This document discusses various geographical features that are an integral part of social studies. It focuses on three such features - rivers, lakes and forests. Rivers and their role in communities are often discussed in social studies lessons. Similarly, lakes and the issues surrounding them also come up regularly. Forests have a very prominent place in social studies due to their diverse nature. Providing more information on these geographical features and examining them in detail can help students gain a deeper understanding of these areas and the socio-economic issues related to them.

1. MILLATH
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
(Affiliated to the University of Kerala)
SOORANAD , KOLLAM -690522
ASSIGNMENT
(SEMESTER-2)
B.ED. COURSE 2013-2014
Name of Student Teacher : Devika Murali
Subject : Social Science
Reg .No : 13375oo7

2. ioÀjIw
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä

3. BapJw

4. Hcp [mc-Wtbm kmamyhXvI-cWtam hni-Z-am-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp¶tXm aqey-§Ä
kzmwio-I-cn-¡m³ Ip«n-Isf klm-bn-¡p-¶tXm Bbn kaq-l-¯n-ep-ffsXÃmw ]T-t¯ Dt¯-Pn-¸n-¡p¶
kmaq-ly-hn-`-h-§-fmbn IW¡m-¡mw. ]Tn-Xm-¡Ä¡v X§-fpsS _u²n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw sshbànIhp-amb
kn²n-IÄ {]tbmKn¡m³ Ah-kcw ÂIp¶ GsXmcp kmaq-lykmlNcyhpw A¯cw hn`-h-§-fn DÄs¸-
Sp-¶p. X§-fpsS hnIm-c-§Ä {]I-Sn-¸n-¡mpw aqey-§Ä hni-Zo-I-cn-¡mpw Ahsc Ap-h-Zn-¡p¶
Hmtcm Ap-`-hhpw AXn DÄs¸-Sp-¶Xp Xs¶. kmaq-ly-hn-`-h-§-fn Xs¶ hfsc {][m--s¸-«-Xm-
Wv `qan-im-kv{X]c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä. `qan-bnse AXy-[nIw kpμ-chpw BIÀj-I-hp-amb
Øe-§-fm-WnXv. Ch ]e-t¸mgpw ]Tn-Xm-hnsâ ]mTy hnj-b-§-fn DÄs¸-Sp-¶-Xp-amWv. A[ym-]-
hpw ]T-hpw {]k-à-am-Ip-¶Xv Ah Ip«n-I-fpsS kmaq-lym-p-`-h-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶p F¶-Xn-
m-em-sW¶p mw HmÀ¡Ww. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-§-sf-¡p-dn¨p IqSp-XÂ
]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn IqSp-XÂ CS-s]-g-Ip-hmpw {]IrXn kwc-£-W-¯nsâ {]m[m-ys¯
Xncn-¨-dn-bp-hmpw ]Tn-Xm-hnp km[n-¡p-¶p.AXpsIm­p-
Xs¶ `qan-imkv{X]c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-
ff C¯cw Øe-§-sf- Ip-dn-¨p-ff ]Tw hfsc An-hm-cy-am-b-sbm-¶m-Wv.

5. Df-f-S¡w
`qim-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä
km[m-cWKXn-bn hnZym-e-b-¯np sXm«-Sp-¯p-ff kmaq-lnI hn`-h-§sf am{Xta mw ]cn-
K-Wn-¡m-dp-ffp. F¶m ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-hp¶ aäp hn`-h-§fpw nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. Ah-bn Xs¶ hfsc
{][m--s¸«sbm ¶mWv `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä. AWs¡-«p-IÄ , Ip¶p-IÄ, Imb-ep-
IÄ, Zn-IÄ , Zo-XS]²-Xn-IÄ, ]md-s¡-«p-IÄ , Dd-h-IÄ , tXbn-e-t¯m-«-§Ä, shf-f-¨m-«-§Ä , Ã
Irjn-bn-S-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv Cu C-¯n s]Sp-¶Xv. ChsbÃmw ]Tn-Xm-hnsâ ]mTy hnj-b-§-
fn hfsc {]m[m-y-aÀln-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-§sfbpw ]T--
¯n AXnsâ {]m[m-y-s¯bpw ]än-bp-ff {][m hnh-c-§Ä NphsS ]d-bp-¶-h-bm-Wv.

6. AW-s¡-«p-IÄ
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-§fn hfsc {][ms¸-«sbm¶mWv AW-s¡-«p-IÄ.
½psS tIc-f-¯n C¶p- [m-cmfw AW-s¡-«p-Ifp­v.
imkv{X-]-T--¯n ]e-t¸mgpw Ip«n-IÄ C¯cw AW-s¡-
«p-Isf¡pdn¨pw sshZypXn nÀ½n¡p-¶-Xns¡pdn-¨p-sams¡ tI«ncn¡pw. C¯cw {]tZi§sfÃmw Xs¶
½psS ]T--¯n hfsc {]tbm-Ps¸Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Cu {]Z-i-§-fn-te-s¡mcp
]Tbm{X S-¯m-hp-¶Xv ]Tn-Xm-¡Ä¡v hfsc {]tbm-P--{]-Z-am-bn-cn¡pw. X§Ä ]Tn-¨n-«p-ff Imcy-
§sfÃmw- Xs¶ tcn«p I­-
dnªp a-kn-em-¡p-hm³ ]Tn-Xm-¡Ä¡p CX-h-kcw ÂIp-¶p.-A-W-s¡-«p-I-fpsS
{]hÀ¯X¯zw a-kn-em-¡p-¶-Xnpw IqSmsX {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn IqSp-X ASp-¡p-¶-Xnpw {]Ir-
Xn-bpsS kpc-£n-X-¯z-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Ip«n-Isf t_m[-hm-·m-cm-¡p-¶-Xnpw CXn-eqsS km[n-¡p-¶p.
DZm-l-c-Wambn apÃ-s¸-cn-bmÀ AW-s¡«p kμÀin-¡p-hm³ Ip«n-Isf sIm­p-
t]m-Ip-¶p- sh¶p Icp-
Xp-I. C¶p B AW-s¡-«nsâ t]cn-ep-ff {]iv-§sf I­-
dnªp a-kn-em-¡p-¶-Xnpw IqSmsX kaq-l-¯nse

7. Hcw-K-sa-¶-n-e-bn kz´w kl-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-tSbpw kpc-£n-X¯z-t¯-¡pdn-¨p-ff
t_m[hpw Ip«n-I-fnep­m-¡
p-¶-Xnp CXv klm-b-I-am-Ip-¶p.
Ip¶p-IÄ
]T--¯n mw Ft¸mgpw tIÄ¡p¶ Hcp hm¡m-WnXv . Ip¶p-I-sf-¸-änbpw {]Ir-Xn-bn AXnsâ
{]m[m-yt¯¸änbpw Hs¡ Ip«n-I-fpsS ]mTy-hn-j-b-¯n DÄs¸-«n-«p­v.
{]Ir-Xn-bn Ip¶p-IÄ¡pff
{]m[myw hfsc hep-Xm-sW¦nepw C¶p AXp Ap-Znw CÃm-Xmbns¡m­n-
cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Ip¶p-
I-fpsS io-I-c-Ws¯¸änbpw AXp-aq-e-ap-­m-
Ip¶ hn]-¯p-I-tf-¸-änbpw ]Tn-Xm-¡-fpsS ]T--¯n DÄs¸-
«ncn¡p¶ hnjbwXs¶. Ip¶p-I-sf-t¸mgpw Pe-kw-`-c-W-¯np hfsc klm-b-I-am-Wv. C¯cw
{]tZi§fntes¡mcp ]T--bm{X S-¯m-hp-¶tXm AXp-a-Ã-¦n Ip¶p-I-tfbpw AXnsâ {]m[m-y-s¯bpw
kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ Nn{X {]ZÀiw S-¯p-I-h-gntbm Ip«n-Isf Cu hnj-b-¯n-te-¡pIq-Sp-XÂ ASp-¸n-¡m-
mIpw. Ip¶p-I-fpsS {]m[myw Xncn¨dn-bp-¶-Xnpw AXp C¶p tcn-Sp¶ {]iv-§tf¡pdn¨p a-kn-em-¡
p¶Xnpw FÃmw CXp A-h-kcw Hcp-¡p¶p.D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn imkvXmw-tIm« Imb kμÀin-
¡p-hm³ Ip«n-Isf sIm­p-
t]m-Ip-¶p-sh¶v Icp-XpI. imkvXmw-tIm« Imb-enp Npäp-ap-ff Ip¶p-IÄ B
Imb-ensâ kwc-£W Ih-N-§-fn H¶m-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m B Ip¶p-I-fpsS miw B Imb-ensâ ]X--¯np
Imc-W-ambn amdp-I-bm-Wv. Chn-tS¡v Ip«n-I-fp-ambn Hcp ]T--bm{X S-¯p-¶Xv {]Ir-XnÂ
Ip¶p-I-fpsS {]m[m-ys¯¡pdn¨v Ip«n-Isf a-kn-em-¡n¸n¡p-¶-Xnpw AXp-t]mse ap-jysâ Zpjv{]-
hÀ¯-§Ä aqew {]IrXn tcn-Sp¶ mi-§sf tcn I­dn
ªp a-kn-em-¡p-¶-Xnpw Ip¶p-Isfbpw AXp-t]
mse {]Ir-Xn-tbbpw kwc-£n-t¡-­Xv
hfsc AXym-h-iy-am-sW¶pff t_m[w Ip«n-I-fn-ep-­m-¡
p-hm
pw klm-bn-¡p-¶p.

8. à Irjn-bn-S-§Ä
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn hfsc {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-amWv à Irjn-bnS-§Ä. à Irjn-bn-S-§Ä¡v
[mcmfw {]tXy-IX-IÄ D­v.
a®v , Pe e`yX CsXÃmw AXnsâ {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. Hmtcm Irjn¡pw AXn-
p-tbm-Py-amb Irjn-bn-S-§fpw AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Ip«n-IÄ¡p ]e-t¸mgpw C¯cw Irjn-co-Xn-tb¸än-bpw
Irjn-bn-S-§-tf-¸-änbpw tI«ptIÄhn am{Xta D­m-
bn-cn-¡p-I-bp-ffp. C¯cw Irjn-bn-S-§sf]än
Ip«n-IÄ¡v IqSp-X Adn-hp-ÂIp¶ coXn-bn-ep-ff, bm{X-IÄ , skan-m-dp-IÄ , Nn{X {]ZÀi--§Ä
F¶nh S-¯p-¶Xv ]Tn-Xm-hnv ¢mÊv t_m[-¯nnS¡p ]cn-N-b-s¸« hn`n-¶-§-fmb Bi-b-§sf CW¡nt¨À¡p-
¶Xnv hf-sc-b-[nIw klm-b-I-am-Wv.
Imb-ep-IÄ
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-§fn hfsc {][m--s¸-«-sbm-¶mWv Imb-ep-IÄ.
tIc-f-¯n Xs¶ [mcmfw Imb-ep-IÄ D­v.
tIc-f-¯nse Gähpw henb Imb-emWv th¼-m-«p-Im-b Ip«n-
I-fpsS ]T--¯n AhÀ ]e-t¸m-gpw tIÄ¡p¶ H¶p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn 8þmw
¢mknse c­m-
as¯ ]mTamb Ip«-mSv F¶ ]mT `mK¯n th¼-m-«p-Im-bens¡pdn¨pw AXp tcn-Sp¶
aen-o-I-cW {]iv-§sf¡pdn-¨p-sams¡ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p­v.
C¯cw {]iv-§sf ¡pdn-¨p-ff Nn{X {]ZÀiw
kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-I-bmsW¦n Ip«n-IÄ¡v Imb-ep-IÄ C¶p tcn-Sp¶ {]iv-§sf¡pdn¨p IqSp-X a-kn-em-
¡p-¶-Xnpw AXnsâ kpc-£sb¡pdn¨p Ahsc t_m[-hm·mcm-¡p-¶-Xnp Ign-bp-¶p. IqSmsX Imb-ep-
Ifpw Ip¶p-I-fp-saÃmw ½psS {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Hcp-`m-K-am-sW¶ t_m[w Ip«n-I-fnep­m-¡
p-hmpw
CXn-eqsS km[n-¡p-¶p. Pew ½psS k¼-¯m-sW¶pw AXp aen-am-¡-cp-sX¶ Nn´bpw Ip«n-I-fn-ep-
WÀt¯­Xv
hfsc AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.
Zn-IÄ

9. ]mTy-hn-j-b-§-fn ]e-t¸m-gpw {]mapJyw ÂIp¶ Hcp hnj-b-amWv Zn-IÄ. Zn-IÄ ½psS
kwkv¡m-c-¯nâ Hcp `mKamWv . tIc-f-¯n Xs¶ 44 Zn-Ifp­v.
CXn 3 F®w Ing-t¡m«pw 41 F®w ]Sn-
ªm-tdm«pw Hgp-Ip-¶p. tIc-f-¯nse Zn-I-sf-Ãmw- Xs¶ Pe-k-ar-²-amWv. mw Zn-I-sfbpw Imb-ep-
I-sfbpw FÃmw ½psS Pohn-X¯n hfsc {]tbm-P--s¸-Sp-¯m-dp­v.
Zo-Xoc§sfÃmw Xs¶ ^e-`p-jvS-am-
b-Xn-m C¯cw Øe-§-fn-seÃmw mw Irjn sN¿p¶p. IqSmsX Pe-tk-N--¯npw sshZyp-tXmÂ
¸m-Z--¯npwsaÃmw Zn-Isf tI{μoI-cn¨p mw Zo-XS ]²-Xn-IÄ¡p cq]w sImSp-¡m-dp­v
.
½psS Pnhn-X-¯nsâ Hcp `mKamWv Zn-IÄ. F¶m C¶p Cu Zn-IÄ Ap-Znw mis¯ tcn-Sp-¶p.
ap-jysâ Zpjv{]hÀ¯nIÄ aqew A{]Xy-£-amb Zn-IÄ t]mep-ap-­v.
`mc-X-¸p-g-bpsS miw Ct¶-
hÀ¡padn-bm-hp-¶-XmWv. C-¯cw {]tZ-i§-fn-te¡p ]Tbm{XIfpw aäpw kwLSn¸n¡p¶-Xn-eqsS Ip«n-
Isf Zn-I-fpsS {]m[m-y-s¯-¡p-dn¨p a-kn-em-¡n¸n¡p-¶-Xnpw AXnsâ kpc-£sb¡pdn¨v t_m[-hm-·m-cm-¡
p-¶-Xnpw km[n-¡pw. Zn-Isf mw Pe-tk-N--¯nv , sshtZym-tXm¸-Z--¯nv F¶n-§s hnhn[
coXn-I-fn D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯m-dp­v.
AXp-sIm-­p-
Xs¶ Zn-I-fpsS kwc-£Ww apjy Pohn-X-¯nse
hfsc hen-sbmcp IS-a-bm-sW¶ t_m[w ]Tn-Xm-¡-fn DWÀ¯p-hm³ C¯cw bm{X-IÄ klmbn¡pw .
Dd-h-IÄ
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-y-aÀln-¡p¶ Øe-§fmWnXv. Dd-h-IÄ km[m-c-W-ambn ]md-s¡-
«p-Ifpw aäpw [mcm-f-ambn ImWp¶ {]tZ-i-§-fn-emWv ImW-s¸-Sp-¶Xv . `qan-bpsS Df-f-d-I-fnÂ
n¶pw hcp¶ Cu Pew AXy-[nIw ip²-am-Wv. `qan-bnse {]Xn-`m-k-§-fn H¶mb CXv ]e-t¸m-gpw
Ip«n-I-fpsS ]T--¯n {]Xn-]m-Zn¡s¸Sm-dp­v
. C¯cw hnj-b-§sf Ip«n-I-fpsS ap¶n-se-¯n-¡p¶ coXn-bn-
ep-ff bm{X-IÄ , Nn{X-{]-ZÀiw F¶nh ¢mÊv t_m[¯nnS¡v ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸« hn`n-¶-§-fmb Bi-b-
§sf CW-¡n-t¨À¡p-hm³ ]Tn-Xm-hns klm-bn-¡p-¶p.

10. ]md-s¡-«p-IÄ
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-§fn {][m--s¸«sbm¶m-WnXv. tIc-f-¯n¯s¶
nc-h[n ]md-s¡-«pÄ D­v
. Ip«n-I-fpsS ]mTy-hn-j-b-§-fn ]e-t¸mgpw Chsb¸än {]Xn-]m-Zn¡mdp­v.
Ch {]Xy-£-¯n ]Tn-Xm-hnv ImWp-hm³ km[n-¨m Ahv Xm³ ]Tn-¡p¶ hnj-b-§fpamsbmcp
{]Xy£ ]cn-Nbw D­m-¡
p-hm³ AXp klm-b-I-amIpw .
shf-f¨m«-§Ä
shff¨m«-§Ä {]Ir-Xn-bnse Gähpw atm-l-c-amb Zriy-§-fn H¶p-X-s¶-bm-sW¶pXs¶
]dbmw . tIc-f-¯n Xs¶ [mcmfw shff ¨m«-§Ä D­v.
{]Ir-Xn-bnse Xs¶ Gähpw kpμ-c-amb Cu Zriyw
Bscbpw BIÀjn-¡p-¶-XmWv. AXn-c-¸-ffn, Ipämew t]mep-ff shff¨m«-§Ä {]tXy-In¨pw FSp-¯p-]-d-tb-
­-
Xm-Wv. C¯cw Øe-§-fn-te¡v ]T--bm-{X-Ifpw aäpw kwLSn¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS ]Tn-Xm-hns {]Ir-Xn-bp-
ambn IqSp-XÂ ASn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnv km[n-¡p-¶p.
tXbn-e-t¯m-«-§Ä
C¶p hfsc A[nIw em`-I-c-am-bXpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn hfsc {]m[m-y-w AÀln-¡p-¶-
Xp-amb H¶mWv tXbnet¯m«-§Ä. X«p X«m-bp-ff Irjn-co-Xn-bmWv tXbnet¯m«-§fpsS {]tXy-IX .
tIc-f-¯n aq¶mÀ, ]ocp-taUv t]mep-ff Øe§-fn tXbne¡rjn [mcm-f-ap-­v.
em`-I-cw F¶-Xn-ep-]cn
AXy[nIw atm-lm-cnX ]I-cp¶ H¶p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv tXbnet¯m«-§Ä . `qansb X«p-I-fmbn Xncn¨v Irjn
sN¿p¶ Xnp-ff Gähpw à DZm-l-c-W-ambn CXns Nq­n¡
mWn-¡mw. C¯cw {]tZ-i§sf Ip«n-Isf ]cn-

11. Nbs¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-eqsS Ip«n-Isf {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn IqSp-XÂ ASp-¸n¡p-¶-Xnpw hnhn-[-X-cw Irjn-co-
Xn-Isf¸än Ip«n-Isf a-kn-em-¡n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnpw klm-b-I-am-Wv.
nK-aw
kmaqly imkv{X¯nsâ ]T--t_m-[-§Ä ‘Ne-m-ß-Ihpw ck-I-c-hp-w AÀ°-]qÀ®hpam-¡m³ klm-bn-¡
p¶ hkvXp-n-jvShpw Zriyhpw Ap-`-h-th-Zyhpw’ Bb hn`-h-§Ä kaq-l-¯n n¶pw e`n-¡p-¶p.
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä C¯-c-¯n s]«-h-bmWv. AW-s¡-«p-Isf¡pdn-¨pw Ã

12. Irjn-bn-S-§sf¸än-bp-ap-ff Adnhv Ip«n-¡p-e-`n-¨-Xp-sIm-­m-
bnà . Ahv Ch-sb-Ãm-ambn {]Xy-£-
]-cn-Ncw D­m-
IWw.{]Ir-Xn-bnse nc-h[n {]Xn-`m-k-§-fp-ambn {]Xy-£m-p-`hw tSm³ `qan-im-kv{
X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-§tf¡p-dn-¨p-ff ]Tw ]Tn-Xm-hnp Ah-kcw ÂIp¶p. Ã-t]mse
Bkq-{XWw sNbvX ]cn-]mSnIfn-eqsS {]Ir-Xn-tbbpw ]TnXm-hn-tbpw IqSp-XÂ ASp-¸n-¡m-
mhpw. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä ]eXpw ]e-t¸m-gpw ]T--¯n hfsc {]m[m-
y-aÀln-¡p¶sbm¶m-Wv. C¯cw Øe-§-fn-te-¡p-ff kwL-bm-{X-IÄ ¢mÊv t_m[¯nnS¡v ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸«
hn`n-¶-§-fmb Bi-b-§sf CW-¡n-t¨À¡p-hm³ ]Tn-Xm-hns hfscb-[nIw klm-bn-¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm-­p-
Xs¶ C¯cw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä kmaq-lnI hn`-h-§-fn Xs¶ hfsc {][m-
s¸«h-bm-Wv.

13. {KÙ-kqNn
 kmaqlyimkv{X ]pkvXIw ( VIII, IX ,X )
 CâÀsäv