1. The document discusses several major theories of human development including Havighurst's developmental tasks theory, Freud's psychosexual theory, Erikson's psychosocial theory, Piaget's cognitive development theory, and Kohlberg's moral development theory. 2. It provides details on the stages and tasks associated with each theory, such as Havighurst's six major age periods and developmental tasks for each, Freud's psychosexual stages, Erikson's eight psychosocial stages, Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, and Kohlberg's stages of moral development. 3. The theories aim to define developmental milestones and how individuals progress psychologically and socially through life.

1. MTB MLE
LANGUAGE AS
SOCIAL CONTENT
SPE-MTB-MLE, BEED 2105 - Week 2
Prof. MEINRAD C. BAUTISTA, Ph.D.

2. Opening Prayer:

3. What you Know: 3 words

4. Answer:
Human Developmental Stages

5. What you Know: 1 word

6. Answer:
Theory

7. What you Know: 2 words

8. Answer:
Human Development

10. Week 2 Discussion:
Learning Objectives:
1. To define Developmental Tasks;
2. To know the purpose and characteristics of
Developmental Tasks;
3. To be familiar with the major theories of
Human Development; and
4. To illustrate the Developmental Task in each
stages

11. What are
Developmental Tasks?
According to Robert H. Havighurst (1953) "A
developmental tasks is a task which arises at or
about a certain period in the life of the individual,
successful achievement of which leads to his
happiness and to success with later tasks, while
failure leads to unhappiness and difficulty with later
tasks."

12. Purpose of Developmental
Tasks
According to Elizabeth B. Hurlock
(Psychologist), development tasks serve the
following three purposes:
1. They are guidelines to enable this individual to
know what society expects from him at a given
age.
2. Developmental tasks motivate the individual to
do what the social group expects him to do
certain things during his life.
3. Developmental tasks serve to show the
individual what lies ahead and what he will
expected to do when he reaches the next stage
of development in the life span.

13. Characteristics of
Developmental Tasks
• Development tasks are based on aspirations
and need of the society.
• Every society or culture has its norms.
• Every society expects its members to follow
these norms. These norms are in terms of
certain essential skills. Mastery over these
skills leads to happiness and failure leads to
unhappiness.
• Some tasks are same for everyone, regardless
of where he lives as they are about human
biology.

14. Examples of Developmental
Tasks
Example: Learning to crawl and walk.
• Some tasks are different in different societies.
Example: tasks of getting occupation in some
cultures at very young stage.
• The tasks in different age level depend on the
person and the society he lives in.

15. What are the major theories
of Human Development
Developmental Theories
• Havighurst’s
Development Theory:
Developmental Tasks
Robert H. Havighurst
(1900-1991)
American Physicist/
Educator

16. Six Major Age Periods
identified by R. Havighurst
• Infancy and Early childhood (0-5 years old)
• Middle childhood (6-12 years old)
• Adolescence (13-18 years old)
• Early Adulthood (19-29 years old)
• Middle Age (30-60 years old)
• Later Maturity (61 years old above)

17. Developmental Tasks at
Infancy and Early Childhood
Age (0-5 years)
• Learning to walk.
• Learning to take solid food
• Learning to talk
• Learning to control the elimination of body wastes.
• Learning sex differences.
• Achieving physiological stability.
• Forming simple concepts of social and physical reality.
• Learning to relate oneself emotionally to parents,
siblings and other people.
• Learning to distinguish right and wrong and developing
a conscience.

18. Developmental Tasks of
Middle Childhood
Age (6-12 years)
• Learning physical skills, ordinary games.
• Building wholesome attitudes towards oneself as a growing
organism.
• Learning to get along with age-mates.
• Learning appropriate sex role, i.e., masculine or feminine role.
• Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing and
calculating
• Developing concepts necessary for everyday living.
• Developing conscience, morality and values.
• Achieving personal independence.
• Developing attitudes towards social groups and institutions.

19. Developmental Tasks of
Adolescence
Age (13-18 years)
• Accepting one's physique.
• Accepting a masculine or feminine role.
• Gaining emotional independence from parents and other
adults.
• Establishing new relations with age-mates of both sexes.
• Achieving assurance of economic independence.
• Selecting preparing for a vocation.
• Developing necessary concepts for civic competence.
• Developing intellectual skills.
• Developing socially acceptable behavior.
• Preparing for marriage and family life.
• Developing harmonious moral and scientific values.

20. Developmental Tasks of
Early Adulthood
Age (19-29 years)
• Selecting a partner in life
• Learning to live with marriage partner
• Getting started in an occupation
• Taking a civic responsibility
• Starting a family

21. Developmental Tasks of
Middle Age
Age (30-60 years)
• Achieving adult and social responsibilities
• Developing adult leisure time activities
• Relating to one’s spouse as a person
• Establishing and maintaining an economic
standard of living.

22. Developmental Tasks of
Later Maturity
Age (61 and above)
• Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and
health
• Establishing an explicit affiliation with ones’
age group
• Establishing satisfactory physical living
arrangement

23. What are the major theories
of Human Development
Developmental Theories
Psychoanalytic Theory
• Psychosexual
Development Theory
Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
Austrian Psychoanalyst

24. Sigmund Freud’s
Psychoanalytic Theory of
Personality

25. Sigmund Freud’s
Psychoanalytic Theory
The Id is the “bad boy” of our subconscious. It is
an impulsive part of the psyche that seeks
pleasure and avoids pain at all costs. The Id
wants instant gratification – it is the part of you
that grabs for food as a baby or acts to satisfy
sexual desires without thinking.

26. Sigmund Freud’s
Psychoanalytic Theory
The Ego lies in the middle of these two entities.
It is in a constant struggle to balance out these
two forces and make pleasurable decisions
without causing too much damage. It’s like a
well-minded adult standing in the middle of two
children wanting to overthrow each other.

27. Sigmund Freud’s
Psychoanalytic Theory
The Super Ego lies on the opposite side of the
spectrum. This part of the psyche wants to
control the Id. If humans acted only based on
receiving instant gratification and immediate
pleasure, we would all be in a whole lot of
trouble. The Super Ego unconsciously and
consciously acts to follow the rules of society
and keep the Id from causing some serious
damage.

28. Sigmund Freud’s
Psychosexual stages of
Development

29. What are the major theories
of Human Development
Developmental Theories
Psychoanalytic Theory
• Psychosocial
Development Theory
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
German-American
psychoanalyst

30. Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial
Development Theory
Erikson believed that humans’ personalities
continued to develop past the age of five, and he
believed that the development of personality
depended directly on the resolution of existential
crises like trust, autonomy, intimacy, individuality,
integrity, and identity. Erikson’s highly influential
eight-stage theory of development also expanded
Freud’s original five stages to encompass the years
of life after early childhood. Within this theory,
Erikson introduced and described the
characteristics of adolescent identity crisis and the
adult’s midlife crisis.

31. Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of
Psychosocial Development

32. What are the major theories
of Human Development
Developmental Theories
• Stages of cognitive
development or the
cognitive theory
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Swiss psychologist

33. Jean Piaget’s Cognitive
Development Theory
Jean Piaget is famous for his theories
regarding changes in cognitive development that
occur as we move from infancy to adulthood. A
child’s cognitive development is not just about
acquiring knowledge, the child has to develop or
construct a mental model of the world. Cognitive
development occurs through the interaction of
innate capacities (nature) and environmental events
(nurture), and children pass through a series of
stages.

34. Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of
cognitive development
1. Sensory motor stage: birth to 2 years
2. Pre-operational stage: 2 to 7 years
3. Concrete operational stage: 7 to 11 years
4. Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up

35. What are the major theories
of Human Development
Developmental Theories
• Stages of cognitive
development or the
cognitive theory
Lawrence Kohlberg
(1927-1987)
American psychologist

36. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory
of Moral Development

37. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory
of Moral Development

39. References:
Chourasiya (2012). Developmental Task of Infancy and Childhood. Retrieved from
https://www.samareducation.com/2022/05/developmental-task-of-infancy-
and-
.html#:~:text=Purposes%20of%20Developmental%20Tasks&text=Developme
ntal%20tasks%20motivate%20the%20individual,development%20in%20the
%20life%20span.
Magistrado (2018). Mother Tongue Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE). Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/menchiellagas/mother-tongue-multilingual-
education-mtbmle
Mcleod (2023). Jean Piaget And His Theory & Stages Of Cognitive Development. Simply
Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html
Mcleod (2023). Kohlberg’s Stages Of Moral Development. Simply Psychology .
Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html
Practical Psychology (2023). Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved
from https://practicalpie.com/
Practical Psychology (2022). Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality. Retrieved from
https://practicalpie.com/