The document discusses the literary genre of Iyalkkavitha (nature poetry) in Malayalam. It provides background information on the origins and characteristics of Iyalkkavitha. Key points made include: - Iyalkkavitha emerged as a distinct genre by bringing together elements from various art forms like prose, poetry, and folklore. - The most prominent figure in establishing Iyalkkavitha as a literary form was Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan. - Iyalkkavitha poems depict nature through techniques like description and imagination. Common subjects include plants, animals, seasons and landscapes.

1. IY Ifn-¨p-ImWpt¼mÄ
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
PREETHA MISS VEENA VIJAYAN
B ED MALAYALAM

2. Bap-Jw.
IY-I-fn-bpsS Dev]-¯n-sb-¸än ]Þn-X³·mÀ `n¶-`n-{]m-b-¡m-cm-Wv.
B«-¡-Ybv¡p ap³]pXs¶ IY-Ifn ne-hn-en-cp-s¶¶v Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap--v. IY-I-fn-
bpsS kmln-Xy-cq-]-amWv B«-¡-Y. tIc-f-¯nse Hcp mSy-I-e-bmb IY-I-fnsb
kÀÆYm ca-Wn-b-am-sbcp Zriy-I-e-bm-¡n-am-än-bXv tIm«bw tIc-f-hÀ½-¯-¼p-cm-
mWv. H«p-an¡ B«-¡-Y-Ifpw cNn-¨n-«p-ÅXv ]pcmW IY-Isf ASn-Øm--am-¡n-
bm-Wv. B«-¡-Y-I-fn H¶mw Ømw AÀln-¡p-¶XmWv D®m-bn-hm-cy-cpsS f-N-
cn-Xw. ( mep Znh-ks¯ IY)
hntZ-im-[n-]Xyw ne-n-¶n-cp-¶-Im-e¯v £tbm-·p-J-am-bn-s¡m-ncp¶ Cu
tIc-fnb Iesb ]p-cp-Öo-]n-¸n-¨v AXnv A´m-cmjv{S {]ikvXn D-m-¡n-
s¡mSp¯ al-Ihn hÅ-t¯m-fn-tbpw At±lw Øm]n¨ Iem-a-WvU-e-t¯bpw
F¡m-ehpw tIc-fo-bÀ kvacn-¡pw.
IY-Ifn
hnhn[ Ie-I-fpsS ka-RvPk kt½-fw sIm-v ]qÀ®-X-bn-se-¯nb
Hcp Iem-cq-]-amWv IY-I-fn. r¯w, kwKoXw, A`n--bw, hmZyw F¶o-I-e-IÄ
IY-I-fn-bn ebn-¨p-tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. IY-I-fn-bpsS kmln-Xy-cq]-amWv B«-¡-Y.
cma-m-«-IÀ¯m-hmb sIm«mc-¡-c-¯-¼p-cm-s-bmWv B«-¡-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ
D]-Úm-hmbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv.

3. IY-Ifn Hcp rXy-I-e-bm-Wv , r¯hpw mSyhpw AXn-ep--v. ]ZmÀ°-`n--
b-¯n-mWv rXy-sa-¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv. Hmtcm ]Z-¯nsâ AÀ°w ap{Z ss¡
sIm-v ImWn¨v A`n--bn-¡p-¶Xv ]ZmÀ°m-`n-bw. hmIymÀ°-`n--b-amWv mSyw.
hmIymÀ°w A`n--bn-¡p-t¼mÄ `mhw-am-{X-aà ckw-IqSn AXn hcp-¯-Ww.
IY-I-fn-bpsS DÛhw
IY-I-fn-bpsS Dev]-¯n-sb-¸än ]ÞnX³·mÀ `n¶`n{]m-¡m-cm-Wv. B«-¡-
¡p-ap³]p-Xs¶ IY-Ifn ne-hn-en-cp-s¶¶v Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap--v. A`n--bß-I-amb
kmln-Xy-{]-Øm--§-sfÃmw A`n--b-I-e-I-e-I-fp--m-b-Xnp ]n³]m-Wv
P³·sa-Sp-¯n-«p-f-f-sX¶v Hcp hmZw.
ap¶q-dnÂ]cw hÀj-§Ä¡p-apt¼ tImgn-t¡m«p am-thZ cmPmhv
AhXcn¸n¨ Zriy-I-e-bmWv Irj-W-m«w kI-e-I-em-h-Ã-`pw alm-]-Þn-X-p-am-
bn-cp¶p At±lw. hney-aw-K-e¯p kzmanbm-cn n¶pw `K-hXv km£m-Xv¡m-cw
tSnb At±lw A¡m-e¯v D¯-tc³ybn D-mb sshjvWh thm-°m--
s¯-¸-änbpw `àn-c-k-{]-[m--§-emb Hu¯c-ml-Zr-iy-I-e-I-sf-¸-änbpw Adn-hp
k¼mZn¨n-cp-¶p. kÀtÆm-]cn At²lw Kpcp-hm-bq-c-¸-sâ `à-m-bn-cp-¶p.
CXnsâsbÃmw ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-am-bn-«mWv. am-th-Z³ IrjvW-m«w nÀ½n-¨-Xv.
kmaq-Xn-cnsb AXn-p-ap³]v Xs¶ Bth-i-`-cn-X-m-¡nbncp¶ AjvS-]-Zn-bpsS
kzm[o-hpw qX Iem-cq-]-¯n-sâ Ah-X-c-W-¯nv t{]cW ÂIn-bn-cn-¡-
Ww.
KoXm-tKm-hn-µm-`n--bn-¯nsâ t{]c-W-bn n¶pw DS-se-Sp¯ Hcp
hntmZ-amWv IrjvW-m«w. A¶v hS-¡³ Zn¡p-I-fn {]Nm-c-¯n-en-cp¶
AjvS]Znbm«-¯nsâbpw AXnsâ NphSp ]nSn¨v krjvSn-¡-s¸« IrjvW-m-«-
¯nsâbpwcoXn-bnemWv X¼p-cm³ cma-m«w cNn-¨-Xv. F.Un. ]Xn-tgmw iX-I-
amWv Ct±-l-¯nsâ Ime-sa-¶p-I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p.

4. hfÀ¨-bpsS L«-§Ä
cma-m-«s¯ IY-Ifn F¶ D¯-a-I-e-bm¡n hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯Xn tIm«-
b-¯p-X-¼p-cmpw {]ap-J-]-¦p--v. tIm«-b¯pX¼p-cmsâ IrXn-IÄ kmln-Xy-`w-
Kn-bn anI¨p n¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. _I-h-[w, Ieym-W-ku-K-Ôn-Iw, InÀ½n-c-h-[w,
nhm-X-I-h-N-Im-e-tI-b-h[w F¶o mev B«-¡-Y-I-fmWv tIm«-b-¯p-X-¼p-cmsâ
kw`m-h--IÄ. kwKoX km{am-«m-bn-cp¶ kzmXnXn-cp-m-fnsâbpw Ime-L«w hnhn[
hnhn[
Ie-IÄ¡v Dt·jw ]IÀ¶n-cp-¶p. kzmXn Xncp-¶mÄ kwKo-X-I-e¡v t{]mÕm-
lw ÂIn-b-t¸mÄ D{Xw-Xn-cp-¶mÄ IY-I-fnsb hfsc t{]mÕm-ln-h¨p. Ã
Nne B«-¡-YIÄ A¡m-e-¯p--mbn.
IY-Ifn thj-§Ä
H«p-an¡ B«-¡-Y-Ifpw cNn-¨n-«p-f-fXv ]pcm-W-I-Y-Isf ASn-Øm--am-¡n-bm-
Wv. IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS kz`m-h-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-I-f-p-k-cn¨v Hmtcm-¶npw Ap-
tbm-Py-amb thj-§Ä nP-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p--v. BIÀj-§-fmb BS-bm-`-c-W-§Ä
Cu Iem-cq-]-¯nv amäp-Iq-«p-¶p. IY-Ifn thj-§sf A©mbn Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-
¶p. ]¨, I¯n, Icn, XmSn, anp¡v F¶n-§-s-bm-W-h.
]¨
kzmXnI KpW-{]-[m--amb thj-amWv ]¨. {ioIrjvW³, [À½-]p-{X³,
f³, Z£³, `oa³, cpIvamw-K-Z³, {iocm-a³ e£-a-W³ XpS-§nb IYm-]m-{X-
§Ä¡v ]¨ thj-amWv nÝ-bn-¨n-«p-f-f-Xv.
I¯n
ctPm-KpW {][m--amb thj-am-Wv I¯n-th-jw IoN-I³, cmh-W³, Zptcym-[³-
IY-Ifn
hnhn[ Ie-I-fpsS ka-RvPk kt½-fw sIm-v ]qÀ®-X-bn-se-¯nb
Hcp Iem-cq-]-amWv IY-I-fn. r¯w, kwKoXw, A`n--bw, hmZyw F¶o-I-e-IÄ
IY-I-fn-bn ebn-¨p-tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. IY-I-fn-bpsS kmln-Xy-cq]-amWv B«-¡-Y.
cma-m-«-IÀ¯m-hmb sIm«mc-¡-c-¯-¼p-cm-s-bmWv B«-¡-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ
D]-Úm-hmbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv.

5. IY-Ifn Hcp rXy-I-e-bm-Wv , r¯hpw mSyhpw AXn-ep--v. ]ZmÀ°-`n--
b-¯n-mWv rXy-sa-¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv. Hmtcm ]Z-¯nsâ AÀ°w ap{Z ss¡
sIm-v ImWn¨v A`n--bn-¡p-¶Xv ]ZmÀ°m-`n-bw. hmIymÀ°-`n--b-amWv mSyw.
hmIymÀ°w A`n--bn-¡p-t¼mÄ `mhw-am-{X-aà ckw-IqSn AXn hcp-¯-Ww.
IY-I-fn-bpsS DÛhw
IY-I-fn-bpsS Dev]-¯n-sb-¸än ]ÞnX³·mÀ `n¶`n{]m-¡m-cm-Wv. B«-¡-
¡p-ap³]p-Xs¶ IY-Ifn ne-hn-en-cp-s¶¶v Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap--v. A`n--bß-I-amb
kmln-Xy-{]-Øm--§-sfÃmw A`n--b-I-e-I-e-I-fp--m-b-Xnp ]n³]m-Wv
P³·sa-Sp-¯n-«p-f-f-sX¶v Hcp hmZw.
ap¶q-dnÂ]cw hÀj-§Ä¡p-apt¼ tImgn-t¡m«p am-thZ cmPmhv
AhXcn¸n¨ Zriy-I-e-bmWv Irj-W-m«w kI-e-I-em-h-Ã-`pw alm-]-Þn-X-p-am-
bn-cp¶p At±lw. hney-aw-K-e¯p kzmanbm-cn n¶pw `K-hXv km£m-Xv¡m-cw
tSnb At±lw A¡m-e¯v D¯-tc³ybn D-mb sshjvWh thm-°m--
s¯-¸-änbpw `àn-c-k-{]-[m--§-emb Hu¯c-ml-Zr-iy-I-e-I-sf-¸-änbpw Adn-hp
k¼mZn¨n-cp-¶p. kÀtÆm-]cn At²lw Kpcp-hm-bq-c-¸-sâ `à-m-bn-cp-¶p.
CXnsâsbÃmw ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-am-bn-«mWv. am-th-Z³ IrjvW-m«w nÀ½n-¨-Xv.
kmaq-Xn-cnsb AXn-p-ap³]v Xs¶ Bth-i-`-cn-X-m-¡nbncp¶ AjvS-]-Zn-bpsS
kzm[o-hpw qX Iem-cq-]-¯n-sâ Ah-X-c-W-¯nv t{]cW ÂIn-bn-cn-¡-
Ww.
KoXm-tKm-hn-µm-`n--bn-¯nsâ t{]c-W-bn n¶pw DS-se-Sp¯ Hcp
hntmZ-amWv IrjvW-m«w. A¶v hS-¡³ Zn¡p-I-fn {]Nm-c-¯n-en-cp¶
AjvS]Znbm«-¯nsâbpw AXnsâ NphSp ]nSn¨v krjvSn-¡-s¸« IrjvW-m-«-
¯nsâbpwcoXn-bnemWv X¼p-cm³ cma-m«w cNn-¨-Xv. F.Un. ]Xn-tgmw iX-I-
amWv Ct±-l-¯nsâ Ime-sa-¶p-I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p.
hfÀ¨-bpsS L«-§Ä
cma-m-«s¯ IY-Ifn F¶ D¯-a-I-e-bm¡n hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯Xn tIm«-
b-¯p-X-¼p-cmpw {]ap-J-]-¦p--v. tIm«-b¯pX¼p-cmsâ IrXn-IÄ kmln-Xy-`w-
Kn-bn anI¨p n¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. _I-h-[w, Ieym-W-ku-K-Ôn-Iw, InÀ½n-c-h-[w,
nhm-X-I-h-N-Im-e-tI-b-h[w F¶o mev B«-¡-Y-I-fmWv tIm«-b-¯p-X-¼p-cmsâ

6. kw`m-h--IÄ. kwKoX km{am-«m-bn-cp¶ kzmXnXn-cp-m-fnsâbpw Ime-L«w hnhn[
hnhn[ Ie-IÄ¡v Dt·jw ]IÀ¶n-cp-¶p. kzmXn Xncp-¶mÄ kwKo-X-I-e¡v
t{]mÕm-lw ÂIn-b-t¸mÄ D{Xw-Xn-cp-¶mÄ IY-I-fnsb hfsc t{]mÕm-ln-
h¨p. Ã Nne B«-¡-YIÄ A¡m-e-¯p--mbn.
IY-Ifn thj-§Ä
H«p-an¡ B«-¡-Y-Ifpw cNn-¨n-«p-f-fXv ]pcm-W-I-Y-Isf ASn-Øm--am-¡n-bm-
Wv. IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS kz`m-h-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-I-f-p-k-cn¨v Hmtcm-¶npw Ap-
tbm-Py-amb thj-§Ä nP-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p--v. BIÀj-§-fmb BS-bm-`-c-W-§Ä
Cu Iem-cq-]-¯nv amäp-Iq-«p-¶p. IY-Ifn thj-§sf A©mbn Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-
¶p. ]¨, I¯n, Icn, XmSn, anp¡v F¶n-§-s-bm-W-h.
]¨
kzmXnI KpW-{]-[m--amb thj-amWv ]¨. {ioIrjvW³, [À½-]p-{X³,
f³, Z£³, `oa³, cpIvamw-K-Z³, {iocm-a³ e£-a-W³ XpS-§nb IYm-]m-{X-
§Ä¡v ]¨ thj-amWv nÝ-bn-¨n-«p-f-f-Xv.
I¯n
ctPm-KpW {][m--amb thj-am-Wv I¯n-th-jw IoN-I³, cmh-W³, Zptcym-
[³-
]pd-¸mSv
hµ--tÇmIw sNmÃn¡-gn-bp-t¼mÄ Hcp kv{Xoth-jwhpw Hcp ]pcp-j-th-
jhpw Ac-§n n¡pw Xnc-Èoe amdp-¶p. iwJvmZw apg-§p¶p. IY-I-fn-bnse
Cuizckm-¶n²yw cwK-hm-kn-IÄ¡v Ap-`-h-s¸Sp¶-Xnpw Cuizc`àn hfÀ¯p-
¶-Xnpw Cu kµÀ`w DX-Ip-¶p. ne-¸Zw ]mSp-¶-Xn--p-k-cn¨v sNavS-bpsS D]-
bpsS {]tbm-K-sam¸n¨v kv{Xothjpw ]pcp-j-thjhpw Ic-N-c-W-§Ä Nen-¸n-¡p-
Ibpw IrjvW-a-Wn-IÄ hnhn[ coXn-bn Cf-¡p-Ibpw im´-amb coXn-bnÂ
r¯w Nhn-«p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

7. aRvPp-X-cbpw tae-¸-Z-hpw.
]pd-¸m-Sn-p-tijw taf-¸Zw S-¡p¶p. KoXm-tKm-hn-µ-¯nse þ aRvPp-
Xc IpRvPe tIfn kZ-tþ F¶m-cw-`n-¡p¶ AjvS-]Zn KoXw ]mSn-¯n-cp-t¼mÄ
taf-¡mÀ Ah-cpsS kmaÀ°yw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m-m-cw-`n-¡p-¶p. Hcp NS§v F¶-Xn--
¸pdw IYm-`n--b-hp-ambn CXnv Hcp _Ôhpw CÃ.
Iemiw
Htcm-]-Z-¯n-sebpw Nc-W§-fpsS A`n-bw Ah-km-n-¸n-t¡--Xv Iem-i-
t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv . CXnÂn-¶mWv Iem-in-¸n-¡pI þA-h-km-n-¸n-¡p-Iþ F¶
AÀ°-¯n Iemiw F¶ ]Z-{]-tbmKw kw`m-j-W-ssi-en-bn IS-¶p-h-¶-Xv.
Htcm JÞhpw BSn Ah-kmn¡pt¼mÄ S³ ssIIÄ Iagv¯n ap«p-IÄ
aS¡n s©np kaw hnc-ep-IÄ s]m´n¨pw, A-h[n Xmf-§Ä Imep-sIm-v
Xd-bn XmWp-N-hn«n HSp-hn hnf-¡n--Sp¯v sN¶v he-Xp-Im sIm-v taf-
¯n--p-k-cn¨v Xmf-¯n Nhp«n n¡p-¶p.
Ajv«-I-em-iw.
aäp Iem-i-§-fn n¶v `n¶hpw atm-l-c-hp-amb Hcp r¯-hn-ti-j-amWv
AjvS-I-emiw. CXv c-v Ie-I-fn am{Xta ]-v Nhn-«p-am-bn-cp-¶p-Åp. Ime-tI-b-
h-[-¯nse AÀÖp-pw Ieym-Wku-K-Ôn-I-¯nse lp-am-pw.ASp-¯Im-e¯v
_men-hn-P-b-¯nse _menbpw CXv Nhn-«p-¶p--v. “N-¼ ” Xmf-¯n XpS§n
{ItaW am{X-IÄ Htcm¶p Iq«n F«p-I-emiw sIm-v CXv Ah-km-n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
Xnc-tm-«w.
I¯n-thjw XpS§n Kmw`o-cyapÅ IYm-]m-{X-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ thj-
§Ä¡mWn NS§v ]d-ªn-«p-ÅXv thj-Kmw-`ocyw {]ZÀin-¸n-¡m-pÅ Hcp Ah-k-
c-am-WnXv. ]¨, anp¡v XpS-§n-th-j-§Äs¡m¶pw Xnc-tm«w ]d-ªn-«n-Ã. Xnc-
tm«w ]d-ªn-«pff IYm-]m{Xw Xnc-Èo-e-¡p-ffn h¶p-n¶v aq¶p XhW Ae-
dp-Ibpw Xnc-Èoe lkvX-ap-{Z-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]nSn-¨p-Xmgv¯n apJw Zo]-¯nptsc
Ccn-bv¡-¯-¡-h®w XmWp-n¶v tm¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. I®v Zo]-¯n-em-bn-cn-
¡pw. AXp-I-gnªv Xnc-Èoe DÀ¯n-bn«p ]n³Xn-cnªv t]mIp¶p. ]ns¶ Xnc-

8. Èoe amdp-t¼m-gmWv IY-bn Xn-¡-`n--bn-¡m-pÅ `mhw A`n--bn¨p XpS-§p-
I.
irwKm-c-¸Zw
ImÀ¯n-I-Xncp-¶mÄ cma-hÀ½-bpsS Ime-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv irwKm-c-]-Z-
¯nv B«-¡-Y-fn {]m[myw e`n-¨-Xv. Cc-b-½³X-¼n, Infn-am-qÀ hnZzm³
sNdp-®n-tIm-bn-X-¼p-cm³ F¶n-h-cpsS IrXn-I-fn H¶n-e-[nIw irwKmc¸Z-§Ä
ImWmw. mbn-Im-m-b-I-·mÀ cwK-{]-th-iw sNbvXp irwKm-c-eo-e-I-fnÂ
X§Ä¡pÅ B{Klw Atymyw Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ hk´ EXp-hn-sbpw
aäv D±o-]--§-sfbpw hÀ®n-¡p-¶p. IY-bn Cu irwKm-c-¸-Z-§Ä¡v henb
Ømsam-¶p-anÃ. CXpw Hcp NS-§mbn amdp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv.
Cf-In-bm«w AYhm atm-[À½-am-SÂ
IYm-]m-{X-§Ä X-½n kw`m-£-W-cq-]-¯n-epÅ ]ZmÀ°m-`n-b¯nv
sNmÃnbm-«-sa¶pw Kmb-I³ ]mSp-¶-Xn--p-k-cn-¨-ÃmsX S³ kz´ambn Abm-
fpsS atm-[Àaw Ap-k-cn¨v A`n--bn¨p Im«p-¶-Xnv Cf-In-bm«w AYhm atm-
[À½-am-S F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. h-hÀ®-w, kzÀ¤hÀ®-w, ]ÀÆ-X-hÀ®-w,
DZym--hÀ®w F¶n kµÀ`-§-fn-seÃmw S¶v atm-[À½-am-Sm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
Chbv¡v tbmPn-¡p¶ tÇmI-§Ä S-·mÀ tct¯ lrZn-Ø-am-¡n-hbv¡pw
tIIn-bm«w
S³ abn-ensâ Ne--§fpw r¯hpw Ap-I-cn¨v abn-ens t¸mse Ac-
§n hne-kp-¶-Xn-mWv tIIn-bm«w F¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv. à sabvh-g-¡-apÅ S-
·mÀt¡ hnZ-Kv²-ambn tIIn-bm«w Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bp-ffp. atm-l-c-amb
Hcp r¯hnti-j-am-Wn-Xv.

9. ]pd-¸mSv
hµ--tÇmIw sNmÃn¡-gn-bp-t¼mÄ Hcp kv{Xoth-jwhpw Hcp ]pcp-j-th-
jhpw Ac-§n n¡pw Xnc-Èoe amdp-¶p. iwJvmZw apg-§p¶p. IY-I-fn-bnse
Cuizckm-¶n²yw cwK-hm-kn-IÄ¡v Ap-`-h-s¸Sp¶-Xnpw Cuizc`àn hfÀ¯p-
¶-Xnpw Cu kµÀ`w DX-Ip-¶p. ne-¸Zw ]mSp-¶-Xn--p-k-cn¨v sNavS-bpsS D]-
bpsS {]tbm-K-sam¸n¨v kv{Xothjpw ]pcp-j-thjhpw Ic-N-c-W-§Ä Nen-¸n-¡p-
Ibpw IrjvW-a-Wn-IÄ hnhn[ coXn-bn Cf-¡p-Ibpw im´-amb coXn-bnÂ
r¯w Nhn-«p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
aRvPp-X-cbpw tae-¸-Z-hpw.
]pd-¸m-Sn-p-tijw taf-¸Zw S-¡p¶p. KoXm-tKm-hn-µ-¯nse þ aRvPp-
Xc IpRvPe tIfn kZ-tþ F¶m-cw-`n-¡p¶ AjvS-]Zn KoXw ]mSn-¯n-cp-t¼mÄ
taf-¡mÀ Ah-cpsS kmaÀ°yw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m-m-cw-`n-¡p-¶p. Hcp NS§v F¶-Xn--
¸pdw IYm-`n--b-hp-ambn CXnv Hcp _Ôhpw CÃ.
Iemiw
Htcm-]-Z-¯n-sebpw Nc-W§-fpsS A`n-bw Ah-km-n-¸n-t¡--Xv Iem-i-
t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv . CXnÂn-¶mWv Iem-in-¸n-¡pI þA-h-km-n-¸n-¡p-Iþ F¶
AÀ°-¯n Iemiw F¶ ]Z-{]-tbmKw kw`m-j-W-ssi-en-bn IS-¶p-h-¶-Xv.
Htcm JÞhpw BSn Ah-kmn¡pt¼mÄ S³ ssIIÄ Iagv¯n ap«p-IÄ
aS¡n s©np kaw hnc-ep-IÄ s]m´n¨pw, A-h[n Xmf-§Ä Imep-sIm-v
Xd-bn XmWp-N-hn«n HSp-hn hnf-¡n--Sp¯v sN¶v he-Xp-Im sIm-v taf-
¯n--p-k-cn¨v Xmf-¯n Nhp«n n¡p-¶p.
Ajv«-I-em-iw.
aäp Iem-i-§-fn n¶v `n¶hpw atm-l-c-hp-amb Hcp r¯-hn-ti-j-amWv
AjvS-I-emiw. CXv c-v Ie-I-fn am{Xta ]-v Nhn-«p-am-bn-cp-¶p-Åp. Ime-tI-b-
h-[-¯nse AÀÖp-pw Ieym-Wku-K-Ôn-I-¯nse lp-am-pw.ASp-¯Im-e¯v
_men-hn-P-b-¯nse _menbpw CXv Nhn-«p-¶p--v. “N-¼ ” Xmf-¯n XpS§n
{ItaW am{X-IÄ Htcm¶p Iq«n F«p-I-emiw sIm-v CXv Ah-km-n-¸n-¡p-¶p.

10. Xnc-tm-«w.
I¯n-thjw XpS§n Kmw`o-cyapÅ IYm-]m-{X-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ thj-
§Ä¡mWn NS§v ]d-ªn-«p-ÅXv thj-Kmw-`ocyw {]ZÀin-¸n-¡m-pÅ Hcp Ah-k-
c-am-WnXv. ]¨, anp¡v XpS-§n-th-j-§Äs¡m¶pw Xnc-tm«w ]d-ªn-«n-Ã. Xnc-
tm«w ]d-ªn-«pff IYm-]m{Xw Xnc-Èo-e-¡p-ffn h¶p-n¶v aq¶p XhW Ae-
dp-Ibpw Xnc-Èoe lkvX-ap-{Z-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]nSn-¨p-Xmgv¯n apJw Zo]-¯nptsc
Ccn-bv¡-¯-¡-h®w XmWp-n¶v tm¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. I®v Zo]-¯n-em-bn-cn-
¡pw. AXp-I-gnªv Xnc-Èoe DÀ¯n-bn«p ]n³Xn-cnªv t]mIp¶p. ]ns¶ Xnc-
Èoe amdp-t¼m-gmWv IY-bn Xn-¡-`n--bn-¡m-pÅ `mhw A`n--bn¨p XpS-§p-
I.
irwKm-c-¸Zw
ImÀ¯n-I-Xncp-¶mÄ cma-hÀ½-bpsS Ime-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv irwKm-c-]-Z-
¯nv B«-¡-Y-fn {]m[myw e`n-¨-Xv. Cc-b-½³X-¼n, Infn-am-qÀ hnZzm³
sNdp-®n-tIm-bn-X-¼p-cm³ F¶n-h-cpsS IrXn-I-fn H¶n-e-[nIw irwKmc¸Z-§Ä
ImWmw. mbn-Im-m-b-I-·mÀ cwK-{]-th-iw sNbvXp irwKm-c-eo-e-I-fnÂ
X§Ä¡pÅ B{Klw Atymyw Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ hk´ EXp-hn-sbpw
aäv D±o-]--§-sfbpw hÀ®n-¡p-¶p. IY-bn Cu irwKm-c-¸-Z-§Ä¡v henb
Ømsam-¶p-anÃ. CXpw Hcp NS-§mbn amdp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv.
Cf-In-bm«w AYhm atm-[À½-am-SÂ
IYm-]m-{X-§Ä X-½n kw`m-£-W-cq-]-¯n-epÅ ]ZmÀ°m-`n-b¯nv
sNmÃnbm-«-sa¶pw Kmb-I³ ]mSp-¶-Xn--p-k-cn-¨-ÃmsX S³ kz´ambn Abm-
fpsS atm-[Àaw Ap-k-cn¨v A`n--bn¨p Im«p-¶-Xnv Cf-In-bm«w AYhm atm-
[À½-am-S F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. h-hÀ®-w, kzÀ¤hÀ®-w, ]ÀÆ-X-hÀ®-w,
DZym--hÀ®w F¶n kµÀ`-§-fn-seÃmw S¶v atm-[À½-am-Sm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
Chbv¡v tbmPn-¡p¶ tÇmI-§Ä S-·mÀ tct¯ lrZn-Ø-am-¡n-hbv¡pw

11. tIIn-bm«w
S³ abn-ensâ Ne--§fpw r¯hpw Ap-I-cn¨v abn-ens t¸mse Ac-
§n hne-kp-¶-Xn-mWv tIIn-bm«w F¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv. à sabvh-g-¡-apÅ S-
·mÀt¡ hnZ-Kv²-ambn tIIn-bm«w Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bp-ffp. atm-l-c-amb
Hcp r¯hnti-j-am-Wn-Xv.
Ieym-W-ku-K-ÔnIw
]mip-]-Xm-kv{X-em-`-¯n-mbn AÀÖp-³ X]-Ê-p-jvTn-¡m t]mbn-cn-¡p-
¶Xpw PSm-kp-cs `oa³ h[n-¡p-¶Xpw ]m©m-en-bpsS B{K-l-{]-Imcw kuK-
ÔnI ]pjv]w tSn-bpfve `oasâ bm{X-bn lp-ams I-p-ap-«p-¶Xpw Bf-dn-
bmsX `ÀÕn-¡p¶ `oasâ Al-¦mcw lp-am³ ian-¸n-¡p-¶Xpw kuK-ÔnI
]pjp-]-§Ä tSn lp-am³ Xncn-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xp-amWv IY
nhm-X-I-h-N-Im-e-tI-b-h[w
]mÀ°v ]mip-]-Xmkv{Xw In«n-b-X-dnªv kzÀ¤¯n-te¡v £Wn-
¨p-sIm-ph-cm³ C{µ³ amX-ensb Ab-bv¡p¶ cwK-amWv BZyw. amXr-Xp-ey-
bmb C{µm-Wnsb AÀÖp-³ sN¶p-Im-Wp-¶p. AÀÖp--n {]W-b-]-c-h-i-
bmb DÀÆin kJn-bpsS klmbw tXSp-¶p. C{µ³ nhm-X-I-h-N-tbpw Ime-tI-
b-tbpw h[n-¡p-hm³ AÀÖp-tmSv Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-amWv XpSÀ¶pÅ cwK-
§-fnÂ.
D®m-bn-hm-cy-cpsS e-N-cnXw
B«-¡-Y-I-fn H¶mw Ømw AÀln-¡p-¶-XmWv D®m-bn-hm-cy-cpsS f-N-cnXw
mep-Zn-h-ks¯ IY. `mjm-]-c-am-bpw, cN-m-]-c-ambpw mS-In-b-ambpw Gähpw
]pjv]-I-e-bmb IrXn-bm-Wv. alm-`m-cXw h-]ÀÆ-¯n alÀjn [À½-
]p{XtcmSv sN¿p¶
tfm-]m-Jymw mep Znh-ks¯ B«-¡-Y-bmbn D®m-bn-hm-cv.À cNn-¨-XmWv f-
N-cnXw H¶mw Znh-ks¯ IY Za-b-´okzbwh-c-am-Wv, kzbwhcw Ignªv aS-§p-¶-
hsc IenZzm]c·mÀ ImWp-Ibpw f-Z-a-b-´n-amsc ]ncn¨v hnj-an-¸n-¡p-hm³
ZrU-n-Ýbw sNbvXv `qan-bn F¯p#v-Xpw ]pjvI-c-p-ambn kulr-Z-¯n-em-
hp-¶Xpw Ien-_m-[n¨ f³ Im«n-tebv¡v t]mIp-¶Xpw XpSÀ¶pevf lrZ-b-
kv]Àin-bmb kw`-h-§-fp-amWv c-mw Znh-ks¯ IY. Za-b-´nsb Im«n-ep-t]-

12. £n¨v Ae-bp¶ f³ ]e-hn-j-a-I-«-§fpw XcWw sNbvXv IpÞn--]pcw {]m]n-
¡p-¶-Xp-h-sc-bpÅ IY-bmWv ao¶mw Znh-kw. Za-b-´n-bpsS c-mw kzbwh-c-¯n-
s-¯nb _mlp-I-mb fv Za-b-´nsb ho-pw I-p-ap-«m³ Ign-bp-¶Xpw
XpSÀ¶v nj-[-cm-Pyw Xncn¨v e`n-¡p-¶-Xp-amWv memw-Zn-h-ks¯ IY. ncq-]-IÀ
f-N-cn-Xs¯ tIc-f-¯nse imIp-´-f-sa¶v hmgv¯n-bn-«p--v.
aäv B«-¡-Y-IÄ
ImÀ¯n-I-Xn-cp-mÄ cNn¨ Ggv B«-¡-Y-IÄ {]Nm-c-¯n-ep--v. cmP-kq-bw,
kp`-{Zm-l-c-Ww, KÔÀÆ-hn-P-bw, ]m©m-eokzbwh-cw, _I-h-[w, Ieym-W-ku-K-
ÔnIw ( sX¡³) c-Im-kp-c-h[w F¶n-h-bm-Wv.
tIm«w hns«mcp tIm«bw IY-IÄ mev
A©msX h©nkzct{i-jvT³ X¶p-sS-mev X¼n-bpsS aq¶vþ H¶m-¡-cn-{µ-sâ-
bpwþ F¶v sh×Wn al³ {]iw-kn-¨n-«pÅ hcn-I-fn ]d-bp¶ h©oizct{i-
jvT³þ ImÀ¯n-I-Xn-cp-m-fn-vSsd A-´n-c-h-mb AizXn Xncp-m-fm-Wv. Ah
cpÜn-Wnkzbwh-cw, ]qXm--tam-£w,Aw_-co-£-N-cn-{Xw, ]uWv{U-I-h[w F¶n-h-
bm-Wv. Cc-«-¡p-f-§c cma-hm-cyÀ cNn¨ ,In-cm-Xw, , ]pXn-bn-¡ÂX-¼m³ Fgp-
Xnb , ImÀ¯-ho-cy-hn-Pbw aÞ-h-¸Ån C«n-cm-cn-È-ta-tmsâ ,cp-Ivamw-K-N-cn-Xw, ,
Cc-b-½³X-¼n-bpsS ,Io-N-I-h-[w,, D¯m-ckzbwh-cw, ,,-Z-£-bm-Kw,, Infn-am-qÀtIm-
bn-¯-¼p-cmsâ ( Icn-µ³ ) ,cm-h-W-hn-P-bw,. hn.-Ir-jvW³X-¼n-bpsS ,Xm-Sm-Im-h-
[w,. XpS§n AtIw B«-¡-Y-IÄ {]Nm-c-¯n-ep--v.
B«-¡-Y-I-fnse Nne hcn-IÄ
ne-n-tem-tf nÓp-X-sa-¦nepw Nmesh ImWp¶p Nmcp-X-cwKw, þ ( cmh-W-hn-
Pbw sIm¨p®n-¯-¼p-cm³)
Xmcp-n-¶psS hZ--ku-c`w lcn-¸m³ Nmsc-h-¶n-S¶p qw amcp-X-In-tim-c³, (
_mW-bp-²wþ cma-im-kv{Xw)
a·-tm-c-RvPw C¶pta `mKyw kpµcn sZ-lrZw CXp Xh tbmKyw, ( cpIvamw-K-Z-
N-cn-Xwþ C«n-cm-cn-È-ta-tm³)
]mÀj-Xn, aa kJn am Ipcp tZhn-Xw, ( Zptcym-[--h-[w-þ-h-b-kvI-c-aq-ÊXv )
,hn-P-btX _mlp-hn-{Iaw hnP-b-tX, ( nhm-X-I-N-Im-e-tI-b-h-[w-þ-tIm-«-bw-X-¼p-
cm³), I-mepw iin-_nw-_-ap-Zmcw IWvtT-Imtf PNm-e-¦mcw,( Z£-bm-Kwþ Cc-bn-
½³X¼n )

13. D]-kw-lmcw
tIc-f-¯nsâ XXp Ie-bmb IY-fn-bpsS hfÀ¨bv¡v nan-¯-amb LS-I-
§Ä A-h-[n-bm-Wv. hmkvX-h-¯n IY-I-fn¡v C¶p-Å-Xnsâ ]qÀÆ-cq]w
D-m-¡n-bXv sImÃhÀjw 940 Sp¯v Pnhn-¨n-cp¶ tIm«-b-¯p-X-¼p-cm-m-Wv.
At±-l-¯nsâ IrXn-IÄ B«-¡-Y-I-sf¶ ne-bnepw IX-I-fn-sb-¶-n-e-bnepw
{]ma-Wy-aÀln-¡p-¶p. tIm«bw IY-Isf ASn-Øm--am¡n S-¸n-emb IÃ-Sn-t¡m-
S³ D¯-c-tI-c-f-¯n IY-I-fn-bpsS ASp¡pw Nn«bpw amXr-Im-]-c-am¡n
CtXmsS ap{Z-IÄ, Iem-i-lvMÄ, thj-§Ä, F¶nh ]qÀ®-X-t-Sn. ]Þn-X-
mb I¹n-§m-S³ ¼q-Xn-cn-þ-AizXnXn-cp-mÄ, ImÀ¯n-I-Xn-cp-mÄ F¶n-h-
cpsS IY-IÄ Nn«-s¸-Sp¯n I¹n-§m-S³ k{¼-Zm-b-§fpw IY-I-fnsb `{Z-am-¡³
D]-I-cn-¨p. hÅ-t¯mÄ mcm-b-W-ta-tm-sâbpw {ia-^-e-ambn IY-I-fn¡v C¶v
AJn-e-tem-I-{]-ikvXn ssIh-¶n-«p--v.-sN-dp-Xp-cn-¯n-bn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ tIc-
f-I-em-a-Þew IY-I-fn¡pw aäp Zriy-I-e-IÄ¡pw Nn«-bmb ]cn-io-ew ÂIp¶
Øm]--ambn hfÀ¶n«p--v.