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1. ck-X{´hÀjw 2011 tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j¯v

2. amUw tacn Iyqdn Ah-X-cWw X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv ]T-\-tI-{µw, sIm«m-c-¡-c.

3. 1903  s_Iz-dÂ, ]nbdn Iyqdn, amUw Iyqdn F¶n-hÀ¡v ^nkn-Ivkn-\pÅ t\m_Âk-½m\w. 1911  amUw Iyqdn¡v ck-X-{´-¯n-epÅ t\m_ k½m-\w. ^nkn-Ivknepw sIan-kv{Sn-bnepw t\m_Âk½m\w e`n¨ Htc Hcp hyàn amUw Iyqdn-bm-Wv.

4. tdUntbmBIvSn-h-X-bpsS XpSÀ]-T-\-¯n\pw Kth-j-W-¯n-\p-apÅ kw`m-h-\-IÄ¡mbncp¶p ^nkn-Ivkn-\pÅ t\m_Âk-½m\w. s]mtfm-Wn-bhpw tdUn-bhpw I­p-]n-Sn-¨Xn\pw Ah thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡m-\pÅ cmk-{]-{Inb hnI-kn-¸n-¨Xn-\p-amWv ck-X-{´-¯n-epÅ t\m_Â k½m-\w.

5. 1867 \hw_À 7 \v t]mf­nse hmÀkbn P\n¨p. tacn kvt¢mtUmhvkvIn F¶mWv bYmÀ° t]c.v Iq«pImcpw ho«pImcpw Ahsf enänÂa\nb F¶p hnfn¨p.

6. ]nXmhv `uXnIimkv{X þ KWnXimkv{X A[ym]I\mbncp¶p. amXmhv A[ym]nI, ]m«pImcn, Nn{XImcn F¶o\neIfn {]ikvXbmbncp¶p. ]{´­mas¯ hbkn A½ £b-tcmKw _m[n¨v acn¨p.

7. ]¯p hb-Êm-b-t¸mÄ A½ \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ t_mÀUn§v kvIqfn tNÀ¶v ]Tn-¡m³ XpS-§n. ]n¶oSv s]¬Ip«n-IÄ¡pÅ kvIqfn tNcp-Ibpw 1884  AhnsS \n¶v ]mkm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

8. t]mf-­nse tZiob ka-c-§-fn tacn-bpsS AÑ-tâbpw A½-bp-tSbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-§Ä kPoh ]¦mfn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-aqew Ah-cpsS kz¯p-¡Ä \jvS-am-bn. tacn-bpsS Xe-apd AXn-\m km¼-¯nI ]cm-[o-\-X-I-fn s]«p.

9. tacn-¡pw aq¯ ktlm-Zcn “t{_mWn-Ém-h”¡pw ]Tn-¡Wsa¶v B{K-l-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m AXn-\pÅ ]Ww D­m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. BZyw tacn tPmen sNbvXv ]W-ap-­m-¡m-sa¶pw c­p hÀjw Ignªv tacnsb ]Tn-¡m³ klm-bn-¨m aXn-sb¶pw AhÀ Iq«mbn Xocp-am-\n-¨p.

10. ktlm-Z-cn-amÀ Ah-cpsS hm¡p ]men-¨p. AX-\p-k-cn¨v t{_mWn-Ém-hsb ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ aq¶p hoSp-I-fn tacn tPmen-sN-bvXp. t{_mWn-Ém-hbpsS \nÀ_-Ô-¯n\v hg§n 1891  ]T-\-¯n-\mbn tacn ]mco-kn-te¡v t]mbn.

11. 1891  ]mcoknse tkmÀt_m¬ kÀÆIemimebn tNÀ¶v KWnXw, `uXnIimkv{Xw, ckX{´w F¶nh ]Tn¡m³ XpS§n. 1893  `uXnIimkv{X ¯nepw 1894  KWnX¯nepw _ncpZwt\Sn

12. kvIqÄ Hm^v ^nknIvkv B³Uv sIan-kv{Sn-bn C³kv{S-IvSÀ Bbn tPmen t\m¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p ]nb-dn. tacn-bpsS BZy Kth-j-W-ta-J-e-bmb Im´n-I-X-bn-epÅ Xmev]-cy-amWv ]nb-dntbbpw tacn-tbbpw ASp-¸n-¨-Xv.

13. 1895 Pqssebn ]nbdnbpw tacn-bp-am-bpÅ hnhmlw \S¶p.

14. FIvkvþtd ¡v kam-\-amb HcpXcw civan-IÄ bp-td-\nb¯n \n¶pw ]pd¯p hcp¶Xmbn sl³{Sn _Iz-d Is­¯n. Cu hnIn-c-W-§-sf-¸än Bbn-cp¶p tacn-bpsS Kth-j-W-hn-j-bw .

15. bptd-\nbw kwbp-à-§-fn F´p-sN-bvXmepw bptd-\nb¯nsâ Af-hn-\-\p-k-cn¨p am{XamWv hnIn-c-W-¯nsâ km{µ-X F¶v tacn {i²n¨p. AXp-sIm­v X·m-{X-IÄ X½n-epÅ {]hÀ¯-\-¯n \n¶Ã Bä-¯n \n¶p-X-s¶-bmWo hnIn-c-W-§Ä F¶ A\p-am-\-¯n tacn F¯n-t¨À¶p.

16. Bä-¯n-\p-Ån- \S¡p-¶ GtXm {]{In-bbmWv Cu hnIn-c-W-ap­m¡p-¶-sX¶ \nK-a-\-¯n AhÀ F¯nt¨À¶p. tacn CXn\v ‘tdUntbm BIvSn-hnän’ F¶p t]cn«p.

17. A¶v tdUntbmBIvSohv Bbn Adn-b-s¸-«ncp¶ c­p aqe-I-§tf D­m-bn-cp-¶p-Åp. bptd-\n-bhpw tXmdn-b-hp-w.

18. tacntbm-sSm¯p {]hÀ¯n¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn ]nbdn {InÌ-ep-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Xsâ ]T\w \nÀ¯nh-¨p. k¦oÀ®-X-bpÅ Hcp [mXp-hmb ‘]n¨v»³UnÂ’ tacn Xsâ {]hÀ¯\w XpSÀ¶p.

19. Xsâ P·-\m-Snt\mSpÅ AZ-ay-amb {]Xn-]¯n-sIm­v Cu ]pXnb ]ZmÀ°s¯ tacn ‘s]mtfm-Wnbw’ F¶p hnfn-¨p. 1898 Pqssebn bptd-\n-b-t¯-¡mÄ tdUn-tbm- B-IvSnhXbpÅ Hcp ]pXnb ]ZmÀ°w AhÀ thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¯p.

20. 1899 P\p-h-cn-bn bptd-\n-b-t¯-¡mÄ ]¯p-e£w C-c«n tdUn-tbm-B-IvSn-h-X-bpÅ Hcp aqeIw IqSn Is­-¯n. CXn\v ‘tdUnbw’ F¶v t]cv \ÂIn.

21. tacnbpsS ]T\§fn \n¶pÅ {][m\ Is­-¯epIÄ tdUnbw {]Im-ihpw NqSpw ]pd-¯p-hnSp¶p F¶Xpw Cu hnIn-c-W-§Ä ssPh-tIm-i-§sf \in-¸n¡p¶p F¶-Xpam-Wv.

22. tdUnbw shÅn-t]mse shfp-¯-Xm-Wv. C¶v Iym³kÀ NnIn-Õ¡pw ^vfqd-kâv s]bnâv \nÀam-W-¯n\pw Ipdª Af-hn tdUnbw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

23. tdUn-b-hpw AXn-t\mSv kmay-apÅ KpW-[À½-§-fpÅ t_cn-bhpw AS-§nb k¦oÀ®-amb Hcp [mXp-hmWv ]n¨v»³Uv. AXn-\m tdUnbw am{Xw thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡pI Gsd t¢i-I-c-am-Wv. 1898 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw IyqdnZ¼-Xn-amÀ t_cnbw H«pw Ie-cm¯ Hcev]w td-Unbw thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¯p.

24. 1902 Bb-t¸mtg¡pw Hcp S¬ ]n¨v»³Un \n¶pw 0.1 {Kmw tdUnbw t¢mssdUv AhÀ thÀXncn-s¨-Sp-¯p. 1910 Bb-t¸mtg¡pw IqSnb Af-hn tdUnbw Hä¡v thÀXncn-s¨-Sp-¡m\pÅ sshZKv[yw tacn BÀPn¨p Ign-ªn-cp¶p.

25. ]n¨vs»³Un \n¶pw ip²-amb tdUnbw thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡m-\pÅ cmk-{]-{In-b-bpsS t]äâv kz´-am-¡m³ tacn B{K-ln-¨n-Ã. imkv{X-k-aq-l-¯n\v Cu hnZy kz´-am-Is« F¶m-W-hÀ B{K-ln-¨-Xv.

26. 1906þ Hcp IpXn-c-h­nb-]-I-S-¯n ]nb-dn-Iyqdn ac-W-a-S-ªp. tdUn-tbm-B-IvSohv hnIn-c-W-§Ä [mcm-f-ambn GäXn\m ]nbdn ZpÀ_-e-\m-bn-cps¶¶v Duln-¡ps¶-¦nepw A]-ISw D­m-bXv AXp-sIm-­mWv F¶-Xn\v hyà-amb sXfn-shm¶pw CÃ.

27. ]nb-dn-bpsS acWw tacnsb hÃmsX XfÀ¯n. Kth-j-W-¯n ebn-¨-Xp-sIm-­p-am-{X-amWv B ZpJ-¯n \n¶pw A-hÀ Ic-I-b-dn-b-Xv.

28. tkmÀ-t_m-¬ kÀh-I-em-im-e-bn ]nb-dn-sb BZ-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pth­n D­m-¡s¸« s{]m^-k-À ]Zhn 1906  tacn¡p \ÂIn. A§s\ tacn tkmÀ-t_m-Wnse BZy h\n-Xm- s{]m-^-k-dm-bn.

29. ]nb-dn-bpsS t]cn \ma-I-cWw sN¿-s¸« tdUnbw C³Ìn-«yq-«nsâ ]Wn-IÄ 1914 BKÌn ]qÀ¯o-I-cn¨p. {^©p-K-h¬saân \n¶pÅ [\-k-lm-b-t¯msS \nÀ½n¨ C³Ìn-äyq«v {][m-\-ambpw sshZyimkv{X ta-J-e-bn-se Kth-j-W§Ä¡p th-­n-bmWv Øm]n-X-am-bXv.

30. C³Ìn-äyq«v Bcw`n¨v A[nIw sshImsX H¶mw temIalm-bp²w s]m«n-¸p-d-s¸«p. AtXmsS C³Ìn-äyq-«nse tPmen-¡m-cpsS F®w sh«n-¡p-d-¡-s¸-«p. tacnbpw aIÄ sFdn\pw am{X-am-Wv A¶v C³Ìn-äyq-«n Ah-ti-jn-¨-Xv.

31. ]nb-dn-þ-tacn Iyqdn Z¼-Xn-IÄ¡v t\m_Â k½m-\-t¯m-sSm¸w e`n¨ kzÀ®-sa-UÂ bp²-^­nte¡p kw`m-h\ sN¿pIbpw Hcp \gvkmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvSn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

32. bp²-cw-K¯v tUmIvSÀamÀ¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ k©-cn-¡p¶ tdUn-tbm-{Km^n bqWn-äp-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡m³ tacn t\XrXzw \ÂIn. A§s\ k©-cn-¡p¶ 20 bqWn-äp-I-f-S¡w 220 bqWn-äp-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«p.

33. ]«m-f-¡msc NnIn-Õn-¡m³ tdUn-b-¯n \n¶p-­m-Ip¶ “dmtUm¬” \nd¨ sIm¨p Syq_p-IÄ tacn Xs¶ t\cn«v \nÀ½n-¨v \ÂIn. “ enän Iyqdokv” F¶mWv Cu Syq_p-IÄ Adn-b-s¸-«-Xv.

34. tUmIvSÀamÀ tcmKn-bpsS tcmK-_m-[n-X-amb tImi-§sf \in-¸n-¡m³ Cu Syq_p-IÄ tImi-§-fpsS ASp¯v tNÀ¯phbv¡pw.

35. 1918  bp²w Ah-km-\n-¨-t¸mÄ tacn Xsâ a¡-fmb sFdn-tâbpw Cuhn-tâbpw H¸w Gsd \mÄ sNe-hgn¨p. c­p aq¶p hÀj-¯n\v tijw ]mco-knse C³Ìn-äyq-«n Xncn-s¨¯n Xsâ tdUnbw Kthj-W-§-fn apgpIn.

36. tdUn-b-hp-am-bpÅ \nc-´-c-k-¼À¡w A]-I-S-am-sW¶v tacn-¡-dn-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. tdUn-tbm-B-Iväohv sFtkm-tSm-¸p-IÄ AS-§nb Syq_p-IÄ tacn tai-h-en-¸n kq£n-¡p-Ibpw t]m¡-än sIm­p-\-S-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p.

37. tdUn-b-hp-am-bpÅ \nc-´-c-k-¼À¡w aqew 1911 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw tacn ISp¯ hr¡-tcm-K-¯n-\-Sn-s¸-«p.

38. kpc-£m-kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä H¶p-an-Ãm¯ Hcp sjUn-emWv tacn Kth-j-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv.

39. Cu hnIn-c-W-§Ä aqew D­m-Ip¶ A¹m-ÌnIv A\o-anb F¶ tcmKw _m[n-¨-tXmsS tacnbpsS BtcmKyw A\p-Zn\w £bn¨p h¶p. tacn ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp¶ t]¸-dp-IÄ t]mepw hfsc A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fm-sW¶v Is­-¯n-b-Xp-sIm­v seUvsse-\n-§pÅ s]«n-I-fn-emWv C¶h kq£n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

40. 1934 Pqsse 4 \v Ing-¡³ {^m³knse Hcp km\-täm-dn-b-¯n h¨v B al-¯mb Pohn-X-¯n\v Xnc-Èoe hoWp.

41. 1903þ^n-kn-Ivkn t\m_ k½m\w 1911-þ-sI-an-kv{Sn-bn t\m_ k½m\w 1903-þ-tUhn saU 1904-þ-am-äyqkn saU 1909-þ-F-en-b«v {Ik¬ saU {^©v eoPn-b³ Hm^v HmWÀ t]m-f­nse tem t]mfn-sS-Iv\n-Iv, s]mkv\m³ kÀh-I-em-im-e, {Iqt¡mhv PmKn-sb-tÃm-Wn-b³ -- kÀh-I-em-im-e, hmgvk t]mfn-sS-Iv\nIv F¶n-h-bpsS HmW-ddn tUmIvS-tdäv

42. 1935-þ-hmgvkm tdUnbw C³Ìn-äyq-«nsâ ap¶n amUw Iyqdn-bpsS {]Xna 1967þ amUw Iyqdn-bpsS HmÀ½bv¡v hmgvk-bn ayqkn-bw. tdUn-tbm-B-IvSo-h-X-bpsS bqWn-än\v Iyqdn F¶p t]cp \ÂIn. Atäm-an-IvkwJy 96 DÅ aqe-I-¯n\v Iyqdnbw F¶p t]cp \ÂIn. Iyqssd-äv, kvtImtkmhv kvssIäv, Ipt{]m-kvtIm-tkmhvkv kvssIäv F¶nh bptd-\nbw [mXp-¡Ä¡p \ÂInb t]cp-IÄ. {^m³knsâ Ìm¼v, ]gb 500 {^m¦v t\m«v, \mW-b-§Ä Ch-bn amUw Iyqdn-bpsS Nn{Xw.

43. t\m_Âk½m\w t\Snb BZy h\n-X. c­p taJ-e-I-fn t\m_ k½m\w t\Snb Htc Hcp h\nX. tkmÀ-t_m-¬ kÀh-I-em-im-e-bnse BZy h\nXm s{]m^-kÀ. ]mcokv ]m´n-tbm-Wn-te¡v tijn-¸p-IÄ amä-s¸« BZy h\nX. F¶n«pw {^©v kb³kv A¡m-Uan tacn¡v AwKXzw \ÂIn-bn-Ã. h\nX Bb-Xp-sIm-­p-am-{Xw.

44. bps\-kvtImbv¡v th­n \yq kbânÌv amK-kn³ 2009  \S-¯nb thms«-Sp-¸n imkv{X-¯n Gähpw Bth-iw-sIm-Ån-¡p¶ h\n-X-bmbn sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«Xv aäm-cp-ambn-cp¶n-Ã. amUw Iyqdn Xs¶.

45. am\-hnI aqey-§-fpsS DZm-¯-am-Xr-I. {]Xn-_-²-X-bpÅ imkv{X-K-th-j-I. ASn-bp-d¨ kmaq-ly-t_m-[w. efn-X-amb Pohn-X-ssi-en. h\n-X-I-fpsS hgn-Im-«n. am\-h-cm-in-¡v PohnXw _en-bÀ¸n¨ t]mcmfn .

46. amUw Iyqdn- F-s¶¶pw \ap¡v Bth-ihpw amXr-Ibpw Bbn-cn-¡s«.