Developmental Tasks
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Developmental tasks are skills and competencies that individuals are expected to achieve during certain periods of life according to their developmental stage. Examples of developmental tasks include learning to walk for infants, attending school for children ages 6 to 12, undergoing puberty from ages 10 to 14, and establishing independence during adolescence from ages 12 to 18. Successfully completing developmental tasks at each stage leads to happiness and prepares an individual for future tasks, while failure can result in unhappiness and difficulties with later development.
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Human development is categorized into nine stages: prenatal period, infancy, babyhood, childhood, puberty, adolescence, adulthood, middle age, and old age. Childhood is further divided into early childhood and late childhood. Adolescence is divided into early adolescence and late adolescence. Each stage involves specific physical, mental, social, and emotional changes and characteristics. For example, the prenatal period involves rapid physical development, infancy involves total dependence on parents, and puberty involves sexual organ development and a bridge to adolescence.
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Stages of development: Infancy
Infancy spans the period from birth to 1-2 years of age. This stage is characterized by rapid growth and development as infants make numerous adjustments to life outside the womb. Key needs during infancy include love, nutrition, immunizations, and establishing comfortable feeding practices. Potential problems include difficult births leading to brain damage, prematurity, and parental depression. Caregivers must be attentive to needs while addressing issues like jaundice that commonly arise during this sensitive period of development.
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Late adulthood begins around age 65. According to Erik Erikson, this stage involves finding integrity and meaning in life rather than despair. Four main changes occur in the brain: reduction of brain weight and gray matter, decline in dendrite density, and slower synaptic speed. Vision changes include presbyopia, reduced field, and increased risks of cataracts and macular degeneration. Sleep patterns shift and REM sleep decreases while eating habits become more rigid. Relationships provide social support and intimacy. Life reviews and reminiscence help achieve integrity by reflecting on life experiences and choices.
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This document discusses several key aspects of early adulthood and relationships during this period. It establishes that early adulthood is a time for exploring relationships and committing to partners through activities like dating, cohabitation, and marriage. Effective communication, managing conflicts, sharing household responsibilities, and developing intimacy are important for relationship satisfaction and adjustment during this stage of life. Dual-earner marriages in particular require redefining traditional gender roles and finding a balance of demands between partners.
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Robert J. Havighurst was an influential American developmental psychologist and educator who developed a theory of human development and identified developmental tasks occurring at different life stages from infancy to old age. He recognized that developmental tasks arise from physical maturation, personal values, and societal pressures. Some key developmental tasks he identified included learning to walk and talk in infancy, getting along with peers and developing gender roles in childhood and adolescence, selecting an occupation and starting a family in early adulthood, assisting teenage children in middle age, and adjusting to retirement and reduced mobility in later life. Havighurst stressed the importance of teachers helping students accomplish developmental tasks appropriate for their age.
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The document is a 29 slide presentation about Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development. It was prepared by Seloveres, Geralen R. and Panis, Jervis R. for their class TTHS 10-11am Edcon3 with professor Hazel R. Estrella. The presentation covers Piaget's four stages of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood and the key concepts associated with each stage like object permanence, symbolic thought, conservation, and formal operational thought.
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Early and middle adulthood involve significant physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes. In early adulthood, individuals focus on developing relationships, careers, and identity. Physical health is usually at its peak. In middle adulthood, priorities shift to parenting and career goals while physical decline begins. Health risks increase so preventative care is important. Successfully navigating developmental tasks such as intimacy vs isolation and generativity vs stagnation is key to well-being. Late adulthood involves further physical and cognitive changes along with socioemotional adjustments. The aging process, death of loved ones, and changes in roles present challenges but can be positively addressed.
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Cesarean section: Surgical delivery through incision in abdomen and uterus. Done if vaginal
delivery poses risks to mother or baby.
Water birth: Woman labors and delivers baby in warm water. May reduce pain.
Home birth: Delivery at home with midwife rather than hospital.
Birthing center birth: Delivery at freestanding facility staffed by midwives.
Hospital birth: Most common type of delivery in hospital labor and delivery room.
Multiple birth: Delivery of more than one baby at a time (twins, triplets, etc).
Breech birth: Baby is
Health
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for the course "Human Growth and Development - Developmental Psychology". It covers several key topics:
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3. The third unit discusses concepts of health, hygiene, and communicable/deficiency diseases.
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Developmental Tasks
- 1. Reporter: ELAINE R. MORAN
- 3. Define what is developmental task Give examples of developmental tasks at each stage of life
- 4. Development is the process by which organisms grow and change systematically over the entire life period.
- 5. 1. Development is sequential. 2. The rate of development is not the same for all individuals.
- 6. Robert Havighurst (1953) developed the theory of developmental tasks. He emphasized the interrelationship of physical, social, emotional, and intellectual aspects of development. A developmental task is a task to be performed or achieved during a certain period of a person’s life. It consists a set of skill and competences that are acquired as the person gains increased mastery over the environment. Successful achievement of a certain task is expected to lead to happiness and to success with later tasks, while failure may result in unhappiness in the individual, disapproval by the society, and difficulty with later tasks.
- 9. Birth- 6 years of age
- 10. 6- 12 years of age Puberty- 10-14 yrs. old
- 11. early adolescence- 12-18 yrs. old late adolescence- 18-22 yrs. old
- 12. 22-34 yrs. old
- 13. 34- 60 years of age
- 14. 60- 75 yrs. old
- 15. 75 until death
- 16. infancy and childhood middle childhood adolescence early adulthood middle adulthoodlate adulthhoodold age