Surface water monitoring that how we do and what are the most objectives, methodology and scope that are in this ppt and it is very important for monitor a surface water that are shown in it

1. Comprehensive Surface
Water Monitoring
Prepared by: HIRVA U. SALVI
Masters of Technology(Environmental Engineering)
Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidhyalay

2. Contents
 OBJECTIVE
 METHODOLOGY
 SCOPE

3. Objectives
 To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different
water bodies or their part;
 To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already is
existence;
 To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time;
 To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby reducing cost
on pollution control;
 To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants.
 To assess the fitness of water for different uses.
Contd…..

4.  Rational planning of pollution control strategies;
 To identify nature and magnitude of pollution control required;
 To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control efforts already in
existence;
 Identification of state and trends in water quality, both in terms of
concentrations and effects;
 Identification of the mass flow of contaminants in surface water and
effluents;
 Formulation of standards and permit requirements;
 Testing of compliance with standards and classifications for waters
and effluents;
 Early warning and detection of pollution.

5. METHODOLOGY
ASSESSMENT RESOURCE AVAILABILITY
RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
SAMPLING NETWORK
SAMPLING
LABORATORY WORK
DATA MANAGEMENT
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Hierarchy of Surface Water Monitoring

6. ASSESSMENT RESOURCE AVAILABILITY
a) Sampling equipment
b) Transport for sampling
c) Laboratory facilities
d) Trained Manpower adequate number and competence
e) Equipment/instruments for desired parameters analysis
f) Chemicals/glasswares and other gadgets for analysis of desired
parameters

7. RECONNAISSANCE STUDY
 This survey will give an overview of the geographical location of the water
body to be monitored, its accessibility all kind of human influences to decide
appropriate sampling location and also appropriate number of sampling
locations. The survey may include acquisition of following information:
a) Location map
b) Background information on water body
c) Human activities around the water body like mass bathing, melon farming,
cattle wading etc.
d) Identification of potential polluting sources
e) Water abstraction – quantity and uses
f) Water flow regulation - schedule, quantity etc

8. SAMPLING NETWORK
 It is important to consider optimum number of location, sampling frequency and
parameters required to fulfil the desired objectives.
 Sampling Frequency
 The sampling frequency is governed by the level of variation in water quality of a
water body. If variations are large in a short duration of time, a larger frequency is
required to cover such variations. On the other hand, if there is no significant
variation in water quality, frequent collection of sample is not required. The water
quality variations could be of two types i.e. random and cyclic or seasonal. In case
of random variations e.g. due to sudden rainfall in the catchment or sudden
release of water from the dam etc., increased frequency may not help much as
such variations are highly unpredictable. Thus, within the available resources it is
not cost effective to cover such variations. In case of the water bodies having
cyclic variations more frequently, sampling on monthly basis is justified. But for all
those water bodies having stable water quality round the year, monthly sampling is
not justified.

9. SAMPLING
 Planning for sampling
 Check list for field visit
 General Guidelines for Surface Water Sampling
 Samples will be collected from well-mixed section of the river (main stream)
30 cm below the water surface using a weighted bottle or DO sampler.
 Samples from reservoir sites will be collected from the outgoing canal, power
channel or water intake structure, in case water is pumped. When there is no
discharge in the canal, sample will be collected from the upstream side of the
regulator structure, directly from the reservoir.
 DO is determined in a sample collected in a DO bottle using a DO sampler. The
DO in the sample must be fixed immediately after collection, using chemical
reagents. DO concentration can then be determined either in the field or
later, in a level I or level II laboratory.
Contd…

10.  Sample Labeling
 sample code number (identifying location)
 date and time of sampling
 source and type of sample
 pre-treatment or preservation carried out on the sample
 any special notes for the analyst
 sampler’s name
 Sampling Devices
 Bottle
 Sampler
 Pumping
 Coring
 Grabbing
 Others

11. LABORATORY ANALYSIS
PARAMETERS UNIT MEASUREMENT METHODS
Colour - Visual Method
Odour - Manual Temperature
Temperature °C Thermometer
pH - pH Meter
Electrical Conductivity μS/cm Conductivity meter
Dissolved Oxygen mg/L DO Meter or Winkler modified method
Turbidity NTU Nephelometer
Total Dissolved Solids mg/L Gravimetry
Ammonical Nitrogen (NH4-N) mgN/L Colorimetry
Nitrite + Nitrate-N mgN/L Colorimetry
Total Phosphate mg/L Colorimetry
Orthophosphate mg/L Colorimetry
Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD)
mg/L DO consumption in 3 days at 27 °C

12. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L Potassium dichromate method
Sodium mg/L Flame photometry
Potassium mg/L Flame photometry
Calcium mgCaCO3/L EDTA Titrimetric
Magnesium mgCaCO3/L EDTA Titrimetric
Carbonate as CaCo3 mgCaCO3/L Titrimetric
Bicarbonate, as CaCo3 mgCaCO3/L Titrimetric
Chloride mg/L Argentometric titration
Sulphate mg/L Turbidimetry
Fluoride mg/L Ion meter, Colorimetry
Boron mg/L Ion meter, curcumin method
Total Coliform No./100mL MPN method
Fecal Coliform No./100mL MPN method
% Sodium - Calculation
SAR - Calculation

13. Table 1: Measurement methods, units and different
parameters used in water quality monitoring
Specific Parameters
Arsenic μg/L Cold vapour AAS
Mercury μg/L Cold vapour AAS
All other heavy metals μg/L AAS
Pesticides and other
organics
μg/L GC, GCMS
Source: CPCB

14. DATA MANAGEMENT
 Data Validation
 Data Analysis and Presentation
 Graphical Presentation
 Data Interpretation
 Sample control and documentation
 Standard analytical procedures
 Equipment maintenance
 Calibration procedures etc.
QUALITY ASSURANCE

15. SCOPE
 Thus study is intended to guide water quality officers through the process of
setting up monitoring programmes for the purpose of providing a valid
database for water-quality assessments, including general guidance to
identify the purpose of the system, its structure, choice of technology,
institutional affiliation and expected results.
 The study describes the kinds of variables needed when water quality is to be
monitored for different purposes such as agriculture/irrigation, drinking-
water sources, industrial water demand, livestock needs, etc.
 The study provides guidance on the selection of main monitoring methods and
techniques for the different variables.
 The main thrust is on the setting-up or strengthening of water quality
monitoring programmes for the purposes of human consumption,
agriculture/irrigation and industrial uses, etc.

16. REFERENCES
 NewItem_116_Guidelinesof waterqualitymonitoring_31.07.08
 surface-water-monitoring-and-methodology-for-the-final-river-basin-plans-
2015
 Comprehensive_WQ_Monitor_Strategy
 pap_wasess5a2india
 A sample methodology for water quality monitoring

17. Thank You