Three line system of hybrid seed productionmuruganjey
The document describes a three line system of hybrid seed production. It involves an A line that is male sterile, a B line that is fertile and maintains the same nucleus as the A line but with different cytoplasm, and an R line that can restore male fertility in the A line. When the A line is crossed with the B line, it produces a first generation hybrid that is heterozygous. The R line is then used to restore male fertility in the A line for large-scale seed production without needing extra parent lines. Key requirements for successful hybrid seed production using this system include selecting appropriate locations, seed fields, isolation, and cultural practices.
1. The document provides information on the protected cultivation of cucumbers under polyhouse conditions. It discusses the botanical details, economic importance, varieties used, cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, nursery preparation, planting, training, fertilizer management, irrigation, pest and disease management, harvesting and post-harvest handling.
2. Key aspects covered include the use of parthenocarpic varieties for polyhouse cultivation, drip irrigation, fertilizer scheduling, training of cucumber vines, and management of major pests like fruit flies. Yields of 150-180 tonnes per hectare can be achieved with proper cultivation practices.
3. Post-harvest, cucumbers require cooling storage between 10
Seed storage involves preserving seeds with their initial quality from harvest until planting. There are different stages of storage from when seeds reach maturity on the plant until they are planted. The main objectives of storage are to maintain seed germination, purity, and vigor by providing suitable storage conditions. Key factors that influence seed longevity during storage include moisture content, temperature, humidity, pests, and the genetic characteristics of the seeds. Proper storage requires dry, cool conditions with pest control and high-quality seeds.
Safflower is an important rabi oilseed crop grown primarily in India and Mexico. The main varieties grown in India are S 144, A1, A2, and A300. Safflower is cultivated for its oil content of 28-32% and protein content of 14-19%. Maharashtra and Karnataka are the major producers of safflower in India. The crop faces pest problems from safflower aphid and diseases like Alternaria leaf spot. Breeding objectives for safflower include developing varieties with higher yields, oil content, thermo-insensitivity and resistance to pests and diseases.
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
The document provides information on seed production technology for sunflower. It discusses the botany, cultivation practices including varietal selection, isolation distances, seed treatment, nutrient application, irrigation, pest and disease management, harvesting, processing, and storage. The key points are:
- Sunflower is a cross-pollinated crop pollinated by insects like honey bees. Varietal seed is produced using isolation and roguing to maintain purity.
- Cultural practices include soil preparation, seed treatment, spacing, fertilizer application, irrigation, and pest/disease control.
- Fields must be isolated from other varieties and wild sunflowers by 400-600m for foundation and 200-400m for certified seed production.
SCOPE, IMPORTANCE AND CONSTRAINTS OF PLANTATION CROP PRODUCTION Muhammed Ameer
Plantation crops are perennial crops cultivated on large farms or estates in tropical and subtropical regions that require significant labor. Major plantation crops in Karnataka include coffee, rubber, cardamom, cashew, coconut, and arecanut. Plantation crops are economically important as India is a leading global producer of some crops like tea and coconut. They provide significant employment and support many industries. While plantation crops have potential for expanded production areas and exports, generating employment, their cultivation also faces constraints like long maturation periods, lack of quality planting materials, processing infrastructure, and vulnerabilities to climatic hazards and pests.
This document summarizes the process of hybrid seed production for maize. It discusses selecting appropriate parent lines and maintaining isolation distances between male and female lines. Key steps include planting ratios, detasseling the male plants, roguing undesirable plants, and harvesting when seeds reach proper maturity. Multiple inspections are needed to ensure genetic purity is maintained throughout production. Proper post-harvest handling and storage is also important for high quality hybrid maize seed.
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
Garden peas are a cool season annual plant grown for their edible green seeds contained within pods. Peas originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe. There are several varieties of peas categorized by pod type, plant height, and maturity time. Peas thrive best in cool weather between 12.8-18°C and a soil pH of 6.0-7.5. They are usually sown in the rabi season from October to November in plains or March to May in hills. Proper sowing, weeding, staking, and irrigation are important cultivation practices to obtain optimal yields. Peas are harvested when pods are well-filled and seeds change color from dark to light green, ranging from 45-
This document discusses sex expression in cucurbitaceous crops. It notes that cucurbits can have various sex forms ranging from hermaphroditic to monoecious to gynoecious. The major cucurbits like cucumber, bitter gourd, muskmelon, watermelon are typically monoecious. Gynoecious lines have been developed in some crops like cucumber and muskmelon through breeding. Sex determination is controlled by genes but can be modulated by environmental factors like temperature and photoperiod. Chemicals like silver nitrate and gibberellic acid can also induce staminate flowers.
The document provides an overview of India's Seed Act and related legislation. It discusses:
1. The main features of the Seed Act of 1966, including its applicability, regulatory provisions, and enforcement mechanisms.
2. The duties and powers of seed inspectors, who are responsible for enforcing the Seed Act and sampling seeds to ensure quality.
3. Offenses and penalties under the Seed Act for selling substandard seeds, including fines and potential imprisonment or property forfeiture for repeat offenses.
4. Key aspects of the Seed Control Order of 1983 and proposed Seed Bill of 2004, which aim to further regulate the seed industry through dealer licensing and variety registration.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the production technique of true potato seed. It discusses how potato originated in South America and was introduced to India in the 16th-17th century. True potato seed is produced through sexual reproduction of potato plants and has advantages over conventional tuber planting, including being pathogen free and easier to transport. The document outlines the taxonomy of potato, major producing countries and states, and production of true potato seed through selection of parents, pollination, harvesting, processing, and storage of the seed.
This document provides information on sunflower cultivation in India. It discusses the composition of sunflower seeds and the main areas of cultivation across North, West, South, and Central zones of India. The focus is on the Kachchh district in Gujarat state, with planned acreage across several villages. A campaign is outlined to promote sunflower cultivation, including farmer meetings and demonstrations. Recommended varieties, growth cycle, agronomic practices, and pest and disease management are described. Harvesting methods and some additional facts regarding sunflower cultivation are also summarized.
Protected cultivation, importance &; scope, status in indiaRakesh Pattnaik
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to optimize growth conditions. It has several benefits like conserving moisture, improving crop quality and yield, and allowing year-round production. In India, protected cultivation began in the late 1990s and has grown to around 30,000 hectares currently, focused on high-value crops. Major producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, and Northeast states. Globally, over 405,000 hectares use protected cultivation led by China, Japan, and European nations.
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important fruit crop grown in tropical and subtropical parts of India. Over the past decade, guava production has increased substantially. Common guava varieties grown in India include Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow 49, and Lalit. Guava can be propagated through seed or vegetative methods like stooling, air layering, and grafting. Stooling involves taking shoots from the mother plant and rooting them to form new plants. Air layering is done by girdling branches and promoting root formation under moist soil or moss. Grafting techniques like approach grafting are also used to propagate new plants.
General Principles of Seed Production TechnologyRoshan Parihar
This document discusses principles of seed production, including genetic and agronomic principles.
Genetically, seed purity can deteriorate due to factors like natural crossing, genetic drift, mutations and mechanical mixtures. Methods to prevent deterioration include maintaining isolation distances, roguing fields to remove off-type plants, and growing seed crops only in adapted areas. Seed certification verifies genetic purity and quality.
Agronomically, seed production requires selecting suitable climates and soil conditions for the crop. Isolation of seed plots, selection of high-quality seed sources and varieties, and following best practices for seed treatment, sowing method and timing are important to maximize yield and seed quality.
GPB 311: Maize- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Maize
Seed Marketing, structure of essential marketing cell and major components.pptxAKSHAYMAGAR17
Seed marketing involves the promotion and sale of seed products to farmers. It includes activities like advertising, branding, pricing, distribution, and product development. There are different structures for seed marketing, including farmer-to-farmer distribution, distribution through registered authorities, and distribution through agricultural development organizations. Effective seed marketing requires establishing a central marketing cell and regional offices to oversee planning, dealer appointment, movement of seeds, research, pricing, and record keeping. Key factors that affect seed marketing include forecasting seed demand, managing seed supply, understanding the seed marketing structure, determining seed production costs, and assessing farmer preferences.
Development and management of seed programme -seed village conceptSweetyRanjan2
This document discusses seed villages, which are villages where trained farmers work together to produce and distribute high quality seeds of various crops to meet local demand. The key points covered are:
- Seed villages aim to improve seed availability and quality while reducing costs for farmers. They involve state governments, universities, public and private sectors.
- The program has two phases - seed production of different crops in designated areas suited to each crop, and establishing a seed processing unit. Farmers are trained in seed production techniques.
- Producing seed in an organized way within villages helps ensure adequate supplies of quality seed are available to farmers locally and affordably. It also facilitates the spread of new varieties.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
Three line system of hybrid seed productionmuruganjey
The document describes a three line system of hybrid seed production. It involves an A line that is male sterile, a B line that is fertile and maintains the same nucleus as the A line but with different cytoplasm, and an R line that can restore male fertility in the A line. When the A line is crossed with the B line, it produces a first generation hybrid that is heterozygous. The R line is then used to restore male fertility in the A line for large-scale seed production without needing extra parent lines. Key requirements for successful hybrid seed production using this system include selecting appropriate locations, seed fields, isolation, and cultural practices.
1. The document provides information on the protected cultivation of cucumbers under polyhouse conditions. It discusses the botanical details, economic importance, varieties used, cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, nursery preparation, planting, training, fertilizer management, irrigation, pest and disease management, harvesting and post-harvest handling.
2. Key aspects covered include the use of parthenocarpic varieties for polyhouse cultivation, drip irrigation, fertilizer scheduling, training of cucumber vines, and management of major pests like fruit flies. Yields of 150-180 tonnes per hectare can be achieved with proper cultivation practices.
3. Post-harvest, cucumbers require cooling storage between 10
Seed storage involves preserving seeds with their initial quality from harvest until planting. There are different stages of storage from when seeds reach maturity on the plant until they are planted. The main objectives of storage are to maintain seed germination, purity, and vigor by providing suitable storage conditions. Key factors that influence seed longevity during storage include moisture content, temperature, humidity, pests, and the genetic characteristics of the seeds. Proper storage requires dry, cool conditions with pest control and high-quality seeds.
Safflower is an important rabi oilseed crop grown primarily in India and Mexico. The main varieties grown in India are S 144, A1, A2, and A300. Safflower is cultivated for its oil content of 28-32% and protein content of 14-19%. Maharashtra and Karnataka are the major producers of safflower in India. The crop faces pest problems from safflower aphid and diseases like Alternaria leaf spot. Breeding objectives for safflower include developing varieties with higher yields, oil content, thermo-insensitivity and resistance to pests and diseases.
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
The document provides information on seed production technology for sunflower. It discusses the botany, cultivation practices including varietal selection, isolation distances, seed treatment, nutrient application, irrigation, pest and disease management, harvesting, processing, and storage. The key points are:
- Sunflower is a cross-pollinated crop pollinated by insects like honey bees. Varietal seed is produced using isolation and roguing to maintain purity.
- Cultural practices include soil preparation, seed treatment, spacing, fertilizer application, irrigation, and pest/disease control.
- Fields must be isolated from other varieties and wild sunflowers by 400-600m for foundation and 200-400m for certified seed production.
SCOPE, IMPORTANCE AND CONSTRAINTS OF PLANTATION CROP PRODUCTION Muhammed Ameer
Plantation crops are perennial crops cultivated on large farms or estates in tropical and subtropical regions that require significant labor. Major plantation crops in Karnataka include coffee, rubber, cardamom, cashew, coconut, and arecanut. Plantation crops are economically important as India is a leading global producer of some crops like tea and coconut. They provide significant employment and support many industries. While plantation crops have potential for expanded production areas and exports, generating employment, their cultivation also faces constraints like long maturation periods, lack of quality planting materials, processing infrastructure, and vulnerabilities to climatic hazards and pests.
This document summarizes the process of hybrid seed production for maize. It discusses selecting appropriate parent lines and maintaining isolation distances between male and female lines. Key steps include planting ratios, detasseling the male plants, roguing undesirable plants, and harvesting when seeds reach proper maturity. Multiple inspections are needed to ensure genetic purity is maintained throughout production. Proper post-harvest handling and storage is also important for high quality hybrid maize seed.
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
Garden peas are a cool season annual plant grown for their edible green seeds contained within pods. Peas originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe. There are several varieties of peas categorized by pod type, plant height, and maturity time. Peas thrive best in cool weather between 12.8-18°C and a soil pH of 6.0-7.5. They are usually sown in the rabi season from October to November in plains or March to May in hills. Proper sowing, weeding, staking, and irrigation are important cultivation practices to obtain optimal yields. Peas are harvested when pods are well-filled and seeds change color from dark to light green, ranging from 45-
This document discusses sex expression in cucurbitaceous crops. It notes that cucurbits can have various sex forms ranging from hermaphroditic to monoecious to gynoecious. The major cucurbits like cucumber, bitter gourd, muskmelon, watermelon are typically monoecious. Gynoecious lines have been developed in some crops like cucumber and muskmelon through breeding. Sex determination is controlled by genes but can be modulated by environmental factors like temperature and photoperiod. Chemicals like silver nitrate and gibberellic acid can also induce staminate flowers.
The document provides an overview of India's Seed Act and related legislation. It discusses:
1. The main features of the Seed Act of 1966, including its applicability, regulatory provisions, and enforcement mechanisms.
2. The duties and powers of seed inspectors, who are responsible for enforcing the Seed Act and sampling seeds to ensure quality.
3. Offenses and penalties under the Seed Act for selling substandard seeds, including fines and potential imprisonment or property forfeiture for repeat offenses.
4. Key aspects of the Seed Control Order of 1983 and proposed Seed Bill of 2004, which aim to further regulate the seed industry through dealer licensing and variety registration.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the production technique of true potato seed. It discusses how potato originated in South America and was introduced to India in the 16th-17th century. True potato seed is produced through sexual reproduction of potato plants and has advantages over conventional tuber planting, including being pathogen free and easier to transport. The document outlines the taxonomy of potato, major producing countries and states, and production of true potato seed through selection of parents, pollination, harvesting, processing, and storage of the seed.
This document provides information on sunflower cultivation in India. It discusses the composition of sunflower seeds and the main areas of cultivation across North, West, South, and Central zones of India. The focus is on the Kachchh district in Gujarat state, with planned acreage across several villages. A campaign is outlined to promote sunflower cultivation, including farmer meetings and demonstrations. Recommended varieties, growth cycle, agronomic practices, and pest and disease management are described. Harvesting methods and some additional facts regarding sunflower cultivation are also summarized.
Protected cultivation, importance &; scope, status in indiaRakesh Pattnaik
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to optimize growth conditions. It has several benefits like conserving moisture, improving crop quality and yield, and allowing year-round production. In India, protected cultivation began in the late 1990s and has grown to around 30,000 hectares currently, focused on high-value crops. Major producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, and Northeast states. Globally, over 405,000 hectares use protected cultivation led by China, Japan, and European nations.
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important fruit crop grown in tropical and subtropical parts of India. Over the past decade, guava production has increased substantially. Common guava varieties grown in India include Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow 49, and Lalit. Guava can be propagated through seed or vegetative methods like stooling, air layering, and grafting. Stooling involves taking shoots from the mother plant and rooting them to form new plants. Air layering is done by girdling branches and promoting root formation under moist soil or moss. Grafting techniques like approach grafting are also used to propagate new plants.
General Principles of Seed Production TechnologyRoshan Parihar
This document discusses principles of seed production, including genetic and agronomic principles.
Genetically, seed purity can deteriorate due to factors like natural crossing, genetic drift, mutations and mechanical mixtures. Methods to prevent deterioration include maintaining isolation distances, roguing fields to remove off-type plants, and growing seed crops only in adapted areas. Seed certification verifies genetic purity and quality.
Agronomically, seed production requires selecting suitable climates and soil conditions for the crop. Isolation of seed plots, selection of high-quality seed sources and varieties, and following best practices for seed treatment, sowing method and timing are important to maximize yield and seed quality.
GPB 311: Maize- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Maize
Seed Marketing, structure of essential marketing cell and major components.pptxAKSHAYMAGAR17
Seed marketing involves the promotion and sale of seed products to farmers. It includes activities like advertising, branding, pricing, distribution, and product development. There are different structures for seed marketing, including farmer-to-farmer distribution, distribution through registered authorities, and distribution through agricultural development organizations. Effective seed marketing requires establishing a central marketing cell and regional offices to oversee planning, dealer appointment, movement of seeds, research, pricing, and record keeping. Key factors that affect seed marketing include forecasting seed demand, managing seed supply, understanding the seed marketing structure, determining seed production costs, and assessing farmer preferences.
Development and management of seed programme -seed village conceptSweetyRanjan2
This document discusses seed villages, which are villages where trained farmers work together to produce and distribute high quality seeds of various crops to meet local demand. The key points covered are:
- Seed villages aim to improve seed availability and quality while reducing costs for farmers. They involve state governments, universities, public and private sectors.
- The program has two phases - seed production of different crops in designated areas suited to each crop, and establishing a seed processing unit. Farmers are trained in seed production techniques.
- Producing seed in an organized way within villages helps ensure adequate supplies of quality seed are available to farmers locally and affordably. It also facilitates the spread of new varieties.
This document discusses seed marketing and its components. The goals of the seed industry are rapid seed multiplication, high quality seed, timely supply to farmers, and reasonable prices. Seed marketing refers to the acquisition and sale of packaged seeds, storage, delivery, and promotional activities. Key components of seed marketing include demand forecasting, marketing structure, storage, sales promotion, and post-sales services. There are various methods of seed distribution including farmer-to-farmer, registered grower, cooperative, institutional, and private organization distribution.
This document discusses key aspects of seed marketing including demand forecasting, marketing structure, storage, sales promotion, post-sales service, and economics of seed production and pricing. It notes that seed marketing covers activities from seed production to consumption and refers specifically to acquiring, selling, storing, and delivering packaged seeds as well as promotional activities. Key factors in demand forecasting are outlined. Public and private marketing structures are described involving organizations at different levels moving from producers to farmers. Arrangements for grassroots seed storage are recommended. Various sales promotion methods are listed including print, electronic, field demonstrations and educational outreach. Post-sales services of technical help and complaint response are highlighted. Finally, the document outlines cost components involved in seed production and
This document discusses the issues and strategies related to agricultural marketing extension in India. It outlines the challenges faced by Indian farmers, including small land holdings, low yields, poor quality produce, lack of post-harvest management and storage facilities, and exploitation by commission agents. It then discusses the constraints in agricultural marketing such as price fluctuations, inadequate infrastructure and transportation, seasonality of produce, and an unorganized marketing sector. The document proposes strategies for agricultural marketing extension, including motivating extension personnel, providing market information to farmers, establishing linkages between agriculture and marketing departments, capacity building, and strengthening infrastructure. It outlines the changing roles of extension professionals and a framework for a holistic marketing extension approach.
Indian seed production policies and the vegetable seed marketing system have progressed significantly over the past 50 years. Quality seeds from high-yielding varieties, coupled with fertilizers and irrigation, have increased food grain production from 50 million tons to over 276 million tons. The government has liberalized seed trade, encouraging private seed firms. While the seed sector has grown, issues remain around quality, distribution challenges, and ensuring farmers' access to affordable seeds. Ongoing research and new policies aim to further strengthen the seed system and support farmers.
Indian seed production policies and the vegetable seed marketing system have progressed significantly over the past 50 years. Quality seeds from high-yielding varieties, coupled with fertilizers and irrigation, have increased food grain production from 50 million tons to over 276 million tons. The government has liberalized seed trade, encouraging private seed firms. While the seed sector has grown, issues remain around quality, distribution challenges, and ensuring farmers' access to affordable seeds. Ongoing research and new policies aim to further strengthen the seed system and support farmers.
The document discusses marketing concepts and strategies for crop production and marketing. It emphasizes that as crop production increases to meet demand, greater marketing efforts are needed to sell the higher quantities. It outlines the basic concepts of marketing, including the sales concept which focuses on short-term profits through sales volume, versus the marketing concept which focuses on long-term customer satisfaction and profits. It also discusses enhancing crop yields and productivity through planning, and efficient management of resources like land, water, technology, credit, and time. Finally, it examines various modes and channels of marketing crops, including direct farmer-to-farmer sales, farmers' cooperatives, and working with traders.
Seed security and resilience: Gender perspectivesCGIAR
This presentation was given by Shawn McGuire (Food and Agriculture Organization / FAO) on 21 November 2019, as part of the webinar ‘Gender dynamics in formal seed systems in Sub-Saharan Africa and worldwide lessons'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and CGIAR Research Program on Maize.
Read more about this webinar at: https://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-seed-system-ssa/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
Horticultural crop marketing through modern techniques and approaches Touhid Reza Shawon
This document discusses horticultural crops and their marketing. It begins by defining horticultural crops as intensive plant cultivation for human use, from individual gardens to large corporations. Horticultural crops can be classified based on growth habit, life span, climate needs, season, and use. The document then discusses marketing processes, emphasizing the need to understand customer wants and operate profitably. It outlines ways to extend markets through improving access to buyers, reducing costs and losses, and providing farmers with reliable advice based on their area and crop information. The document concludes by noting the importance of communication skills and information access in helping farmers overcome marketing challenges.
The document discusses the development of seed programs. It defines a seed program as a series of activities to plan and implement the multiplication and distribution of quality seeds. It identifies different types of seed programs like official, semi-official, and private. It outlines the key steps in organizing a seed program, including collecting data, assigning roles, planning production, and addressing problems. Challenges can include lack of coordination, faulty planning, conflicting advice, insufficient training, technical issues due to climate, and low seed quality. Effective seed programs require high-level support, plant breeding programs, and coordinated efforts across organizations.
This document discusses various promotional methods for seed marketing, including advertisements, sales promotions, personal selling, publicity, extension activities, and demonstrations. It describes both controllable marketing messages designed by organizations as well as uncontrollable personal recommendations. Farmers in developing countries tend to have low incomes, be conservative, lack information, and have limited transportation. The document then provides details on different media for advertisements, including print, broadcast, outdoor, and packaging. It also discusses sales promotion techniques, field demonstrations, personal selling, and public relations activities to promote seed adoption.
This document provides information on marketing for agricultural businesses. It defines marketing and its importance for farmers. Various marketing channels are described, including farm gate sales, sales to local buyers, and export markets. Key considerations for marketing plans are outlined, such as defining the market, understanding requirements, estimating yields and prices, refining production plans, and addressing post-harvest handling, transport, and storage. Developing an effective marketing strategy and plan can help farmers minimize risks and maximize returns.
The document discusses key constraints facing seed sector development in agriculture, including scarcity of early generation seed supply, low capacity of seed companies and research institutions, lack of financing for the seed value chain, and lack of farmer awareness. It provides recommendations to governments and donors to address economic constraints through various approaches depending on the level of public versus private sector involvement, such as removing market distortions, mitigating demand risk, driving public sector efficiency, and subsidizing production costs. Examples of seed scaling projects in different countries demonstrate strategies to promote adoption of improved seeds through activities like marketing campaigns, quality seed production training, and community-based seed production models.
Burkina Faso Cowpea Objective 1,3 and 6 workplan TL III Annual meetTropical Legumes III
Burkina Faso Cowpea Workplan_Objective 1: Leverage Gender and Learning to Maximize Poverty and Food Security Impacts for Smallholder Farmers, Objective 3: Breeding Support and Breeding Program Strengthening for Cowpea, Objective 6: Developing Sustainable and Impact-Oriented Legume Seed Systems for Smallholders in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
Access to seed and information about new varieties and hybrids of sorghum, pearl millet, and associated intercrops, are major constraints to adoption of available production technologies. The “Farmer Managed Seed Enterprises in Mali (FarmSEM)” project, funded by USAID aims to catalyze growth of the Malian agriculture sector through increased access to improved seed which is recognized as one of the major requirements for increasing agricultural productivity.
Role of extension personnel in market led extensionKavi Priya J
This document outlines the role of extension personnel in market-led extension. It discusses educating farmers, traders, and consumers about voluntary and regulatory marketing measures. Extension personnel conduct SWOC analyses of markets, organize farmer interest groups, and build their capabilities in farm enterprise management and marketing. They provide information to farmers on domestic and export demand, product qualities, and marketing alternatives. The goal is to help farmers get adequate financial rewards and strengthen their bargaining position in direct marketing.
Marketing systems are dynamic; they are competitive and involve continuous change and improvement. Businesses that have lower costs, are more efficient, and can deliver quality products, are those that prosper. Those that have high costs, fail to adapt to changes in market demand and provide poorer quality are often forced out of business.
Deterioration of crop varieties and methods to prevent them.NSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Deterioration of crop varieties and methods to prevent them.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
Foundation and certified seed production of castorNSStudents
1. Foundation and certified seed production of castor varieties and hybrids requires careful management of sex expression to maintain genetic purity. Isolation distances of 300m for varieties and 150-300m for hybrids are needed.
2. Production of female lines for hybrids uses either a conventional method allowing 25% male plants or a refined method removing all male plants. Multiple roguings are done to eliminate off-types.
3. Hybrid seed production plants female and male parents in a 3:1 ratio with males surrounding the field. Rouging removes off-types and reversions in females. Harvesting proceeds by first removing males and then female rows.
Planting, Layout and establishment processing plant.NSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Seed Treatment - Pelleting & invigoration techniques.
Seed Certification, History and Procedure.NSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to seed Certification, History, Procedure.
Foundation and certified seed production of Black gram, Green gram and bengal...NSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Foundation and certified seed production of Black gram, Green gram and Bengal gram.
Foundation and certified seed production of MestaNSStudents
1. The document discusses seed production of Mesta, a crop in the hibiscus family.
2. Key requirements for the seed production field include being free of volunteer plants, well-drained soil rich in humus, and isolation distances of 10m between varieties of different species, 200m between foundation seeds, and 100m between certified seeds.
3. Cultural practices for Mesta seed production include using certified class seed, a seeding rate of 10-12.5 kg/ha, a spacing of 30cm between rows and 15cm between plants, and taking prophylactic measures to raise a good crop.
Introduction to seed and seed technologyNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Introduction to seed and seed technology.
History and development of seed industry in indiaNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to History and development of seed industry in india.
Detection of Genetically modified plants and Organic Seed production.NSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Detection of Genetically modified plants and Organic Seed production.
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Seed Act and main features of seed act.
This document summarizes the seed production process for both open pollinated and hybrid varieties of sorghum. For open pollinated varieties, the key steps are land preparation, isolation requirements, rouging, field inspections, harvesting, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 35-40 q/ha. For hybrid varieties, the process involves maintaining parental lines and commercial hybrid seed production. Proper isolation distances and cultural practices like synchronization of flowering are required. Key steps also include rouging, field inspections, separate harvesting of male and female rows, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 4-6 q/ha.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
2. Course No;GPBR 314
Cource Title;Principles of Seed Technology
Topic; Seed Marketing
Submitted to Submitted by
Dr. V.Umesh Kumar NAA/18-02
Asst Professor NAA/18-10
Dept of Genetics and Plant Breeding NAA/18-41
BSc
Agiculture 3rd
Year
N.S Agricultural college
(ANGRAU)
3. Seed Marketing refers to the actual acquisition
and selling of packed seeds,intermediate
storage,delivery and sales pomotional activities.
It comprises of
1.Demand Forecasts
2.Marketing Structure
3.Arangements for storage of seeds
4.Sales promotional Activities
5.Economics of seed production and seed pricing
4. The principal in making demand forecasts is that the
seed supply keeps pace with seed demand in terms of
quantity,quality,price,place and time.
The following factors must consider;
a. Total cultivable area,seed rate,seed multiplication ratio
b. Impact of extension efforts
c. Current area under high yielding varieties,amount of
seed sold in last year
d. Cultivator peferences for varieties,package size,quality
e. Number and size of competitors
f. Kinds of publicity and sales promotion
g. Climate of the area where seed is marketed.
1.Demand Forecasts
5. The demand of high quality seed for self pollinated crops is
normally not higher than 25 to 30% of the total requirement
for areas under irrigated,and high fertile conditions.
Uses of demand forecasts;
i. Long term demand indicates in terms of quality,quantity and
prices,how to invest,how to organize maketing.
ii. Intermediate range demand forecasts helps to make
necessary actions to minimize profits by balancing
production and sales.
iii. Short term demand forecasts includes production planning
and scheduling,determination of targets and quotas for
dealers and salesman,modifications of prices,policies.
6. Establishment of effective channel of seed distribution.
Depends on needs of seed company.
Present status of seed distribution;
a.Farmers to Farmer distribution;
Farmers obtain their requirements from neighbours
either on cash or exhange.
b.Distribution by cooperatives;
Procurement of seeds by cooperatives and its
subsequent distribution.
c.Distribution by Departments of Agriculture;
Seeds are purchased by the Govt, and distributed
through Dist Agricultual and Block Developmental officers.
2.Marketing Structure
7. d. Distribution of seeds by Non Govt Agencies;
Distributed through netwok of seed distributers and
seed dealers.
Marketing Organization;
Cental marketing cell is responsible for planning,seed
movement,pricing,financing etc.
8. Regional officers are responsible for seed supply,expansion
into new market areas.
Dealers involved in selling agricultural inputs.
3.Arrangements for proper storage of seeds;
It is desirable to establish seed marketing regional offices
in the end-use areas and to arrange buffer godowns.
• Advantages;
Assures timely supply,minimize the risk of
Seed getting damage.
• Disadvantages;
Need of regional offices in such areas
9. 4.Sales Generation Activities;
A sound and effective sales programme must be based on
judicious use of three basic tools,i.e.,advertising,publicity
and public relations.
Promotional Media;
1.Newspapers;
It gives briefly advantages of good
Seed,price,location of dealer,variety names
• 2.Cinema slides;These should
• emphasise the local dealer and
• seasonal crops.
10. 3.Hoardings;
Ear round publicity.Good locations are
Near rural bazars,railway station etc.
4.Radio;
Important tool for increasing sales.
5.Melas;
Participation in Kisan Melas,Krishi
Vignan Melas organized by agricultual
Universities is also an imp media.
6.Field Demonstrations;
Inspires confidence in farmers to
adapt agricultural pactices and use
of high quality seeds.
11. 5.Post Sales Service;
Education of the farmers
Technical help
Quick follow up are factors of most crucial impotance.
6.Economics of Seed Production and seed
pricing;
Seed production cost;It includes all cost of crop
poduction,cost of foundation seed,specialized
planting,additional supervision required in seed
raising,seed cetification fee,seed marketing,storage,
transportation etc.
12. Seed Pricing;
The fixed price must be reasonable enough.
The final marketing price of certified seeds is a result of
a number of interacting component factors.
1.Input costs;distribution costs,wholesale margin,retail
margin,sales promotion etc
2.Supply and Demand;
If supply is short,seed sold at high prices and vice versa.
3.Prices of other farm poducts and time trend.
13. Factors affecting seed marketing;
• Clear-cut policy
• Availability of well identified and adapted varieties
• Adequate production,storage and testing facilities
• Official programme
• Demand forecasts
• Market Intelligence
• Transport and storage arrangements
• Nature of poduct
• Quality control programme