Determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness as of Some Physico-Chemical parameters of Water Pollution In Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India.
Sampling of the Physico-chemical factors from two stations on the surface water of Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India was carried out biweekly over a period of 3 months of 2014. The aims were to determine some Physico chemical parameters of water pollution. Temperature was measured using mercury in glass thermometer. Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler azide method while Phosphate was determined by Vendo Molybdate Method, Estimation of Sulphate as Sulphur in sample by Nephelometric Method, measurements of total hardness by Complexometric Method. The result revealed that the major causes of water quality deterioration were related to excess usage of fertilizers and chemicals for increasing yield of the crop or releasing the sewage into the lake, due to cumulative effect of human activities where in sewage disposal oxygen is used in decomposing these organic water, eutrophication which causes algal bloom and therefore inability of oxygen to adequately dissolved in the water or the lentic nature of the site where was no serious upturns. As this Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore, and today is a house of different variety of birds, animals, plants and fishes it is very essential to stop sewage disposal and illegal excessive land encroachments to eliminate the eutropohication of the lake, which this results of the Physico-chemical examination of this lake could be helpful in the management of the lake for its water quality and fisheries.
Surface water monitoring that how we do and what are the most objectives, methodology and scope that are in this ppt and it is very important for monitor a surface water that are shown in it
The document discusses water quality parameters for assessing groundwater and surface water sources. It provides information on various physical, chemical, and biological parameters including pH, hardness, TDS, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and fecal coliforms. It explains acceptable limits for these parameters according to BIS standards and potential health effects of contamination. The document also discusses how factors like geology, land use, and anthropogenic activities influence water quality in different areas.
Water resource systems face challenges in meeting basic needs and supporting ecosystems. This is often due to inappropriate infrastructure, overuse, pollution, and failures in planning and management. Effective water resource planning requires addressing socioeconomic factors and recognizing hydrologic limits, while meeting diverse human and environmental needs. Case studies on the Tigris/Euphrates rivers, Jordan River Basin, and Missouri River illustrate the complex political, social, and institutional issues surrounding water resource management.
Flood Mapping via HEC-RAS Model and ArcGISLengthong KIM
This research was taken place along the lower Mekong river reach part in Cambodia. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the HEC-RAS performance whether it eligible for Cambodia flood studies or not.
The document discusses various types of drinking water and their characteristics, as well as WHO and Pakistan water quality standards. It provides details on parameters for bottled water quality limits and methods for water quality analysis. Several studies on water sources and quality in Gilgit-Baltistan are summarized. Spring water is described as naturally filtered and free from contamination, while bottled water may be affected by plastic toxicity, UV radiation during processing, and chemicals added through reverse osmosis.
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
This document summarizes different methods of disinfecting water, including chlorination, ozonation, treatment with lime, iodine, bromine, ultraviolet rays, potassium permanganate, silver, and boiling. It provides details on the chemical processes involved, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. Chlorination is described as the most commonly used and effective method, involving the addition of chlorine to water to form hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions which kill bacteria. The ideal pH for chlorination is below 7 to maximize the amount of hypochlorous acid present.
Water quality can be assessed through various physical, chemical, and biological indicators. It depends on factors like geology, ecosystem, and human activities. Standards are set based on intended uses like drinking, industrial, or environmental. Water is sampled and tested using on-site or laboratory methods to monitor these indicators. Maintaining adequate water quality is important for public health and ecosystem protection.
Surface water monitoring that how we do and what are the most objectives, methodology and scope that are in this ppt and it is very important for monitor a surface water that are shown in it
The document discusses water quality parameters for assessing groundwater and surface water sources. It provides information on various physical, chemical, and biological parameters including pH, hardness, TDS, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and fecal coliforms. It explains acceptable limits for these parameters according to BIS standards and potential health effects of contamination. The document also discusses how factors like geology, land use, and anthropogenic activities influence water quality in different areas.
Water resource systems face challenges in meeting basic needs and supporting ecosystems. This is often due to inappropriate infrastructure, overuse, pollution, and failures in planning and management. Effective water resource planning requires addressing socioeconomic factors and recognizing hydrologic limits, while meeting diverse human and environmental needs. Case studies on the Tigris/Euphrates rivers, Jordan River Basin, and Missouri River illustrate the complex political, social, and institutional issues surrounding water resource management.
Flood Mapping via HEC-RAS Model and ArcGISLengthong KIM
This research was taken place along the lower Mekong river reach part in Cambodia. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the HEC-RAS performance whether it eligible for Cambodia flood studies or not.
The document discusses various types of drinking water and their characteristics, as well as WHO and Pakistan water quality standards. It provides details on parameters for bottled water quality limits and methods for water quality analysis. Several studies on water sources and quality in Gilgit-Baltistan are summarized. Spring water is described as naturally filtered and free from contamination, while bottled water may be affected by plastic toxicity, UV radiation during processing, and chemicals added through reverse osmosis.
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
This document summarizes different methods of disinfecting water, including chlorination, ozonation, treatment with lime, iodine, bromine, ultraviolet rays, potassium permanganate, silver, and boiling. It provides details on the chemical processes involved, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. Chlorination is described as the most commonly used and effective method, involving the addition of chlorine to water to form hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions which kill bacteria. The ideal pH for chlorination is below 7 to maximize the amount of hypochlorous acid present.
Water quality can be assessed through various physical, chemical, and biological indicators. It depends on factors like geology, ecosystem, and human activities. Standards are set based on intended uses like drinking, industrial, or environmental. Water is sampled and tested using on-site or laboratory methods to monitor these indicators. Maintaining adequate water quality is important for public health and ecosystem protection.
This document discusses various physicochemical parameters that are used to test water quality, including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, bicarbonate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). It explains that water quality must be regularly monitored and tested against these parameters to ensure it is safe for drinking, domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses. Each parameter is important to measure as it provides insight into the water ecosystem and potential contamination issues.
The document describes an experiment to determine the total hardness of drinking water samples from three locations in Punjab, India. Water samples were collected from Ludhiana, Kharar, and Samrala and titrated against EDTA using an indicator. The total hardness was calculated and found to be 82 mg/L, 84 mg/L, and 80 mg/L, respectively, indicating moderately hard water. The difference in hardness between the three samples was not significant.
This document discusses water quality management and focuses on water pollutants, their sources, and management strategies for rivers and lakes. It outlines various types of pollutants including oxygen-demanding materials, nutrients, pathogens, suspended solids, salts, toxic compounds, and heat. For lakes, it describes limnology, stratification and turnover, biological zones, productivity levels, eutrophication processes, and algal growth requirements. It also discusses controlling phosphorus from sources like wastewaters, septic tanks, agricultural runoff, and acidification to manage water quality in lakes.
Water quality depends on various physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Key parameters for assessing water quality for human consumption include pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity. Monitoring these parameters provides information about water contamination levels and suitability for drinking and environmental uses.
The document discusses groundwater contamination and depletion in the state of Gujarat and cities like Kanpur in India. It provides details on the status of groundwater in various districts in Gujarat, including those that are overexploited, critical or semi-critical. It notes the major groundwater quality issues in different districts. It also discusses how factors like excessive pumping, unregulated waste disposal and lack of rainwater harvesting are leading to a lowering of the water table in many areas in India.
Activated sludge calculations with excel coursezubeditufail
This document provides an overview of an online course about activated sludge calculations using Excel. The course covers background on biological wastewater treatment and the activated sludge process. It describes common activated sludge process variations like conventional, extended aeration, and contact stabilization. The course teaches design and operational calculations for activated sludge aeration tanks using examples and sample Excel spreadsheets. Upon completion, students should understand activated sludge systems and be able to perform typical calculations.
The document summarizes an experimental study that compared the methane generation potential from brewery wastewater and domestic wastewater using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The study involved setting up two experimental systems - one with brewery wastewater and one with domestic wastewater. Various parameters like COD, pH, methane production were monitored over a 15 day period. The results showed that the brewery wastewater had higher COD removal efficiency and methane production compared to the domestic wastewater. The study provides useful insights into evaluating the energy recovery potential from different wastewater sources using anaerobic digestion.
This document discusses atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). AAS involves using a light source to emit electromagnetic radiation that matches an element's characteristic wavelength. When the element's atoms absorb this radiation in their gaseous ground state, the intensity of the radiation decreases. By measuring this decrease, AAS can quantify the concentration of metals and some non-metals in liquid samples. The key components of an AAS instrument are the light source, atomizer, monochromator, and detector. The atomizer converts the sample into free atoms, while the monochromator selects the characteristic wavelength and the detector measures the absorbed intensity.
This document summarizes the wastewater treatment process at Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences hospital in Srinagar, India. The wastewater treatment plant has two phases, with phase 1 including primary sedimentation, aeration, and secondary clarification and phase 2 including screening, grit removal, aeration, and secondary clarification. After treatment, effluent is sent to sludge beds and soak wells before final discharge to a nearby lake. However, the current facility is insufficient for fully treating hospital wastewater and poses health risks, as screens, grit, and sludge are not properly maintained or disposed of.
This PPT is about the river pollution in India- Talks about Sutlej river and Koovam River. This PPT also talks about Elinor Ostram principle for management of the commons
The document discusses the analysis of surface water quality in Tripura, India. 23 surface water samples were collected from various locations and analyzed for parameters like pH, turbidity, conductivity, calcium, magnesium, iron and more. The water quality index was determined using the concept of information entropy to check if the water was suitable for drinking. The principles, methods, equipment and procedures for determining various physico-chemical parameters of the water samples are also outlined.
Monitoring natural waters provides important information about environmental health and human impacts. There are four main methods: visual surveys assess appearance and conditions; biological inventories examine macroinvertebrate diversity and pollution tolerance; water quality tests measure factors like pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and contaminants; and flow rate can be monitored. Together these methods generate data for understanding watersheds and informing management decisions.
STUDY AND EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA AT DIFFERENT GHATS OF VA...Ugrasen Gulshan
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
1)To analysis the physico-chemical parameters of water of River Ganga in Varanasi city at different Ghats.
2)To study the change of physico-chemical properties of water with time.
This document provides an introduction to water treatment. It discusses that contaminated water can cause diseases and outlines some global statistics on water-related illnesses. It then describes the objectives and basic processes of water treatment. The document focuses on characterizing raw water sources and quality by examining physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Key water quality indicators discussed include turbidity, pH, hardness, chlorides, bacteria (including coliforms) and more. Standard methods for measuring various water quality parameters are also introduced.
This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It discusses how mass spectrometry works by ionizing sample molecules and then separating the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. The key components of a mass spectrometer are described, including sample introduction systems, ion sources, mass analyzers, and detectors. Common techniques like electron ionization, chemical ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization are also summarized. The document outlines the wide applications of mass spectrometry across many scientific fields.
The mouth dynamics of non-permanent open/shut estuaries (TOCEs) assume
a key part in their general functioning. In this examination, the impact of the inlet
state (closed versus open) on spatial fluctuation of water quality was surveyed in a
briefly open/closed Muttukadu Backwater . Samplings were carried out in two periods
during closed (May to August) and open phases (January to December and October to
December). The water samples were collected from 9 stations during open and total
closure conditions and analyzed for the physico-chemical characteristics. After the
closure of mouth, it is found that increase in salinity and dissolved oxygen decreases in
the backwater which in turn lead to fish kill. Nutrients in the estuarine system
demonstrate high values amid closure condition and get diluted when the mouth is
opened. The present outcomes recommend that the high nutrient supply from the
upper ranges to the estuary is because of the Industrial outlet, Crab farming and
tourism prompting Eutrophication when the sand bar is shut . Since the system is
shallow, it is clear that there is a build up of pollutants in stations 4, 5 and 6 . It is
observed that after the closure, the fishing activity is greatly affected due to the
change in water quality.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SAND HARVESTING ON WATER QUALITY IN RIVER THWAKE ...Tabitha Nzula Mwanzia
This document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical effects of sand harvesting on water quality in River Thwake in Machakos County, Kenya. Water samples were collected from a sand harvesting site and a non-sand harvesting site and analyzed for various parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, color, conductivity, heavy metals, BOD and COD. The results showed significant differences in color, turbidity, iron, COD and zinc between the two sites, indicating sand harvesting is negatively impacting water quality. However, other parameters like copper, conductivity, temperature and pH were not significantly different. The results were compared to WHO and Kenyan water quality guidelines to determine suitability for domestic use.
This document discusses various physicochemical parameters that are used to test water quality, including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, bicarbonate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). It explains that water quality must be regularly monitored and tested against these parameters to ensure it is safe for drinking, domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses. Each parameter is important to measure as it provides insight into the water ecosystem and potential contamination issues.
The document describes an experiment to determine the total hardness of drinking water samples from three locations in Punjab, India. Water samples were collected from Ludhiana, Kharar, and Samrala and titrated against EDTA using an indicator. The total hardness was calculated and found to be 82 mg/L, 84 mg/L, and 80 mg/L, respectively, indicating moderately hard water. The difference in hardness between the three samples was not significant.
This document discusses water quality management and focuses on water pollutants, their sources, and management strategies for rivers and lakes. It outlines various types of pollutants including oxygen-demanding materials, nutrients, pathogens, suspended solids, salts, toxic compounds, and heat. For lakes, it describes limnology, stratification and turnover, biological zones, productivity levels, eutrophication processes, and algal growth requirements. It also discusses controlling phosphorus from sources like wastewaters, septic tanks, agricultural runoff, and acidification to manage water quality in lakes.
Water quality depends on various physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Key parameters for assessing water quality for human consumption include pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity. Monitoring these parameters provides information about water contamination levels and suitability for drinking and environmental uses.
The document discusses groundwater contamination and depletion in the state of Gujarat and cities like Kanpur in India. It provides details on the status of groundwater in various districts in Gujarat, including those that are overexploited, critical or semi-critical. It notes the major groundwater quality issues in different districts. It also discusses how factors like excessive pumping, unregulated waste disposal and lack of rainwater harvesting are leading to a lowering of the water table in many areas in India.
Activated sludge calculations with excel coursezubeditufail
This document provides an overview of an online course about activated sludge calculations using Excel. The course covers background on biological wastewater treatment and the activated sludge process. It describes common activated sludge process variations like conventional, extended aeration, and contact stabilization. The course teaches design and operational calculations for activated sludge aeration tanks using examples and sample Excel spreadsheets. Upon completion, students should understand activated sludge systems and be able to perform typical calculations.
The document summarizes an experimental study that compared the methane generation potential from brewery wastewater and domestic wastewater using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The study involved setting up two experimental systems - one with brewery wastewater and one with domestic wastewater. Various parameters like COD, pH, methane production were monitored over a 15 day period. The results showed that the brewery wastewater had higher COD removal efficiency and methane production compared to the domestic wastewater. The study provides useful insights into evaluating the energy recovery potential from different wastewater sources using anaerobic digestion.
This document discusses atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). AAS involves using a light source to emit electromagnetic radiation that matches an element's characteristic wavelength. When the element's atoms absorb this radiation in their gaseous ground state, the intensity of the radiation decreases. By measuring this decrease, AAS can quantify the concentration of metals and some non-metals in liquid samples. The key components of an AAS instrument are the light source, atomizer, monochromator, and detector. The atomizer converts the sample into free atoms, while the monochromator selects the characteristic wavelength and the detector measures the absorbed intensity.
This document summarizes the wastewater treatment process at Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences hospital in Srinagar, India. The wastewater treatment plant has two phases, with phase 1 including primary sedimentation, aeration, and secondary clarification and phase 2 including screening, grit removal, aeration, and secondary clarification. After treatment, effluent is sent to sludge beds and soak wells before final discharge to a nearby lake. However, the current facility is insufficient for fully treating hospital wastewater and poses health risks, as screens, grit, and sludge are not properly maintained or disposed of.
This PPT is about the river pollution in India- Talks about Sutlej river and Koovam River. This PPT also talks about Elinor Ostram principle for management of the commons
The document discusses the analysis of surface water quality in Tripura, India. 23 surface water samples were collected from various locations and analyzed for parameters like pH, turbidity, conductivity, calcium, magnesium, iron and more. The water quality index was determined using the concept of information entropy to check if the water was suitable for drinking. The principles, methods, equipment and procedures for determining various physico-chemical parameters of the water samples are also outlined.
Monitoring natural waters provides important information about environmental health and human impacts. There are four main methods: visual surveys assess appearance and conditions; biological inventories examine macroinvertebrate diversity and pollution tolerance; water quality tests measure factors like pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and contaminants; and flow rate can be monitored. Together these methods generate data for understanding watersheds and informing management decisions.
STUDY AND EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA AT DIFFERENT GHATS OF VA...Ugrasen Gulshan
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
1)To analysis the physico-chemical parameters of water of River Ganga in Varanasi city at different Ghats.
2)To study the change of physico-chemical properties of water with time.
This document provides an introduction to water treatment. It discusses that contaminated water can cause diseases and outlines some global statistics on water-related illnesses. It then describes the objectives and basic processes of water treatment. The document focuses on characterizing raw water sources and quality by examining physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Key water quality indicators discussed include turbidity, pH, hardness, chlorides, bacteria (including coliforms) and more. Standard methods for measuring various water quality parameters are also introduced.
This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It discusses how mass spectrometry works by ionizing sample molecules and then separating the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. The key components of a mass spectrometer are described, including sample introduction systems, ion sources, mass analyzers, and detectors. Common techniques like electron ionization, chemical ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization are also summarized. The document outlines the wide applications of mass spectrometry across many scientific fields.
Similar to Determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness as of Some Physico-Chemical parameters of Water Pollution In Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India.
The mouth dynamics of non-permanent open/shut estuaries (TOCEs) assume
a key part in their general functioning. In this examination, the impact of the inlet
state (closed versus open) on spatial fluctuation of water quality was surveyed in a
briefly open/closed Muttukadu Backwater . Samplings were carried out in two periods
during closed (May to August) and open phases (January to December and October to
December). The water samples were collected from 9 stations during open and total
closure conditions and analyzed for the physico-chemical characteristics. After the
closure of mouth, it is found that increase in salinity and dissolved oxygen decreases in
the backwater which in turn lead to fish kill. Nutrients in the estuarine system
demonstrate high values amid closure condition and get diluted when the mouth is
opened. The present outcomes recommend that the high nutrient supply from the
upper ranges to the estuary is because of the Industrial outlet, Crab farming and
tourism prompting Eutrophication when the sand bar is shut . Since the system is
shallow, it is clear that there is a build up of pollutants in stations 4, 5 and 6 . It is
observed that after the closure, the fishing activity is greatly affected due to the
change in water quality.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SAND HARVESTING ON WATER QUALITY IN RIVER THWAKE ...Tabitha Nzula Mwanzia
This document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical effects of sand harvesting on water quality in River Thwake in Machakos County, Kenya. Water samples were collected from a sand harvesting site and a non-sand harvesting site and analyzed for various parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, color, conductivity, heavy metals, BOD and COD. The results showed significant differences in color, turbidity, iron, COD and zinc between the two sites, indicating sand harvesting is negatively impacting water quality. However, other parameters like copper, conductivity, temperature and pH were not significantly different. The results were compared to WHO and Kenyan water quality guidelines to determine suitability for domestic use.
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
Inventory of the aquatic macrophytes in lake kharungpat, indiaAlexander Decker
This study surveyed the aquatic plant species in Lake Kharungpat in India. A total of 54 species from 28 families were found. The plants were grouped as submerged (7 species), floating leaves (6 species), free floating (8 species), or emergent (33 species). The most common species were Alternanthera philoxeroides, Azolla pinnata, Brachiaria mutica, Ceratophyllum demersum, Echinochloa stagnina, Eichhornia crassipes, Enhydra fluctuans, Hygroryza aristata, Ludwigia adscendens, Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia cucullata and Zizania lat
Physico-Chemical Variations in Bay of Bengal Coastal Waters, South East Coast...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the physico-chemical variations in coastal waters of the Bay of Bengal in southeast India between December 2015 and March 2016. Water samples were collected monthly from three stations - Cuddalore, Pondicherry, and Parangipettai - and tested for parameters like temperature, turbidity, salinity, pH, biochemical oxygen demand, and nutrients. Key findings include:
1) Temperature ranged from 22-32°C across stations and was highest in March and lowest in December.
2) Turbidity was highest during the monsoon season due to rainfall.
3) Most parameters varied seasonally and spatially with temperature, pH, and BOD increasing after the mon
Abundance Plankton and Analysis Stomach Content and Trophic Level in Makassar...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research aims to know the condition of environmental parameters both from biological factors and physical factors of the Makassar Strait during the East season. The usability of the research ie can be to build and simulate dynamic models of fisheries systems. Data Collection has been carried since May 2019 to November 2019. Data collection on environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, flow velocity) and nutrients (nitrates and phosphates), phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance, , and gastric contents analysis were carried out, Method for analysing was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare environmental parameters, nutrients and abundance of plankton between the three districts observed. The relationship between the abundance of plankton with environmental parameters was analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis. Determination of trophic level is based on analysis of gastric contents using the TrophLab 2K program. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) between observation stations grouped in 6 months of observation showed that salinity was significantly different between locations and months of observation, temperature and pH were significantly different between months but did not differ according to location of observation, whereas DO levels did not show differences either between locations. The results of identification of phytoplankton types obtained during this research were dominated by diatoms. The type of zooplankton obtained is generally dominated by copepods. The result of gastric surgery is 10 dominant and economically valuable fish's species belonging to planktivor, omnivor and carnivor fish, and based on ecosystems including pelagic and demersal fish.
Diversity and abundance of Macrobenthos in a subtropical estuary, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
Soft bottom macrobenthos are important component of the marine and coastal trophic chain. There has been sparse information regarding the distribution of soft bottom macrobenthos form the coastal water of Bangladesh. Consequently, the present study was an effort to reveal the diversity and abundance of macrobenthos in the Feni Estuary in a seasonal pattern together with the hydrological factors. A total of 17 taxa families of soft-bottom invertebrates were found over the two sampling seasons. The current study yielded a total number of 34,726 ind./m 2 (mean 2480ind./m 2) including 18,909ind./m 2 in wet season (mean 2682ind./m 2) and 15,817 ind./m 2 in dry season (2259ind./m 2). The highest density of soft-bottom invertebrates was in the wet season while the lowest number in the dry season. A total of 5 groups of macrobenthos were found over the two sampling seasons. The dominant group was Polychaeta that contributed 43.60% of the total soft-bottom invertebrates. The values of biodiversity indices were higher in dry season compare to the wet season in most of the sampling station during the study period.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
Assessment on the Ecosystem Service Functions of Nansi Lake in ChinaIJERA Editor
The assessment of ecosystem service functions is one of the focused area in modern ecological and
environmental research. As a typical shallow macrophytic lake in China, Nansi Lake is selected as the study
area. Based the indicator system and assessment models established in this research, the ecosystem service
functions of Nansi Lake are assessed. The results show that the ecosystem service function of drinking water
source area/aquatic product supply/ecological habitat/entertainment and landscape/ water purification function of
the lakeside zone for Nansi Lake is assessed as medium (2.2)/good (3.5)/medium (3)/medium (2.55)/medium (3),
and the overall ecosystem service function of Nansi Lake can be considered as ―Medium‖. The eutrophication
control and ecological restoration of lakeside wetland need to be enhanced in the future.
Analysis Of Water Quality Parameters A ReviewJim Jimenez
This document summarizes research on analyzing water quality parameters in rivers. It discusses how parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, and heavy metals are tested. Heavy metals from sources like industrial and agricultural waste can poison aquatic life. The document reviews several studies on the Mula-Mutha River near Pune, India which found increasing pollution over time from domestic and industrial waste, affecting fish biodiversity. Other studies analyzed heavy metal contamination in the Mula-Mutha and Pavana Rivers, and water quality changes in the Pavana River from 2005 to 2013. The water quality in these rivers often exceeds WHO limits and reaches very poor levels due to untreated municipal and industrial
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal ...Angelo Mark Walag
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
Study of Microbial Pollution in River Beehar Water District Rewa Madhya Prade...IJERA Editor
Water is one of the best gifts to all living creature, given by nature. It is compulsory for the growth and maintenance of human body and also for many biological activities. It plays a vital role for the survival of all forms of life of earth and works as a universal solvent. Pollution is caused when a change in the physical, chemical or biological condition in the environment harmfully affect quality of human life including other animal’s life and plant The quality of water is typically determined by monitoring microbial presence, especially total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The total coliform count varied in the range of 836-1987.43 MPN/100 ml, 743-981 MPN/100ml, 1115.4 to 2010 MPN/100 ml; fecal coliform varied in the range of 763-1947.61 MPN/100 ml, 547-979 MPN/100 ml and 1057 to 1378 MPN/100 ml and fecal streptococci varied in the range of 881-1969.53 and 832.63-1098.86 MPN/100 ml, 1155 to 1512 MPN/100 ml during winter, summer and rainy season, respectively.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pollution on the mudskipper fishery in the Ulhas River estuary in India, with a focus on the biology of Boleopthalmus dussumieri. The estuary receives industrial and domestic effluents from nearby cities and has become heavily polluted, depleting fisheries. The study aims to assess current pollution levels, examine the health of B. dussumieri populations, and determine the status of its fishery. Water quality, biological samples, and fishing data were collected from three zones along the estuary over nine months. The results provide insight into how pollution is impacting this important coastal ecosystem and fishery.
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Abstract The present study deals with the seasonal limnological investigation related to physico-chemical characteristics of water of the Shri Sharanabasaveshwara Lake, Karnataka State. Besides temperature and meteorological data, 11 limnological parameters were tested following standard methods at 5 sampling sites/stations of the lake. The physico-chemical parameters (pH, DO, BOD, HCO3, TDS, Chloride, Nitrate, TH, Ca, Mg and SO4 etc.) showed distinct variation in the lake sites. Keywords: Limnology, Physico-chemical parameters, Shri Sharanabasaweshwara Lake
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River provides essential various ecosystem goods and services that are essential for living organisms’ survival. As such, its quality must be maintained to ensure the healthy condition of the environment as well as the safety of the community. The study aimed to assess the biophysical characteristics and the anthropogenic activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar. It employed descriptive research combined with laboratory analysis and SPSS was employed to treat and analyze the data.The study revealed that the physico chemical characteristics of the water in San Roque River in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, and turbidity were within the DENR standards. However, the water of the river was highly contaminated with total coli forms and fecal coli forms. Likewise, the salinity was beyond from the standard that made the water of the river salty. T test revealed that the characteristics of water during high and low tides showed no significant differences. On the contrary. It has shown significant difference on water parameters in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, and DO between high tide and the standards. Likewise, pH, TSS, BOD, and DO have shown significant difference on low tide with the standards. It also revealed that there were anthropogenic activities and practices of the community living along the river that directly affect the water quality and condition of the river. Moreover, this also concludes that there were no significant relationships on the characteristics of the water and the anthropogenic activities. Lastly, the San Roque River was classified as Class D river at the time of the conduct of the study. This concludes that the river needed rehabilitation so that the potential uses of the river would be maximized which would redound to better benefits of the community. Elvin L. Jarito | Gerald T. Malabarbas "Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38775.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/38775/biophysical-characteristics-and-the-anthropogenic-activities-in-san-roque-river-northern-samar/elvin-l-jarito
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Determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness as of Some Physico-Chemical parameters of Water Pollution In Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India.
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Determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen,
Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness as of
Some Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water
Pollution in Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-
India
Hanieh Farzaneh1
, Dr. S. Mokshapathy2
1
Research scholar in Development Study, Institute of Development Studies, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India
2
Assistant Professor in Agri-Business Management, Institute of Development Studies, University of Mysore, Mysore-
570006, India
Abstract: Sampling of the Physico-chemical factors from two stations on the surface water of Kukkarahalli Lake in
Mysore City-India was carried out biweekly over a period of 3 months of 2014. The aims were to determine some
Physico chemical parameters of water pollution. Temperature was measured using mercury in glass thermometer.
Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler azide method while Phosphate was determined by Vendo
Molybdate Method, Estimation of Sulphate as Sulphur in sample by Nephelometric Method, measurements of
total hardness by Complexometric Method. The result revealed that the major causes of water quality
deterioration were related to excess usage of fertilizers and chemicals for increasing yield of the crop or releasing
the sewage into the lake, due to cumulative effect of human activities where in sewage disposal oxygen is used in
decomposing these organic water, eutrophication which causes algal bloom and therefore inability of oxygen to
adequately dissolved in the water or the lentic nature of the site where was no serious upturns. As this Lake also
used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore, and today is a house of different variety of birds, animals,
plants and fishes it is very essential to stop sewage disposal and illegal excessive land encroachments to eliminate
the eutropohication of the lake, which this results of the Physico-chemical examination of this lake could be helpful
in the management of the lake for its water quality and fisheries.
Keywords: Physico-chemical factors, Kukkarahalli Lake, Water pollution, Water quality.
I. INTRODUCTION
Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all
levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells) [1].EPA’s 2010 National Lakes Assessment found that almost
20 percent of the nation’s lakes have high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. The report also showed that poor
lake conditions related to nitrogen or phosphorus pollution doubled the likelihood of poor ecosystem health [2].
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment
to remove harmful compounds. Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost all
cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural communities. Water
pollution may be occurred by point sources and non-point sources. Point source water pollution refers to contaminants
that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch and Non–point source (NPS) pollution
refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative
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effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area a common example is the leaching out of nitrogen
compounds from fertilized agricultural lands [3].Water is known to contain a large numbers of chemicals elements [4].
Physical parameters such as temperature, turbidity and current are also known to operate in Lake Ecosystem [5].The
interaction of both the physical and chemical properties of water play a significant role in the composition, distribution
and abundance of aquatic organisms and gives an insight into the relationships between the organism and their
environment and can be used in determining water quality, and productivity of the lake [6].The physico-chemical study
could also help in understanding of the structure and function of particular water body in relation to its inhabitants [6].
The some chemical elements found in water especially those studied in this work have effect on biological processes
which lead to interconversion of energy, production of organic material and ultimately to production of aquatic resources
such as fisheries and other biological components found in Lake Ecosystem. The proper balance of physical, chemical and
biological properties of water in ponds, lakes and reservoirs is an essential ingredient for successful production of fish and
other aquatic resources [6]. The presence or absence of chemical elements in a water body might be a limiting factor in
the productivity of such water body. Also abundance of a particular element might suggest the types of organism that may
be found as well as indication of ecologically unstable or unfavorable ecosystem which can have negative or positive
impact on the population [6].Studies have shown that water rich in silica will contain a high population of diatoms [7],
while high species diversity of snail could be explained by high concentration calcium [8]. Also high concentration
nitrogen and phosphate is indicative of eutrophication that may lead to Algal bloom and consequently deoxygenation and
fish kill [6]. Physical parameters such as light penetration, temperature and water movements have been shown to play
important roles in plankton's distribution and lake stratification [6].The physical and chemical limnology of a lake is
characterized by hydrologic impact, autogenic nutrient dynamics and biological aspects [6]. These factors combine with
each other determine the water quality and consequently community of lake [9].The Physico-Chemical characteristics of a
lake can be significantly altered by human activities such as various agricultural practices and irrigation as well as natural
dynamics which consequently affect the water quality and quantity, species distribution and diversity, production
capacity, and even diversity, production capacity, and even disruption in the balance of ecological system operating in the
lake [6].The goal of this paper is to determine of some Physico-chemical parameters of water pollution in kukkarahalli
lake of Mysore city with a view to revealing information about its water quality, the impact of water pollution on the
aquatic ecosystem and public health of the kukkarahalli lake of Mysore city. It will also help in conservation, effective
utilization, and sustainable exploitation of the vast aquatic resources that abound in the lake.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY SITE:
Mysore city is geographically located between 12° 18'' 26 North Latitude and 76° 38' 59'' East Longitude. It is located at
an altitude of 2,427 feet. It encompasses an area of 6,268 sq. km., the temperature varying between 19oC and 30oC. The
weather of Mysore is pleasant throughout the year. Mysore city is located in the southern part of the Deccan Plateau. It is
a beautiful land bordered by luxuriant forests. Mysore is located 140 Kms from the city of gardens, Bangalore.
Fig. 1. Location of Mysore city-India
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Kukkarahalli Lake located in the heart of the Mysore city, adjoins the Manasgangotri (University of Mysore), the
Kalamandir (Rangyana) and the Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) campus (separated by the
Hunsur Road). It provides lung-space to the city. Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, (1794–1868) of the Mysore Dynasty
(Kingdom of Mysore) was responsible for getting the lake created, in the year 1864, to provide water for irrigation to
about 4000 ha (10,000 acres) of land outside the city. The Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of
Mysore but over the years, sewage and excessive land encroachments (mostly illegal) and blockage of water flow sources
almost led to the eutropohication of the lake. The University of Mysore and the citizen forums of Mysore continue to
make efforts to preserve the lake by implementing several remedial measures. The Lake drains a catchment area of more
than 414 square kilometers (160 sq. mi) and the water body spreads over 62 hectares (150 acres). Dewan Poornaiah feeder
canal, 27 km (17 mi) long, which passes through Hinkal, Bogadi, Kudremala and Manasagangotri outfalls into the Lake.
The Lake is ‘J’ shaped. The maximum depth of lake is reported to be 5 m (16 ft.). The east-west bund holds water on one
side. Sandy loams to clay loam form the dominant geological condition of the Lake. On the northern side another
temporary bund hold back the direct flow of waste water into the lake. The highest flood level in the lake is 755.73 m
(2,479.4 ft.). Two sampling station were chosen within the lake. The first station designated as station (A), was at the
Upstream of the lake towards north western side while the second station, station (B), was at the Downstream of the lake
towards south eastern side and about 1000m from station (A). The choice of the stations is to reflect influence of human
activities such as washing, agriculture and fish landing, etc. on the lake ecosystem.
Fig. 2. Location of Stations A & B
B. SAMPLINGS:
Sampling for the Physico-chemical parameters were randomly done on each station for 3 months between February 2014,
and April 2014, the surface water samples were collected in 2 lit. Plastic cans, early in the morning (6-8 am) from each
site. Temperature was measured using mercury in glass thermometer accurate to 0.1oC. pH was determined immediately
at the place of collection with the help of universal pH paper and was later confirmed in the laboratory using global digital
pH meter (OPH 500). Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler azide method, while Phosphate was
determined by Vendo Molybdate Method, Estimation of Sulphate as Sulphur in sample by Nephelometric Method,
measurements of calcium and magnesium (total hardness) by Complexometric Method (EDTA titration).
C. RESULTS:
The results of the Physico-chemical parameters of two stations are presented in table 1 and 2 respectively. Temperature
ranged Between 25 - 26.2. Higher values were obtained at station (A) during February and the lowest temperature of
25oC was obtained at station (B) in April. The present study showed that pH range of 8-9.8. Dissolved oxygen
concentration showed a gradual decrease with time in both station. Station (A) has a higher value with maximum
concentration of 9.30 mg/l recorded in February, while lowest value of 3.10 mg/l was obtained at station (B) in April. A
sulphate value in station (B) was higher (30 mg/l - 78 mg/l) than in station (A) (24 mg/l - 68 mg/l). The concentration of
Sulphate was found to increase from February to April. Of all the ions studied in the lake phosphate has the lowest
concentration, it ranged between 0.60 -0.77 in both station and total hardness values in station (A) was higher (247 mg/l-
240 mg/l) than in station (B) (234 mg/l- 229mg/l).
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TABLE I: THE MONTHLY MEAN VALUES OF PHYSICO – CHEMICAL PARAMETERS AT STATION (A) IN
KUKKARAHALLI LAKE
PARAMETERS
PERIODS
February March April
Air temperature (o
C) 26.3 24.5 22.3
Water temperature(o
C) 26.2 25 25
pH 8.9 9.4 9.8
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 9.30 5.13 4.33
Sulphate (mg/l) 24 49 68
Phosphate (mg/l) 0.67 0.60 0.77
Total hardness (mg/l) 247 243 240
TABLE II: THE MONTHLY MEAN VALUES OF PHYSICO – CHEMICAL PARAMETERS AT STATION (B) IN
KUKKARAHALLI LAKE
PARAMETERS PERIODS
February March April
Air temperature (o
C) 26.3 24.5 22.3
Water temperature(o
C) 25.3 25 25
pH 9.3 8 9.7
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 3.21 6.17 3.10
Sulphate (mg/l) 30 39 78
Phosphate (mg/l) 0.65 0.62 0.71
Total hardness (mg/l) 234 230 229
III. DISCUSSION
The results of the Physico-chemical examination of this lake could be helpful in the management of the lake for its water
quality and fisheries. Kukkarahalli Lake is the total richness of Sulphate, relatively high Phosphates and high pH, low
Dissolved Oxygen and high total hardness may be due to excess usage of fertilizers and chemicals for increasing yield of
the crop or releasing the sewage into the lake. The surface water, temperature of the lake follows closely that of the air
temperature. The temperature variation recorded during the study was optimal for normal growth and survival of aquatic
organisms [10].The lower values of dissolved oxygen observed in station (B) could be due to cumulative effect of human
activities such as sewage disposal where oxygen is used in decomposing these organic water, eutrophication which causes
algal bloom and therefore inability of oxygen to adequately dissolved in the water or the lentic nature of the site where
was no serious upturns [5]. Eutrophication could also lead to unpleasant taste and odour of the water when the algae die
and decompose thus deteriorating the quality of the water [6].Calcium and magnesium ions in the lake form the total
hardness of the water. Water is considered soft if it contains 0 to 60 mg/L of hardness, moderately hard from 61 to 120
mg/L, hard between 121 and 180 mg/L, and very hard if more than 180 mg/L. Very hard water is not desirable for many
domestic uses; it will leave a scaly deposit on the inside of pipes, boilers, and tanks (USEPA, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 2006).calcium and magnesium ions in the lake form the total hardness of the water. Water is
considered soft if it contains 0 to 60 mg/L of hardness, moderately hard from 61 to 120 mg/L, hard between 121 and 180
mg/L, and very hard if more than 180 mg/L. Very hard water is not desirable for many domestic uses; it will leave a scaly
deposit on the inside of pipes, boilers, and tanks ( USEPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006).the lake water
could be classified as very hard water since its calcium and magnesium did exceed 180 mg/Sulphate is the most abundant
ion in the lake. The source of the Sulphate could probably be from the mineral rocks that are presented around the lake
[6].The phosphate concentration is also higher (0.5 mg/L maximum) compared to its concentration in most freshwater
lakes [11]. The high concentration could also be traced to leaching of phosphate fertilizer into the lake [6].pH of water
influences on the occurrence and growth of various organisms of water bodies [6]. The present study showed that pH
range of 8-9.8 to be congenial for the growth and multiplication of fungi [6]. Generally, the lake water tends to move
more into alkalinity. The trouble is, sewage is often released in much greater quantities than the natural environment can
cope with. Chemical fertilizers also add nutrients to the soil, which drain into the water and add to the fertilizing effect of
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the sewage. Together, sewage and fertilizers can cause a massive increase in the growth of algae or plankton that
overwhelms huge areas of oceans, lakes, or rivers [12]. This is known as a harmful algal bloom because it removes
oxygen from the water that kills other forms of life, leading to what is known as a dead zone. According to The National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Gulf of Mexico has one of the world's most spectacular dead zones
that grows to an area of 14,000 sq.km annually which is about the same size as the state of Nagaland in Northeast India
[13],[14].Water pollution is the cause of our undisciplined actions and irresponsibility. We, humans are only creating
problems that consequently we will also carry the burden of these problems. I found that water pollution is, without a
doubt, a huge problem in today’s society. If we do not take action now this could lead to a bad news for everyone in many
ways. Our drinking water and our aquatic organism will be affected, which will eventually be a risk for humans in many
ways.
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[12] Water pollution: an introduction by Chris Woodford. Last updated: June 29, 2015.
[13] World Health Organization (WHO): Diarrheal disease, Fact sheet Number 330, April 2013.
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Administration (NOAA). June 21, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2012.