Feeding behaviour of different fresh wat

High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748
Volume 30, Issue 4, 2024 647 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/
Diving into Dietary Delights: Understanding the Feeding Habits of Six
Freshwater Fish Species
1
Kushal Thakur, 1
Mohit Gautam1
Hishani Kumari,
,1
Danish Mahajan, 1
Sunil Kumar, 1
Amit
Sharma and 1
Rakesh Kumar*
1
Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, 176206
Abstract:
This study aims to investigate the food and feeding habits of six freshwater fish
species: Tor putitora, Schizothorox richardsonii, Oreochromis niloticus, Labeo
rohita, Sperata seenghala, and Glyptothorax pectinopterus. The main objectives of
the study are to understand the dietary preferences and feeding behaviors of these fish
species. The findings from this investigation have several potential implications for
aquaculture and fisheries management. During the present investigation, it was
observed that Tor putitora is an omnivore, and as it gets bigger, its diet typically shifts
from carnivorous to omnivorous. Schizothorox richardsoniiis a periphytonic feeder,
eating Bacillariophyceae. However, Labeorohita, Oreochromis niloticus, Sperata
seenghala, and Glyptothorax pectinopterus were carnivorous. Sperata seenghala
prefers to consume fish larvae and zooplankton, while Glyptothorax pectinopterus
prefers insects and zooplankton.The findings of this study will help in the
development of an intensive polyculture and in the formulation of fish feed that takes
into account natural food preferences and feeding patterns.
Keywords:Tor putitora, Schizothorox richardsonii, Oreochromis niloticus, Labeo rohita
,Sperata seenghala, Glyptothorax pectinopterus.
Introduction:
A holistic understanding of fish diet and feeding behaviors contributes to sustainable
aquaculture practices. When fish are fed appropriately and efficiently, it minimizes the
environmental impact associated with excess feed and nutrient waste in the water. This aligns
with the broader goals of responsible aquaculture management and conservation of aquatic
ecosystems. Studying fish diet and feeding behaviors is a crucial step in the field of fisheries
and aquaculture. It not only helps improve fish production and the efficiency of aquaculture
operations but also plays a role in environmental sustainability and the overall health and well-
being of the fish populations being raised(Malami et al., 2004).

For the ecosystem to be protected, for environmental aspects to be protected, and for the values
of each species on earth to be understood, there must be biological variety (Ehrlich and Wilson,
1991). The wide variety and quantity of the fish flora are reflected in the numerous species of
fish that can be found in rivers. Fish are commonly consumed as food, which gives them a
significant economic and animal kingdom significance. They are essential in helping
underdeveloped nations that lack protein. Fisheries are important because they give people a
lot of well-paying jobs and a decent source of animal protein. Inland freshwater resources in
India include lakes that are both natural and man-made, rivers, estuaries, and estuaries
(Koushlesh et al., 2021).
India is second in the world for aquaculture production and third for fish production. The blue
revolution in our nation demonstrated the value of the aquaculture and fisheries industries.
These industries, which are regarded as emerging ones, are crucial to the national economy.
Fishing in India has recently undergone a significant transition from being primarily marine to
being primarily inland. A change in inland fisheries from capture to culture-based fishing has
created new opportunities for the blue economy and job creation.
The values of each species on Earth and the health of the overall ecosystem are protected by
biodiversity, which is a component of the abiotic and biotic systems that make up ecosystems.
The fishing industry contributes significantly to the creation of jobs and gives fish farmers a
sizable income. The Indian fisheries industry has recently made a significant shift from sea to
inland fisheries. Many researchers, including those involved in the Blue Revolution in our
nation, have demonstrated the significance of fisheries for a variety of fish species (Bakhtiyar
et al., 2017; Koundal et al., 2016; Mozumder and Naser, 2009).The FAO motto is "Fish for
Man First and then for Animals and Plants." which might be implemented for the Indian fishing
industry's improved growth and development. There are new opportunities for research and
development, such as biotechnological advancements in the usage of fish and fish-related
aquatic animals and plants. Knowing the contents of a fish's gut is the only way to determine
what it eats and how it feeds. Fish species that can be successfully farmed require knowledge
of their natural diets and feeding behaviours. Studying the diet and feeding habits of freshwater
fish is a worthwhile research project since it provides the framework for effective fish
management programmes. With regard to weight, length, complete morphometric and meristic
characteristics, as well as GASI and RLG, the present study's objective is to monitor the food
and feeding behaviours of six distinct fish species.

Food is essential for all organisms' growth, development, survival, and existence. It is well
known that the diet and feeding patterns of fish vary throughout their life cycle. The food
preferences of fish are heavily influenced by the type of food available in their habitat,
environmental conditions, the size or sexual maturity of the fish, and interspecific
competition1. RGL has been used extensively to identify herbivorous, carnivorous,
omnivorous, herbi-omnivorous, and carni-omnivorous feeding habits (Dasgupta M. 2002.).
Ga.SI was utilized to determine the foraging intensity of fish country (Rawat and Nautiyal
1995,: Mitra eta al, 2006). During the present investigation, both RGL and Ga.SI were used to
determine the feeding behavior and intensity of hill stream fishes of various sizes. The
population of these fishes is declining in freshwater upland streams due to several
anthropogenic factors that disrupt food chains and webs and may pose a threat. A review of the
literature revealed that a number of researchers have examined the dietary characteristics and
feeding habits of fish from various parts of the country (Rawat and Nautiyal 1995,: Mitra eta
al , 2006) Thus, the present study aims to add the knowledge of feeding biology of economically
important fish species like Tor putitora (Hamilton, 1822) (Ham.), Schizothorax richardsonii
(Gray, 1832) Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) and
Sperata seenghala (Sykes, 1839) that can be a useful indicator of modified environments.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Study Area
Himachal Pradesh is located in the north-western Himalayas with an elevation range of 320 to
7000 metres above mean sea level (Sharma, 2018). According to Kumar et al. (2007), the
drainage from snowmelt, rainfall, and glacier melt is combined to form the Himalayan Rivers.
Himachal Pradesh is fortunate to have a vast freshwater drainage system that primarily consists
of the five major rivers Beas, Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab, and Yamuna (Kumar & Khanna, 2014).
The extensive Sindhu River drainage system includes the Beas River as a tributary. The Beas
river originated from Beas Kund which is situated near to Rohtang pass in Kullu district (Ncube
et al., 2018). Its originated from the Dhauladhar range of great Himalayas at an altitude of 4062
meter (Sharma and Dhanze, 2011).Beas mainly flows through the four districts including
Kullu, Mandi, Hamirpur and Kangra. Total area covered by beas river is 460 km and it covers
256 km area in the state.

Kandapatan (Mandi):
There is a historical temple of neelkanthmhadev and smelamata at Kandapattan. This place is
also called HarkiPauri. Pandva’s passed sometime of agyat vas at this place. Our ancestors used
cremate dead bodies on the bank of Beas River. Most of the people come to “LaghuHaridwar”
to take a dip into this holy river.
Pong Dam Bhaghlar (Kangra):
Pong dam reservoirs located in the district Kangra, is one of the largest manmade Reservoirs
in Himachal Pradesh. The catchment area of reservoir is 12560 km2
. Commercial fishing was
introduced by the Fisheries Department of H.P soon after the formation of pong reservoir. This
creates, a lot of fishermen who had no other reliable source of income.
Fig. 1: Map of selected sites (It shows the particular sites for collecting fish samples)
A B
Z2
Z1
D
C

Table1: Geo-coordinates of selected sites
S. No. Location
Geo-Coordinates
Latitude Longitude
1 Mandi (Kandapattan) N31֯51'18.45288´´ E 76֯45ˈ15.95124´´
2 Kangra (Bhaghlar, Pong
dam)
N 32.09170694֯ E 75.97627004֯
SAMPLING PROGRAMME AND PROCEDURE
Collection of specimens
Random sampling has been done at different sites of Beas River and its tributaries preferably
at mid da hours, during the year 2022-2023 (Table-3.1). Fishes were collected from the
sampling zone from the Beas river with the help of cast net from two sites kandapattan (site-
1) in Mandi district and with special permission of fisheries officer at Baghlar pong dam (site-
2) with the help of gill net.
Dissection and Analysis of stomach Contents
The collected fish specimens were kept inside the ice boxes with some ice packs and
transported immediately within 8-12 hours to University laboratory for further biometric
analysis, gut dissection and feeding habit analysis. Immediately after the dissection gut content
is taken into a vials for the content preservation 10% formalin is used. Liquid drop method is
used to know the food present in the gut of six different fishes.

Fig. 2: Flow chart of practical work
Analytical methods
Relative length of gut, Gastro-somatic index and Frequency of occurrence method were used
for analysing the food items (Fig 2).
Relative length of gut
The Relative length of gut is helpful to determine the feeding nature of fish. Longer the
length of gut of fish respective to their total body length higher the chances of herbivorous
nature of fish and shorter the length of gut of fish respective to body length the chances of being
carnivores nature increases. Omnivorous fishes gut length is relatively intermediate to both of
the Herbivores and Carnivores fishes.
The RLG was estimated by usual method (Al-Hussaini, 1949)
Gastro-somatic index
RLG =
Length of entire alimentary canal
Total length of fish in fresh condition
The level of feeding is referred to as feeding intensity, and it is reflected in how full the
stomach appears to be. It changes according to the food's availability, the time of year, and
the fish's mature level. The GaSI was estimated by following standard formula

GaSI =
Total weigth of canal of fish food
weight of the fish
× 100
Gastro-somatic Index shows great variation in both of sexes as well as in various fish species.
GaSI is good indicator of reproductive activity and spawning season is also determined by an
association of frequency of the distribution of gonadal maturity and GaSI. It is minimum during
the breeding season and maximum during post-spawning period (Bhatnagar and
Karamchandani, 1970).
Frequency of occurrence method
In this present study number method is used. This method is based on the counts of food items
in gut and this method is relatively faster than others. The difference of size is not considered
in this method (Hynes, 1950).
%Oi =
Ni
× 100
N
Where% Oi shows the proportion of all food items.
Ni is the quantity of a specific food item.
N is the total amount of food items in the intestine.
Numerous researchers have employed this technique with effectiveness to study fish feeding
habits.
Analysis of the gut content under the digital microscope
We removed, weighed, and measured the digestive systems from the preserved specimens.
Freshwater-filled petri plates were used to collect the intestinal contents. Liquid drop
analysis was used to examine the gut's contents. Simple microscope and digital light
microscope are used to determine whether the gastrointestinal content is phytoplankton,
zooplankton rich, or water bug larvae. With the use of Sedge-wick rafter cells, all the food
items were inspected under a stereomicroscope (100-400X) and classified to the lowest
taxonomic level possible (Needham & Needham, 1962). Macro-organisms like insect larvae
and fish larvae are identified using stereomicroscopes and digital microscopes.
Data handling and statistics
Excel was used to manage the acquired data, and tables and graphs were created after
calculations were performed using MS Excel's statical methods. With the use of a computer
and Excel, the obtained data was processed to determine the mean and standard deviation.

Graphical presentation: Based on the inquiry, many graph types were used to illustrate the data.
For the presentation of the data, various graphs including bar, column, line, area, and pie charts
were chosen.
RESULTS and DICUSSION
Table 2: Monthly qualitative and quantitative feeding variations of Tor putitora (Hamilton,
1822) of Beas River
Month
Macrophytes
(%)
Blue-
green
algae
(%)
Diatoms
(%)
Insect
(%)
Miscellaneous
(%)
Digested
food (%)
November 2.6 5.1 10.7 8.4 3.5 69.7
December 2 5.5 9.2 5.3 8 70
January 2.7 6.1 7.4 4.2 4.6 75
February 2.5 3.7 11.5 7.6 4.7 70
March 3 4.4 8.1 4.8 4.7 75
April 2.5 5.7 9.2 8.5 7.6 66.5
Table 3: Monthly qualitative and quantitative feeding variations of Schizothorax richardsonii
(Gray, 1832) of Beas River
Month
Diatoms
(%)
Blue-
green
algae
(%)
Green
filamentous
algae (%)
Detritus
(%)
Sand
(%)
Digested
food (%)
November 17.7 6.8 10.6 4.6 5.3 55
December 10.5 7.2 8.5 1.5 2.3 70

January 10.9 5.5 2.5 1.9 3.2 76
February 11.5 6.9 5.4 3.3 2.9 70
March 10.5 4.2 4.2 1.4 4.7 75
April 12.6 5.9 8.8 5.9 6.8 60
Table 4: Monthly qualitative and quantitative feeding variations of Oreochromis niloticus
(Linnaeus, 1758) of Beas River.
Month
Diatoms
(%)
Blue-
green
algae
(%)
Green
filamentous
algae (%)
Detritus
(%)
Sand
(%)
Digested
food (%)
November 16.3 7.4 26.3 2 3 45
December 13 6 20 5 3 53
January 9 2 18 4 2 65
February 9.7 5.7 9.5 7.1 2 66
March 5.68 4.73 9.59 4 3 73
April 11.5 1.7 11.7 2.1 3 70
Table 5: Monthly qualitative and quantitative feeding variations of Labeo rohita (Hamilton,
1822)of Beas River.
Month
Diatoms (%) Green filamentous
algae (%)
Insect
(%)
Digested food
(%)
November 19.9 9.9 20.2 50
December 19 10.24 8.46 62.3
January 11.8 8.99 6.21 73

February 25 20 8 47
March 18 6 15 61
April 20.4 3 10.6 66
Table 6: Monthly qualitative and quantitative feeding variations of
Glyptothorax pectinopterus (McClelland, 1842) of Beas River
Month
Fragments of
plankton
particles (%)
Insect
larvae (%)
Zooplankton
(%)
Digested food
(%)
November 16 21.4 7.6 55
December 23.5 19.2 4.7 52.6
January 18 28.4 6.2 47.4
February 13.5 27 7.5 52
March 16.5 23.2 6.5 53.8
April 14.5 19.2 11.4 54.9
Table 7: Monthly qualitative and quantitative feeding variations of Sperata seenghala
(Sykes, 1839) of Beas River.
Month
Insect
(%)
Planktons
(%)
Fish Larvae
(%)
Digested food
(%)

November 18.6 12.22 14.18 55
December 21.35 11.5 17.15 50
January 13.5 8.5 15 63
February 7 12 16 65
March 8.28 12.22 15.5 64
April 10 13 25 52
Table 8: Feeding habit of six freshwater fishes
Fish name Fish Family RLG Feeding Habit Habitat
Schizothoraxrichardsonii Cyprinidae High Herbivorous Bottom
feeder
Oreochromisniloticus Cichlidae High Herbivorous Bottom
feeder
Sperataseenghala Bagridae Less Carnivorous Bottom
feeder
Tor putitora Cyprinidae medium Omnivorous Column
feeder
Glyptothoraxpectinopterus Sisoridae less Carnivorous Bottom
feeder
Labeorohita Cyprinidae High Herbivorous Column
feeder

Fig 3:RLG and GaSI relationship of Glyptothoraxpectinopterus
Fig 4: RLG and GaSI relationship of Tor putitora
1 7
0.95 6
5
0.9
4
0.85
3
0.8
2
0.75 1
0.7 0
November December January February March April
RLG GaSI
1.4 2.5
1.2
2
1
0.8 1.5
0.6 1
0.4
0.5
0.2
0 0
November December January
RLG
February
GaSI
March April

Fig 5:RLG and GaSI relationship of Schizothoraxrichardsonii
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0
0
RLG GaSI
Fig 6: RLG and GaSI relationship of Oreochromisniloticus
2.4 4.5
2.3
4
3.5
2.2
3
2.1 2.5
2 2
1.5
1.9
1
1.8
0.5
1.7 0
November December January
RLG
February
GaSI
March April

Fig 7:RLG and GaSI relationship of Labeorohita
Fig 8: RLG and GaSI relationship of Sperataseenghala
While studying the food and feeding behaviour of fish species different food items obtained
from the stomach gives a clear image of the diet preference of fish. In this study, both
quantitative and qualitative methods were used to stomach content analysis. Hynes (1950), tells
about the quantitative and qualitative analysis of gut content. The qualitative analysis method
focuses on the identification of organisms with the help of a microscope which is present in the
gut (Table 2-8). Fishes are divided into carnivorous, omnivorous and herbivorous based on
their feeding habit. In this study, we have selected six freshwater fishes from two different
ecological zones. Out of six fishLabeorohita, Schizothoraxrichardsonii, Oreochromisniloticus
were found as Herbivorous and Tor putitora as omnivorous and
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
RLG GaSI
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
RLG GaSI

another two GlyptothoraxpectinopterusandSperataseenghala as Carnivorous in nature based
on their RLG values (Fig.3-8). The selected specimen includes herbivorous, carnivorous and
omnivorous which can make a clear difference among the natural feeding behaviour of
freshwater fishes. Rohu gut analysis shows that fish was essentially Herbivorous. The relative
length of the L. rohita fish's gut (RLG) was greater than its total body length, indicating that it
is a herbivore. Similar work has been done by Kaur et al., (2018) The presence of a wide range
of food items from many biological niches in the gut of L. rohita, together with a greater level
of phytoplankton, clearly indicates that the fish is a column feeder(Kaur et al., 2018). A lot of
fisheries specialists concluded that the freshwater fish Labeorohita is primarily herbivorous
(Bhatnagar and Karamchandani, 1970; Majumder et al., 2018; Masram et al., 2022; Mozumder
and Naser, 2009; Mukherjee et al., 2011). Sperataseenghalafish was concluded Carnivorous,
especially Piscivorous. The relative length of the gut of Sperataseenghala fishes was found to
be shorter than the total body length. Several researchers have reported that the Column feeders
include adults of Sperataseenghala predatory in nature. Carnivorous feeding habits have been
reported by the majority of researchers (Begum et al., 2008; Gupta, 2015; Gupta and Banerjee,
2014; Saini et al., 2008; Sehgal, 1967).
In the present study, Schizothoraxrichardsoniifish was concluded Herbivorous. The relative
length of the gut is triple its body length. Similarly, (Sabha et al., 2017) concluded that fish
from the schizothoracic family are highly prized and outnumber most other fish species. They
eat debris, plants that are adhered to rocks and stones (including algae), and the invertebrate
fauna that lives nearby. According to research, Schizothrax sp. are herbivorous fish that mostly
consumes green algae, plant fragments, diatoms, detritus, and strange materials like fish scales
and ropes. Analysis of stomach fullness showed that May through August had the highest
feeding intensity, while November and December had the lowest feeding levels (Sabha et al.,
2017; Sharma and Dhanze, 2011). Tor Putitora fish was concluded Omnivorous. The relative
length of the gut compared to its total body length is medium. Similar results were found by
(Kishore et al., 2011), the fingerlings showed a greater degree of omnivorous propensity based
on the percentage content of their meal. However, RLG values (0.42-21.11) suggested that they
tended to be carnivorous. The sexually immature and juvenile people were discovered to be
carnivorous. In older age groups (6+), the omnivorous eating trend is still present. The RLG
values increased as fish length increased, showing that the fish's gut was suitable for an
omnivorous diet. According to the majority of researchers,

the Golden Mahseer is an omnivorous animal, which is consistent with our findings in the
current study (Bhatt and Pandit, 2016; Johal et al., 2005; Johnsingh et al., 2006; Kishore et al.,
2011; Shahi et al., 2014; Shrestha, 1994).
In the present study, Oreochromisniloticus fish was concluded Herbivorous. The relative length
of gut fish is higher in comparison to the body length. A similar result was found by Getachew,
(1987), According to Getachew, (1987), In the case of Oreochromisniloticus which is
Herbivorous in nature. The most nutritionally significant algae are blue-green ones, which were
particularly prevalent in the diet from November to February when it was dry. Fish food quality
may be affected by seasonal variations in the algal species' makeup. According to (Dempster
et al., 1993) study on a quantitative comparison of young Oreochromisniloticus grazing
behaviour on the planktonic cyanobacteria Microcystisaeruginosa and a periphytic community
dominated by the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp. revealed that the biomass ingestion rates of
fish filter-feeding on planktonic cyanobacteria were markedly lower than those of fish surface-
grazing on periphyton(Dempster et al., 1993; Getachew, 1987). These studies support that the
Oreochromisniloticusis herbivorous freshwater fish as experimentally observed in the present
study.
In the present study, Glyptothoraxpectinopterus contains a small relative gut compared to its
total body length and is concluded as Carnivorous. The feeding behaviour is bottom-feeding
and carnivorous by nature. This species consumes benthos and zooplankton and spends the
majority of its time burrowing below the gravel bottom, but it occasionally rises to the surface
after heavy rain, when the catch is higher. Our observations demonstrate that the fish are
dependent on insect larvae and zooplankton. Since the Glyptothoraxpectinopterus has a small
relative gut compared to its total body length our findings are in opposition to (Singh et al.,
2015) Whereas (Das et al., 2021; Sinha et al., 1990) researchers were in support of our findings
that the Glyptothoraxsp. is carnivorous.
Conclusion
The knowledge of food and feeding behaviour has opened a new way to enhance the culturing
of the same fishes in captivity areas. Variation in food preferences and composition of food
items in the gut of selected fish species is related to fish feeding habitat also the nutritional
values of fishes depend upon their food type. The gut content analysis in the present study
determined that the species Tor putitorais an omnivorous fish, and

Fragillaria sp. and Cyclops sp. were dominantly found in the gut of Tor putitora. However,
Schizothorox richardsonii is herbivorous. In Beas River (a cold water hillstream river),
Schizothoroxrichardsonii is found to be a periphytonic feeder that feeds on Bacillariophyceae,
Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, detritus, and sand in this order of preference and Naviculasp is
dominated in its gut. Sperataseenghala is fully carnivorous and majorly feeds on its larvae,
LabeoRohita is also found to be Herbivorous with some traces of Cyclops in their gut,
Oreochromisniloticus sp. feeds on large fragments of leaves and other phytoplankton and is
considered as Herbivorous fish. Due to its ability to digest the cellulose because of its gut
micro-biota this fish number increases in the Pong Dam reservoir at a higher rate, Glyptothorax
pectinopterus is carnivorous due to its feeding habits and its reliability on the larvae of insects.
It works as a bio-indicator and provided information that there is plenty of biodiversity to
support fishes in the Beas River. Fish with an empty stomach was not observed which means
that Beas River provides a good abundance of food item that is consumed by the fishes and is
considered as one of the natural freshwater streams which support a huge freshwater flora-
fauna diversity. Due to the great reliance on this species by people for food, the presence of
Schizothorax richardsonii fish species in the Beas River is declining. Because Brown trout and
Snow trout occupy the same biological niche, the introduction of these invasive species and
their culture poses a serious threat to Snow trout. Glyptothorax pectinopterus has minor fishery
value due to its small size. Construction of Dams, the Introduction of untreated municipality
waste and market waste directly into the Beas River were the main cause of the depletion of
Glyptothorax pectinopterus from snow-fed rivers like Beas. Conservation methods should be
made to conserve the fish population by setting up hatcheries along water streams, water
pollution should be controlled and the minimum size of fish catchable should be laid
down.Sperata seenghala, Labeo rohita and Oreochromisniloticusare food fishes and have high
nutritional value there is a good number of fish caught in these fishes. The Labeorohita is
observed as herbivorous, Sperata seenghala as Piscivorous (Carnivorous) and Oreochromis
niloticus is essentially Herbivorous. Oreochromis niloticus and Labeo rohita were considered
as most dominant fishes in the pong dam in this study. The high protein and fat content of
natural diets help fish flourish. To boost fish growth, it is therefore required to increase the
amount of live food in the aquatic ecosystem. In the modern closed type of Fisheries approaches
such as Recirculatory Aquaculture systems and Biofloc technology systems natural food boost
fish growth and Immunity and reduces the chances of diseases and infections. Knowledge of
natural food can

be used to feed the fish in hatcheries where the fish brood is prepared. The results of this study
will aid in formulating fish feed following natural food preferences and feeding habits.
Acknowledgements- Authors duly acknowledge the Central University of Himachal Pradesh
for providing facilities to carry out the work.
Authors Contribution: RK, KT- Conceptualization, KT, MG - Original draft preparation,
MG, DM- Methodology, Data analysis, KT,RK - Reviewing and editing, all authors have read
and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Competing Interest: The authors declare no competing interest
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