Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
A nutrient is a chemical that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment.
A nutrient is a chemical that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment.
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. This module explains the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems-freshwater ones.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in culture pond of Noa...AbdullaAlAsif1
A study was conducted on qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in cultured ponds of two fish farms of Noakhali district, Bangladesh from 15 September to 15 November 2012 to identify and estimate the abundance of phytoplankton in various culture ponds of two fish farms. Analyses of phytoplankton samples recorded a total of 4 classes phytoplankton viz.; Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae. Out of 21 phytoplankton genera identified, 5 belong to Cyanophyceae, 7 to Chlorophyceae, 5 to Bacillariophyceae and 4 to Euglenophyceae. Among the identified genera, Euglena, Microcystis, Eurolena were found to be dominant genera. Total phytoplankton abundance was varied from 36×105 cells/L to 94.92×105 cells/L in the experimental ponds. Among all experimental ponds, Chlorophyceae was found dominant (44.4×105 cells/L). Second dominant group was Euglenophyceae (39.6×105 cells/L) observed in pond-1 of Bismillah Agro Production (BAP). Total phytoplankton densities were recorded 47.82×105cells/L and 51×105 cells/L in pond-1 and pond-2 of Subarna Agro Based Initiative (SABI) respectively. In BAP, total phytoplankton densities were recorded 94.92×105cells/L and 36×105 cells/L in pond-1 and pond-2 respectively. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period namely water temperature, conductivity, salinity, transparency, dissolve oxygen and pH. The present study reveals that phytoplankton species are variable among the culture ponds and their density is also variable. The information provides for more research to compare water quality and pond phytoplankton characteristics in earthen aquaculture systems with and without fish stocking. Further studies on the seasonal changes of water quality parameters and its effects on phytoplankton production in the fish ponds and all year extended monitoring is recommended in future studies.
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
Estuaries Ecosystem : Where River Meets Ocean
Everything about estuary ecosystem has been elaborated including Introduction, Types, Physical and Chemical Characteristics , Biota, Marsh Lands, Mangrove Forests, Food Web, Threats, Conservation, Restoration etc....
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. This module explains the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems-freshwater ones.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in culture pond of Noa...AbdullaAlAsif1
A study was conducted on qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in cultured ponds of two fish farms of Noakhali district, Bangladesh from 15 September to 15 November 2012 to identify and estimate the abundance of phytoplankton in various culture ponds of two fish farms. Analyses of phytoplankton samples recorded a total of 4 classes phytoplankton viz.; Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae. Out of 21 phytoplankton genera identified, 5 belong to Cyanophyceae, 7 to Chlorophyceae, 5 to Bacillariophyceae and 4 to Euglenophyceae. Among the identified genera, Euglena, Microcystis, Eurolena were found to be dominant genera. Total phytoplankton abundance was varied from 36×105 cells/L to 94.92×105 cells/L in the experimental ponds. Among all experimental ponds, Chlorophyceae was found dominant (44.4×105 cells/L). Second dominant group was Euglenophyceae (39.6×105 cells/L) observed in pond-1 of Bismillah Agro Production (BAP). Total phytoplankton densities were recorded 47.82×105cells/L and 51×105 cells/L in pond-1 and pond-2 of Subarna Agro Based Initiative (SABI) respectively. In BAP, total phytoplankton densities were recorded 94.92×105cells/L and 36×105 cells/L in pond-1 and pond-2 respectively. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period namely water temperature, conductivity, salinity, transparency, dissolve oxygen and pH. The present study reveals that phytoplankton species are variable among the culture ponds and their density is also variable. The information provides for more research to compare water quality and pond phytoplankton characteristics in earthen aquaculture systems with and without fish stocking. Further studies on the seasonal changes of water quality parameters and its effects on phytoplankton production in the fish ponds and all year extended monitoring is recommended in future studies.
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
Estuaries Ecosystem : Where River Meets Ocean
Everything about estuary ecosystem has been elaborated including Introduction, Types, Physical and Chemical Characteristics , Biota, Marsh Lands, Mangrove Forests, Food Web, Threats, Conservation, Restoration etc....
Bioindicators are organisms, such as lichens,birds and bacteria, that are used to monitor the health of the environment. The organisms and organism associations are monitored for changes that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem. The changes can be chemical, physiological or behavioural. Bioindicators are relevant for Ecological health
Ministry of women affairs and women in nigeria politicsstatisense
Analysis of Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development budgets for the year 2011 to 2017 with the aim of reviewing Women participation in Politics and how it affects government allocations and Bills consideration in the National Assembly.
Diversity and abundance of Macrobenthos in a subtropical estuary, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
Soft bottom macrobenthos are important component of the marine and coastal trophic chain. There has been sparse information regarding the distribution of soft bottom macrobenthos form the coastal water of Bangladesh. Consequently, the present study was an effort to reveal the diversity and abundance of macrobenthos in the Feni Estuary in a seasonal pattern together with the hydrological factors. A total of 17 taxa families of soft-bottom invertebrates were found over the two sampling seasons. The current study yielded a total number of 34,726 ind./m 2 (mean 2480ind./m 2) including 18,909ind./m 2 in wet season (mean 2682ind./m 2) and 15,817 ind./m 2 in dry season (2259ind./m 2). The highest density of soft-bottom invertebrates was in the wet season while the lowest number in the dry season. A total of 5 groups of macrobenthos were found over the two sampling seasons. The dominant group was Polychaeta that contributed 43.60% of the total soft-bottom invertebrates. The values of biodiversity indices were higher in dry season compare to the wet season in most of the sampling station during the study period.
A Rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs in morales Beach, B...Innspub Net
Morales beach is one of the beaches located in the coastal town of Glan, Sarangani Province and noted for its quite enormous coral reef which is continuously degrading. This study was conducted to assess the health status of coral reef ecosystem and to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters of the area. Point Intercept Transect (PIT) method was used to monitor live coral condition and the supporting fauna at a coral reef ecosystem. Physico-chemical parameters were obtained in situ using a thermometer, refractometer, and a pH meter. The result of the study showed a very low percentage cover of hard corals, no cover percentage of soft corals and high cover percentage of other biota or substrate. The reef areas exhibited poor coral cover with an average of 15 percent live hard corals having family Acropora as the most dominant species (Shannon diversity index of 1.653). Water samples obtained were within the DENR (1990) standards suitable for the optimum growth of coral reefs. The health status of the coral reefs in Morales beach showed a partially disturbed reef due to human intervention. It is greatly recommended to constantly monitor the coral conditions in order to effectively manage and protect the increasing number of Marine Protected Areas (MPA).
Species composition of benthic macroalgae in the coastal areas of Surigao Cit...Innspub Net
This study aimed to determine the species composition of the benthic macroalgae in relation to the environmental parameters in one of the coastal areas in Surigao City, Philippines. It is conducted along the coasts of Barangay Day-asan with established three stations. The macroalgae species were observed and collected using line transect method. The water quality parameters were obtained in situ using water quality apparatus and the species composition were determined through diversity indices such as Shannon H, dominance and evenness and abundance. There were six (6) species observed in the study site. Sargassum polycystum is the most abundant and is present in three stations. As to diversity indices, the benthic macroalgae has a moderate category in terms of Shannon H, low dominance and almost a uniform distribution of species in all three stations. The coastal water parameters of Barangay Day-asan passed the DAO standards and still within the limits and ranges based on the diversity indices of Shannon H, dominance and evenness. Depth has a strong correlation to Codium fragile and pH to Amphiroa fragillissima and Halimeda opuntia. As indicated by the diversity indices of the benthic macroalgae species composition, the coastal water of Barangay Day-asan has still a suitable environmental condition for their growth. Hence, it is recommended to have strong information, education and communication environmental campaign and policies for locals and tourists as ecotourism starts to kick off in the locality to ensure sustainable conservation and protection of the natural environment with benthic macroalgae as good bioindicators.
Aspects of the Geomorphology and Limnology of some molluscinhabited freshwate...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
Environmental conditions and zooplankton community structure in five ponds in...Innspub Net
The degradation of surface water quality in Cameroon is linked to the absence of a functional waste management strategy. For such a strategy to be efficient, a general understanding of aquatic ecosystems will be of importance, these management strategies are particularly lacking in the eastern part of the country. To better understand and appreciate the ecosystems in the town of Bertoua, five ponds where chosen for the physicochemical and zooplankton communities analysis. Sampling on these ponds was conducted from March 2016 to April 2017 on a monthly basis. Samples for physicochemical analysis were collected at 20cm below water surface at the middle of each pond and measured were done following the recommendations of Rodier and Alpha. Biological samples were collected by filtering 50 liters of water through a 64µm mesh opening sieve. Identification was done using standard methods and identification keys. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to assess the potential differences between the different ponds base monthly observations. Although they are all hypereutrophic, with regard to the values of the physicochemical parameters, the five ponds showed no significant difference between them but, the structure of the zooplankton community remains very diverse. 118 zooplankton species have been identified in the five ponds. The distribution of zooplankton in these hydrosystems was mainly governed by the presence of organic matter. This study sheds light on the status and biological diversity of ponds in eastern Cameroon, data on which to rely to develop management strategies.
Utilization of Multiple Habitat Sampling Protocol for Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Water
Quality in Stream Ecosystem in Lawis,
Buruun, Iligan City
Macrobenthic Invertebrate assemblage along gradients of the river Basantar (J...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A limnological investigation was carried out in River Basantar in the Jammu province of Jammu & Kashmir (India) during the period from December, 2009 to November, 2011 in order to analyse the effect of industrial pollution on the diversity and population density of Macrobenthic invertebrate fauna along the longitudinal profile of the river. A total of 27 macrobenthic invertebrate taxa inhabited the river; among these Arthropoda dominated the macrobenthic community (81.48%, 22 species) followed by Annelida (11.11%, 3 species) and Mollusca (7.41%, 2 species). The Discharge Zone (St II) had the highest mean standing crop of macrobenthic population while the lowest species number. Oligochaetes (Annelida) and Dipterans (Arthropoda) exhibited their abundance at polluted sites whereas Odonates, Ephemeropterans, Hemipterans, Coleopterans (Arthropoda) and Molluscs were abundant at least polluted sites. Tubifex tubifex, Branchiura sowerbyi, Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri, Chironomus, Tubifera, Psychoda and Physa acuta were identified as pollution indicator taxa while Progomphus, Cloeon, Baetis and Gyraulus as sensitive taxa.
Specific physicochemical parameters influence on the plankton structure in ag...Innspub Net
The continuous discharge of effluents into Warri River, impacts on its water quality parameters as well as plankton species which requires commensurate surveillance. This study focuses on its physicochemical characteristics and their influence on plankton composition and abundance. The surface water samples and plankton collected monthly from June to November 2014 were analyzed using standard methods. The physicochemical parameters showed variations among the stations. The ANOVA results revealed that water temperature, transparency, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, pH, acidity, Dissolved Oxygen and phosphate were significantly different (P <0.05) among the studied sites. A total of 849 plankton species identified; 814 species were phytoplankton consisting of four groups (Bacillariophyta> Chlorophyta> Euglenophyta> Cyanophyta, arranged in order of dominance. While zooplankton had 35 species grouped into 5 groups; Rotifera> Copepoda> Protozoa> Cladocera> Arachnida, in order of dominance. Pearson correlation revealed a significant correlation between different Plankton species population and some parameters (p<0.05). The principal component analysis labelled acidity, organic load, mineralization, nutrient, and organic pollution as influential factors governing plankton abundance in the studied area. These factors identify with materials from industries and human activities along the river, which results in the alteration of plankton composition, particularly Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs,1861. Inferred biological indicator of the water body. Diversity indices ranged from 0.28 to 1.39; Station 2 had the highest (1.39) and Station 1 the lowest species richness, a highly polluted river.
Artifi cial wetlands are useful for wastewater treatment; however, relatively little is known of the effects of sewage on artifi cial wetland microbial community structure. Therefore, we assessed the effect of municipal sewage on microbial community diversity in surface water throughout an artifi cial wetland (Xiantao artifi cial wetland) treating municipal sewage. We analyzed the relationship between physicochemical parameters of surface water (i.e., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and
NH4+-N) with microbial community structure (Illumina MiSeq sequencing followed by abundance indices). The results showed that the total microbial community in surface water was signifi cantly correlated with COD, TN, TP, and NH4
+-N (r = 0.764, 0.897, 0.883, 0.839, P < 0.05). In addition, the most abundant taxa were significantly correlated with COD (r = 0.803, P < 0.05). The relative abundance of rare operational taxonomic units in the more purifi ed water farther downstream was higher than in the polluted area, suggesting that rare groups were more sensitive to physicochemical parameters than abundant groups, and that the abundance of some bacteria could indirectly indicate the degree of aquatic pollution. Our results indicate that the responses of microorganisms in artificial wetlands to environmental conditions should be considered to ensure efficient treatment.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Alert-driven Community-based Forest monitoring: A case of the Peruvian Amazon
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines
1. AES Bioflux, 2016, Volume 8, Issue 1.
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AES BIOFLUX
Advances in Environmental Sciences -
International Journal of the Bioflux Society
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic
invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa,
Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines
1
Angelo Mark P. Walag, 2
Mae Oljae P. Canencia
1
Department of Graduate Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, Mindanao University
of Science and Technology, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines; 2
Department of
Environmental Sciences and Technology, College of Arts and Sciences, Mindanao
University of Science and Technology, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines.
Corresponding author: A. M. P. Walag, walag.angelo@gmail.com
Abstract. Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa,
Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH,
salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the
study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately
14,000 m2
of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in
the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and
Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda,
and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the
macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly
distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related
studies.
Key Words: abundance, diversity, environment, invertebrates, pollution, Philippines.
Introduction. Macrobenthic invertebrates are organisms that live on or inside the
deposit at the bottom of a body of water (Idowu & Ugwumba 2005). They are easily
visible to the naked eye with the lower range of body size at 0.5 mm but usually larger
than 3 mm. In the coastal water ecosystem, they include several species of organisms,
which cut across different taxa including Porifera, Annelids, Coelenterates, Mollusks,
Crustaceans, Arthropods and etc. These organisms play a vital role in the circulation and
recirculation of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems. According to Imevbore & Bakare (1970),
organisms constitute the link between the unavailable nutrients in detritus and useful
protein materials in fish and shellfish. Thus, most benthic organisms feed on debris that
settle on the bottom of the water and in turn serve as food for a wide range of fishes.
Much of these macrobenthic invertebrates reside and inhabit intertidal zones of
our coast areas. Intertidal environment is defined as the zone between high and low
water surrounding the world's oceans, supports a rich and unique biota consisting almost
entirely of marine organisms. Intertidal organisms are exposed to air on a daily basis,
and so must avoid or tolerate environmental stresses rarely encountered in the subtidal
(Esenowo & Ugwumba 2010).
Coastal areas are the interface between water draining from inland river basins
and the oceans, and can therefore receive high concentrations of natural and
anthropogenic materials, including minerals, soils, nutrients and organic matters. These
wastes largely affect the species diversity, abundance and biomass, and structure of the
benthic community (Müller et al 1995). As such, indicators of pollutants are benthic
organisms for these organisms settle in the mudflat, contact the sediment directly and
can respond quickly to changes in the habitats. Consequently, Gray (2000), proposed
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that benthic communities are indicator of ecological health of the ecosystem wherein,
organisms detects pollutant over time.
Physical, chemical and biological qualities of water are some of the factors that
influence species composition, diversity, productivity and physiological conditions of local
populations of a body of water (Boyd 1979). Various studies on water quality and
management using macrobenthic invertebrates in assessing the impacts of pollutants in
marine environments have been published. One of of these studies are from Dance &
Hynes (1980), wherein, existence and distribution of macrobenthic invertebrate are
influenced mostly by the physicochemical quality of water and the nearest substrate of
occupancy. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and salinity have substantial effects on
the life of marine organisms. As cited by Fabry et al (2008), one of the cause of global
warming and ocean acidification is the rising of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) which
consider as an important drivers of change in biological systems. In relation to the study
conducted by Sithik et al (2009), momentary salinity are remarked by rainfall and
evaporation. Furthermore, pH has a linear relationship with salinity.
Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City is a well-known urbanized barangay with plenty of
residential subdivisions, commercial stores, industries, schools and a shipment port to
name a few. Increased rate of development follows an increase of population which then
results to high rate of consumption and thereby increasing the rate of waste production
which are discharged in bodies of water. There are several studies conducted
internationally and locally in Mindanao and even studies on disturbed and polluted marine
environment and its effects on the macrobenthic invertebrates. According to the study of
Mandal & Harkantra (2013), macrobenthos play a significant role in mixing sediments,
flux of oxygen into sediments, mineralization, and cycling of organic matter.
Furthermore, this idea was supported from the study conducted by Sany et al (2015),
wherein, sediments, high sensibility to chemical contaminates, and the absorption and
accumulation of different kinds of compounds such as heavy metals, which has a close
relation in evaluating the environmental changes and chemical effects in macrobenthic
organisms. Hence, the main aim of this study is to assess the macrobenthic invertebrates
in the intertidal zones of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City where port areas, human activities
and industrial companies are its fullest. Thus, it specifically aims to: (1) determine the
physico-chemical parameters on the established transect lines of the intertidal zone of
Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City; (2) identify the macrobenthic invertebrates species present
in the aforementioned site; (3) determine the relative abundance (RA) and species
diversity of macrobenthic invertebrates.
Material and Method
Study area. The study was conducted in the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro
City from March to May 2014 (Figure 1).
The intertidal zone is roughly 300 meters from the National Highway with a
geographic coordinates of 8°28’40.60” North 124°41’00.56” East; average elevation of 2
meters above sea level; and is roughly 4000 m2
. To the east of the study area is a river
mouth from the Province of Bukidnon. To the west is the Port of Agora. The study area is
near the port of Agora where much of industrial products are docked and is near to Villa
Ernesto Subdivision Phase II. Much of the wastes coming from cargo ships are thrown
and discarded in the coast, some wastes are carried to the sandy shore. The intertidal
zone is mainly composed of sandy and rocky substrate. The rocky substrate is mostly
covered with algae and sea grasses. Gravel, coarse, sand, fine and muddy sediments are
readily observed from the shore to the intertidal zone.
Establishment of study area. A modified transect - quadrat method was employed in
the study as shown in Figure 2. The shoreline of the study area extends approximately
400 meters divided by five (5) transect lines established. Each transect line is 80 meters
apart from each other. A 1 X 1 meter quadrat were established 1 meter from the both
sides of the transect and the quadrats were 5 meters apart from each other. The length
of the transect line varied depending on the topography of the area.
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Figure 2. Establishment of transects and quadrats in the study area.
Figure 1. Map of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City showing the area of study.
SAMPLING SITE
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Determination of physico-chemical parameters. The physico-chemical parameters of
the sea water were measured and identified which includes temperature, pH, salinity,
dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and substrate type.
Temperature, pH, and salinity were determined in-situ using a mercury-in-glass
thermometer, buffered electronic pH meter (Kent EIL 7020) and handheld salinity
refractometer were used. BOD and DO were determined using titration method (APHA,
AWWA, WEF 1999).
Collection and determination of macrobenthic invertebrates. All specimens
collected were brought to the laboratory for identification and classification. Identification
was based on morphological characteristic of each specimen, using several guides to
identify collected samples (Nichols & Bartsch 1945; Springsteen & Leobrera 1986;
Edward & Barnes 1994; Schoppe 2000; Abbott & Morris 1995; Dance 1992; De Bruyne
2003; Pechenik 2015).
Statistical analyses
Relative abundance. RA is the number of percent composition of an organism of a
particular kind relative to the total number of organism in the area.
RA (%) = Number of individuals per species x 100
Total number of individuals
Pattern of distribution
Coefficient of dispersion (CD) = Variance/Mean
i. Variance= ∑n (∑x) – (∑x) ln (n-1)
Where: n = no. of species
ii. Mean (x)= ∑xn
Where: x = no. of species
n = no. of quadrats
Where CD:
Less than 1 (< 1) – regular;
Greater than 1 (> 1) – clumping;
Equal to 1 (=1) - random.
Shannon’s Wiener function for diversity
H = -∑(ni/n)logn (ni/N) or H = - ∑ pi (ln pi)
Where:
H = Shannon’s index of general diversity;
ni = no. of macrobenthic invertebrate of a species i; the abundance of
species I;
N = Total no. of all individuals;
pi = the RA of each species, calculated as the proportion of individuals of a
given species to the total number of individuals in the community: .
Results and Discussion
Physico-chemical parameters. Physico-chemical parameters were determined in the
five (5) transects of the study area and are summarized in the Table 1.
The lowest mean temperature was recorded in transect 3 in May while the highest
mean value was recorded in transect 1 in the month of April as shown in Figure 3.
Higher pH was recorded in the month March compared to April and May. The
highest pH recorded was in transect 3 in the month of March while the lowest was in
transect 2 in the month of April as shown in Figure 4. According to Esteves (1998), most
marine environments exhibit pH values ranging from 6 to 8 which is also true to the
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results in this study. The pH of marine water is influenced by the concentration of carbon
dioxide and organic substances dissolved in water.
The highest salinity was recorded in transect 4 in the entire duration of the study
while the lowest was recorded in transect 1 in the month of March as shown in Figure 5.
The lowest mean DO was recorded in transect 5 in the month of May while the
highest was in transect 3 in the month of March as shown in Figure 6. DO concentration
is dependent on two primary reasons – water temperature and atmospheric pressure. DO
decreases due to consumption of different organic processes, respiration of marine
organisms, oxidation of metals (Esteves 1998).
The highest recorded BOD was in the month of April for all the transect lines while
the lowest was in transect 1 in the month of May as shown in Figure 7.
Rocky substrate was observed in transects 1, 2 and 3, a muddy substrate in
transect 4, and a sandy substrate in transect 5.
Table 1
Mean values of physico-chemical parameters of the five transect lines
Parameters Transect 1 Transect 2 Transect 3 Transect 4 Transect 5
Water temperature (˚C) 23.26±0.28 21.85±0.26 20.17±0.25 22.45±0.32 23.3±0.11
pH 7.32±0.64 6.98±023 8.32±0.05 8.11±0.13 7.87±0.43
Salinity (mg L-1
) 28.90±0.21 29.78±0.45 30.05±0.12 31.01±0.33 30.21±0.03
Dissolved oxygen (mg L-1
) 7.28±0.11 5.98±0.21 8.02±0.06 6.86±0.34 6.73±0.21
Biological oxygen demand
(mg DO L-1
)
13.44±0.32 13.33±0.14 13.16±0.12 14.07±0.43 14.21±0.11
Substrate type Rocky Rocky Rocky Muddy Sandy
Figure 3. Monthly variation of temperature (˚C).
Figure 4. Monthly variation of pH.
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Figure 5. Monthly variation of salinity (mg L-1
).
Figure 6. Monthly variation of DO (mg L-1
).
Figure 7. Monthly variation of BOD (mg L-1
).
Species composition. Fifteen (15) taxa of macrobenthic invertebrates were identified
from the seven hundred and twenty seven individuals collected from 5 transects. These
taxa belong to four phyla namely, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida and Echinodermata as
shown in Table 2. The number of recorded organism populations was generally low
because of some ecological and environmental imbalances which come from the
alterations of some essential factors which influence the abundance and distribution of
Figure 4. Monthly variation of pH.
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the benthic communities as reported by George et al (2009). Some of the factors include
the quality of water, substrate near the marine ecosystem and availability of food. In
addition, high human activities were also noted around study area which may be a
possible explanation to a low turn-out of organisms as shown in the study conducted by
Ogbeibu & Egborge (1995) where high biodiversity is expected in ecosystems which are
from anthropogenic activities. Phylum Arthropoda constituted the most abundant group
with 537 organisms collected of which are Coenobita clypeatus under class Malacostraca,
while Phylum Annelida has the least number of individuals, of which is a species of
Polychaeta where 1 organism was collected and identified. One hundred and fifty nine
(159) individuals under Phylum Mollusca were identified belonging to the 12 species out
of 15 identified were collected, while Phylum Echinodermata had 30 individual recorded
belonging to one species. While the least number of species identified and collected is
under Phylum Arthropoda, Annelida and Echinodermata, all of which have only 1 taxon
out of 15 identified and collected as shown in Table 2.
Table 2
List of identified macrobenthic invertebrates and their respective relative abundance
Taxon No. of individuals Relative abundance (%)
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Coenobita clypeatus 537 73.86
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Cypraeidae
Cypraea moneta
Cypraea poraria (juvenile)
Cypraea tigris
Cypraea asellus
Cypraea annulus
Trochidae
Monodonta canalifera
Neritidae
Nerita sp.
Pattelidae
Cellana radiata
Murcidae
Morula granulata
Buccinidae
Engina sp. (juvenile)
Bivalvia
Mactridae
Tellinides timorensis
Polyplacophora
Chitonidae
Acanthopleura gemmata
25
27
5
1
20
11
9
19
18
10
1
13
3.44
3.71
0.69
0.14
2.75
1.51
1.24
2.61
2.48
1.37
0.14
1.79
Annelida
Polychaeta 1 0.14
Echinodermata
Ophiuroidea
Ophiotrichidae
Ophiothrix longipeda 30 4.13
Total 727 100.00
Relative abundance. Based from the collected data, Phylum Arthropoda (RA = 73.86%)
is the most relatively abundant from the all the phyla. It is followed by Phylum Mollusca
(RA = 21.87%), then Echinodermata (RA = 4.13%) and Annelida (RA = 0.14%) as
shown in Figure 8. Phylum Arthropoda is the most represented phyla since crustaceans
are generally filter feeders and are fed by the suspended particles found in the mud and
rocky substrate (Tyokumbur et al 2002). Phylum Mollusca is next to Phylum Arthropoda
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in terms of number of individuals with 8 families having 159 individuals collected from 12
species out of 15. The results of the study is consistent with the results of the studies
conducted in Camiguin (Penalosa 2010), in El Salvador (Sambaan 2005), and in Agusan
del Norte (Santiago 2002) which shows that the three most abundantly represented
phyla are Mollusca, Arthropoda, and Echinodermata. The dominance of mollusks may
indicate high resource availability or lack of predators or both. A study conducted by
Masese et al (2009) has shown that the dominance of a taxa is attributed to suitable
abiotic factors, availability of food source, and lack of competition and/or predation. The
top three (3) most abundant species from the five (5) transect lines sampled are
Coenobita clypeatus (RA = 73.86%), Ophiothrix longipeda (RA = 4.13%) and Cypraea
poraria (RA = 3.71%) (Figure 9). The molluscan species collected are less abundant
compared to Coenobita clypeatus (Phylum Arthropoda) because this may be due to the
gleaning activity of human beings living near the coast. These gastropods and bivalves
under phylum mollusca are considered as edible for consumption thus, they are target to
gleaners resulting to low number of abundance than the collected individuals belonging
from the phylum arthropoda, as shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8. Relative abundance of each Phylum.
Even Arthropods are relatively abundant and dominating in the area with RA = 73.86%,
still only one species was identified and collected under the phylum. These organisms are
decapods that usually reside inside gastropod shell for protection. Since suitable intact
gastropod shells are sometimes a limited resource, there is often vigorous competition
among C. clypeatus individuals for shells. The availability of empty shells at any given
place depends on the RA of gastropods shells that are matched for their size. At this
case, specifically in transect 1-4, small sized C. clypeatus are readily observable
competing for the scarce gastropod shells available. C. clypeatus that are seen and found
in the area range from 10 mm to 80 mm. Due to less availability of big shells in the area,
C. clypeatus with a shell that is too small cannot grow as fast as those with well-fitting
shells, and is more likely to be eaten if it cannot retract completely into the shell. Most of
these species hide under rock crevices and below sea grasses. While the least abundant
species collected comes from the Phylum Annelida (RA = 0.14%) which is a species of
Polychate. The low number of collected species may be due to the reason that annelids
usually burrow and hide under rocks and sea grasses. In the transect lines that were
sampled, the area was generally covered with sea grasses, rocks and algae, thus it may
be the cause of low turnout of the number of species collected (RA) and that they are
less represented (species diversity) under this phyla as shown in Figure 8. Polychates
play an important role in the regular functioning of the benthic ecosystem (Hutchings
1998). Gambi & Giangrande (1986) found significant relationship and linkage between
abundance of Polychates and sediment type and particle size which is consistent with this
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study. Polychates are generally abundant in muddy substrate, where in this study,
majority of the substrate identified is rocky.
Phylum Mollusca has the most number of species coming from 3 classes under it.
Class Gastropoda (RA = 19.94%) the most abundant class under the phylum is has six
families; Cypraeidae (RA = 10.73%), Trochidae (RA = 1.51%), Neritidae (RA = 1.24%),
Pattelidae (RA = 2.60%), Murcidae (RA = 2.48%) and Buccinidae (RA = 1.24%). The
Family Cypraeidae has five species: Cypraea moneta, Cypraea poraria, Cypraea tigris,
Cypraea asellus and Cypraea annulus. Of the 5 identified species, C. poraria is the most
abundant and C. asellus is the least abundant. Most species collected under the family of
Cypraeidae were adult except for one, C. poraria. The same holds true to all molluscans
(except C. tigris) which are all mostly juvenile. This may be due to that these gastropods
are mainly edible and are therefore target to gleaners. Under Class Bivalvia is T.
timorensis (RA = 0.14%) an edible bivalve with a very low RA, the lowest in this phylum.
This may be due to its edibility where gleaning activity that is very alive in the early
morning and late afternoon and where they are targets. Acanthopleura gemmata (RA =
1.79%) under Class Polyplacophora has at least good number of collected samples
relative to species under the phyla. Compared to Class Bivalvia which has the lowest RA
and compared to Class Gastropoda which has the highest RA in the phyla, Class
Polyplacophora has the average of the two classes, not so many and not so less. These
chitons are not easily seen in the field, for they hide under rocks and sea grasses, this
may be the cause why there is an average turnout of number of species collected.
Under Phylum Echinodermata, only one species has been identified, Ophiothrix
longipeda. O. longipeda are very fast moving, regular in size and hard to collect. Most
hide under rocks and sea grasses. They are readily observable, but once it has been
touched, it moves very fast and hides under rocks, rock crevices and under seagrasses.
They are averagely represented in terms of abundance, due to their hiding ability; it is
hard to identify their presence or absence.
Figure 9. Three most abundant species.
Species diversity. The species diversity of the macrobenthic invertebrates in the five
transect lines was computed and the results showed a species diversity of H = 1.19. The
species diversity was a bit low compared to the studies conducted by Penalosa (2010),
Sambaan (2005), and Santiago (2002). This is may be due to the various anthropogenic
activities in the study area like improper waste disposal of residential areas, hotel and a
ship port, which are all near the study area.
Coefficient of dispersion. The pattern of distribution of the macrobenthic invertebrates
identified in the five transect lines is shown in the Table 3. All of the identified species
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exhibit a clumping distribution except for Monodonta canalifera and the species of
Polychaeta. Phylum Echinodermata which is represented by O. longipeda exhibits
clumping pattern of distribution because according to Schoppe (2000), O. longipeda are
more mobile and clumped because of common food accessibility; they feed on the same
thing and some exhibit competition, while Coenobita clypeatus exhibit clumping pattern
of distribution because these decapods share one common resource among their kind,
the scarce gastropod shells. Majority of the organisms identified, eleven out of fifteen,
exhibit clumping patterns as a result of the spatial variation of habitat availability or
rather the limited powers of dispersion (Medrano 2015). Some of these organisms
exhibiting clumped pattern were those organism confined in a rocks as their habitats.
Four organisms out of fifteen identified and collected exhibit random distribution pattern.
Random spacing or unpredictable dispersion occurs in the absence of strong attractions
or repulsions among individual organisms in the population (Campbell & Reece 2002).
Table 3
List of identified macrobenthic invertebrates and their respective coefficient of dispersion
Phyla Coefficient of dispersion Pattern of distribution
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Coenobita clypeatus 1.44 Clumping
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Cypraeidae
Cypraea moneta
Cypraea poraria (juvenile)
Cypraea tigris
Cypraea asellus
Cypraea annulus
Trochidae
Monodonta canalifera
Neritidae
Nerita sp.
Pattelidae
Cellana radiata
Murcidae
Morula granulata
Buccinidae
Engina sp. (juvenile)
Bivalvia
Mactridae
Tellinides timorensis
Polyplacophora
Chitonidae
Acanthopleura gemmata
1.52
1.23
1.37
1.00
1.54
1.00
1.6
1.27
1.19
1.33
1.00
1.36
Clumping
Clumping
Clumping
Random
Clumping
Random
Clumping
Clumping
Clumping
Clumping
Random
Clumping
Annelida
Polychaeta 1.00 Random
Echinodermata
Ophiuroidea
Ophiotrichidae
Ophiothrix longipeda 1.7 Clumping
Conclusions. Physico-chemical parameters were measured and collected in the intertidal
zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. These are temperature, pH, salinity,
dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and substrate type. All of these parameters
are in normal level. Macrobenthic organisms were also collected and identified in the
study. These organisms belong to Phylum Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida, and
Echinodermata. Arthropods were the most abundant organisms, followed by Mollusca,
Echinodermata and Annelida. Most of the organisms collected are pollution-tolerant. A
low species diversity index was also noted which is attributed to a very high
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anthropogenic activities surrounding the area of study. It is also noted that majority of
the organisms identified and collected exhibit clumping pattern which is due to limited
powers of dispersion and availability of food and resources. Based on the results of this
study, Gusa’s intertidal zone can still support life and diversity sufficiently but regular
follow studies must be conducted to further assess the status of the macrobenthic
organisms.
Acknowledgements. The researchers would like to extend their sincerest gratitude to
Ms. Anita S. Mabao and Mr. Vic Moses F. Tagupa both from Biology Department, Xavier
University – Ateneo de Cagayan in their contribution in identification of the macrobenthic
invertebrates collected in the study.
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Received: 18 August 2015. Accepted: 19 September 2015. Published online: 12 October 2015.
Authors:
Angelo Mark P. Walag, Department of Graduate Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, Mindanao University of
Science and Technology, Cagayan de Oro City, 9000, Philippines, e-mail: walag.angelo@gmail.com
Mae Oljae P. Canencia, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, College of Arts and Sciences,
Mindanao University of Science and Technology, Cagayan de Oro City, 9000, Philippines, e-mail:
maecanencia@gmail.com
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source
are credited.
How to cite this article:
Walag A. M. P., Canencia M. O. P., 2016 Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the
intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. AES Bioflux 8(1):71-82.