It is a multi-element analysis technique where The ICP source converts the atoms of the elements in the sample to ions. These ions are then separated and detected by the mass spectrometer
It is a multi-element analysis technique where The ICP source converts the atoms of the elements in the sample to ions. These ions are then separated and detected by the mass spectrometer
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
The presentation is about Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) which is a type of mass spectrometry that is capable of detecting metals and several non-metals at concentrations as low as parts per billion.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy, History, atomization techniques, and instrume...Muhammad Asif Shaheeen
History, principle, types, instrumentation, comparison with atomic emission spectroscopy, interference, advantages and disadvantages of different types of atomization techniques.
A short lecture about Atomic Spectroscopy: Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption, and Atomic Emission with Coupled Plasma (FP, AA and ICP-AES). Presented at 28.03.2011, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, by Vasiliy Rosen, M.Sc.
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
The presentation is about Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) which is a type of mass spectrometry that is capable of detecting metals and several non-metals at concentrations as low as parts per billion.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy, History, atomization techniques, and instrume...Muhammad Asif Shaheeen
History, principle, types, instrumentation, comparison with atomic emission spectroscopy, interference, advantages and disadvantages of different types of atomization techniques.
A short lecture about Atomic Spectroscopy: Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption, and Atomic Emission with Coupled Plasma (FP, AA and ICP-AES). Presented at 28.03.2011, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, by Vasiliy Rosen, M.Sc.
Different Types of Radioactive Counters or detectors used in analyzing low or high penetrating power radiation or particles are explained briefly with their advantages and disadvantages.
Medha Thakur (M.Sc Chemistry)
Gas chromatography- “It is a process of separating component(s) from the given crude drug by using a gaseous mobile phase.”
Principle- The principle of separation in GC is “partition.”
The mixture of components to be separated is converted to vapor and mixed with the gaseous mobile phase.
The component which is more soluble in the stationary phase travels slower and eluted later.
The component which is less soluble in the stationary phase travels faster and eluted out first.
No two components have the same partition coefficient conditions.
So the components are separated according to their partition coefficient.
The partition coefficient is “the ratio of solubility of a substance distributed between two immiscible liquids at a constant temperature.’
It involves a sample being vaporized and injected onto the head of the chromatographic column.
The sample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile phase.
The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid.
Two major types:
1. gas-solid chromatography: Here, the mobile phase is a gas while the stationary phase is a solid.
Used for separation of low molecular gases,
e.g., air components, H2S, CS2, CO2, rare gases, CO, and oxides of nitrogen.
2.Gas-liquid chromatography: The mobile phase is a gas while the stationary phase is a liquid retained on the surface as an inert solid by adsorption or chemical bonding.
Advantages-
Both qualitative and quantitative analyses are possible.
The instrument is simple, time of analysis is short.
High sensitivity.
The method is applicable to about 60% of organic compounds.
Very small sample sizes can be used.
Analysis can be highly accurate and precise.
Applications-
Quality control and analysis of drug products like antibiotics (penicillin), antivirals (amantadine), general anesthetics (chloroform, ether), sedatives/hypnotics (barbiturates), etc.
Assay of drugs – purity of a compound can be determined for drugs like :
Atropine sulfate
Clove oil
Stearic acid
In determining the levels of metabolites in body fluids like plasma, serum, urine, etc
Estimation of spoilage components, such as histamine and carbonyls, that cause rancidity.
Enzyme Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids from TomatoesManali Parab
Enzyme Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids from Tomatoes
Comparison between classical method and new enzymatic method.
Enzymes used: Carenzyme and Pectinex
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
5. Concentric Nebulizers
Sample solution introduction at rate of
between 0.01 and 3 mL/min
Microconcentric nebulizer (0.01–0.1
mL/min)
Cannot handle high total dissolved salts
(TDS 0.25% m/v solids)
5
7. High Solid Nebulizers
• Very resistant to salting out
• Suspended particles are presentV groove
• Relatively high
Gas Pressure
• Materials of construction that
resist hydrofluoric acid and
caustic attack.
Construction
7
8. Ultrasonic Nebulizers
These nebulizers use an ultrasonic generator at a frequency of between 200 kHz and 10 MHz to
drive a piezoelectric crystal.
Generation of Pressure
Desolvation
Condensation of particle
8
9. Spray Chambers
The purpose of the spray chamber is to remove droplets produced by the nebulizer that are >8μm
in diameter
Faster wash out time depends on wettability of glass
Water-cooled spray chambers may be used for volatile organic solvents
They are externally cooled for thermal stability of the molecule
Important advantage: to reduce oxide species, reduce solvent loading
9
10. Double pass Spray Chambers
Larger droplets emerge from the tube and exits
via drain tube
Liquid in the drain tube is kept at positive
pressure
Small droplets backs between outer wall and
central tube and emerges from spray chamber
10
11. Cyclonic spray chambers
Operates by centrifugal force
Vortex produced by tangential flow of sample and argon
gas inside the chamber
Larger droplets impinge on the wall and fall out through
drain
Chilled spray chambers
11
12. Laser ablation ICP-MS
Nd:YAG (neodymium doped yttrium
aluminum garnet crystal) laser.
Ablation chamber or cell, which is purged
with argon
UV beam diameter adjusted so that
“spot” sizes from <5μm to 300μm
12
18. The Lens System - Focusing
Ions
Ion lens is positioned immediately behind the interface
Ions are passed through a positively charged metallic cylinder that
acts as a focusing lens
Ions get repelled due to similar charge
18
19. Collision cell and Reaction Cell
Used to remove polyatomic
interferences
Interferent ion will collide more
frequently with the inert gas (helium)
atoms than will the analyte ion, due to
its larger size
Each of these collisions removes a
certain amount of the kinetic energy
possessed by the ion
Collision
cell
Advantage of exothermic (fast) and
endothermic (slow) reactions.
An active gas, (like ammonia),
Reaction
cell
19
20. Ion deflector devices- Quadrupole Mass
Analyser
10 cm to 20 cm long
Mass analyser separates ions based
on the stability of their flight
trajectories through an oscillating
electric field in the quadrupole.
Triple Quadrupole System
20
22. Application
Simple metal analysis during metal based drug development
Impurity limit tests
Metals present in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Quality Control Tests of natural products for toxic impurities testing
Monitoring metabolites of an administered drug
Detection of metal impurities from leachable packaging material
For elemental speciation
Pharmaceutical Waste Water monitoring
22
25. Sample introduction system other than ICP-MS
Hildebrand grid nebulizer (HGN)
High-speed argon gas emanating from the hole
shears the sheet of liquid into small droplets.
High velocity argon forces the liquid through
the tiny openings
V-groove allows the liquid to contact the
entire perimeter of the inner platinum grid.
High tolerance to dissolved solids
25
26. Hydride generator
Chemical reaction in generation of Hydride
NaBH4 + 3H2O + HCl H3BO4 + NaCl + 8H
8H + Em+ EHn + H2 (excess)
HG is a very effective sample introduction technique for
elements like arsenic, bismuth, germanium, lead,
antimony, selenium, tin, and tellurium.
26
27. Electrothermal vaporisation
High melting
point material
• Graphite furnaces or other electrothermal devices,
such as carbon rods, carbon cups, graphite tubes,
tungsten wire
Current
programming
• Low current is applied to evaporate sample solvent
and small portion of sample is vaporized by high
current
Introduction
into ICP
• Dense cloud of the analyte vapor swept into the
centre of the plasma by a flow of argon gas.
27
28. Detection of emission
Concave grating placed on a Rowland circle
If the source of light and the grating are placed on the
circumference of a circle, and the circle has a diameter
equal to the radius of curvature of the grating, then the
spectrum will always be brought to a focus on the circle.
One entrance slit: for introduction of the source
radiation, multiple exit slits : around the circle at the
analytical wavelengths of interest.
No any collimating or focusing lenses or mirrors
28
29. Echelle grating coupled with a prism
order-sorting device
Echelle Polychromator
The echelle grating
is a coarsely ruled
grating, typically
having a groove
density of 70
grooves per mm, so
d(groove’s spacing)
0.014 mm.
The efficiency of
the grating for a
given wavelength
at its optimum
order can be as
high as 65% at free
spectral range of
given order
Free spectral range
is smaller for
higher orders
hence spectral
overlaps occurs.
Overlap is sorted
by Order- Sorting
Prism.
29
30. Photomultiplier Tube
Cathode
• Cathode: large surface area, vertical, hollow ‘‘half cylinder’’
made up of alkali metal oxide
• Photoemissive material at 1000 V
Anode
• Anode: Collection grid
• Fixed to ground potential
Dynodes
• Up to 14 secondary emission dynodes placed between the
cathode and the anode potentials
• that are successively more negative, by about 100V per dynode
30
31. Array detectors
Circular Optical System
• Based upon a Rowland circle design
• Provides total wavelength coverage from 120 to 800 nm, with
resolution on the order of 0.009 nm
Segmented array charge-coupled device detector
• Over 200 small subarrays of 20–80 pixels each are used
• Positioned along the two-dimensional focal plane of an echelle
polychromator
31
33. Applications
Determination of metals in biological fluids (blood. urine)
Environmental Analysis: Trace metals and other elements in water, soil and plants
Pharmaceuticals: Traces of catalyst used
Industry: Trace metal analysis in raw material
Forensic science: Toxicological determination
33
34. Comparison between ICP-OES and ICP-
MS
ICP-OES ICP-MS
Sample introduction for solution of inorganic salt is
rapid and convenient
Sample introduction of inorganic salt can be difficult
(generally not volatile)
Sample introduction is at atmospheric pressure Requires reduced pressure sample introduction
Relatively large amount of dissolved solids can be
tolerated
Limited to less amount of dissolved solids by
conventional method (<1%)
Complicated spectra with frequent spectral overlap Relatively simple spectra
Moderate sensitivity (ppm to ppb range) Excellent sensitivity (ppb to ppt range)
Isotope ratio cannot be determined Isotope ratio determination possible
34
35. Case study
THE ANALYSIS OF ECSTASY TABLETS BY ICP/MS AND ICP/AES by Stéphane COMMENT, Eric LOCK,
Christian ZINGG1, Alfred JAKOB, Institute de Police Scientifique et de Criminologie, University de
Lausanne, Switzerland AC Laboratories, Spiez, Switzerland
In this study, Ecstasy tablets coming from different police seizures (in Switzerland) were
analysed by ICP/MS and ICP/AES.
The most frequent elements found were Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, Si and Fe.
Instrument used for ICP-OES: Perkin Elmer Emission Spectrometer Plasma 1000
Instrument used for ICP-MS: Perkin Elmer Elan 6000
35
37. 20 tablets coming from one batch (containing MDMA) and 20 other tablets coming from another
batch (containing MDEA) were used
The variation depends on the element analysed. The mean variation was found to be 20% for
ICP/AES and 25% for ICP/MS. Therefore, these relative standard deviations represents the
variation within batch including the instrument and quantification errors.
RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR ICP/MS AND ICP/AES
37
Editor's Notes
https://www.slideshare.net/AakratiGupta1/icpms
First, stabilizing the spray chamber at any temperature reduces temperature
related signal drift. Secondly, many analysts have found that spray chamber
temperature along with other parameters, particularly nebulizer gas flow, can
be optimized to minimize oxide formation in the plasma.
Though the fundamental dimensions are all essentially the same (sample
cone with shallow angle, skimmer cone with acute angle), each manufacturer
has designed the cone’s critical dimensions to their own unique specifications
(orifice diameter, hole depth, material composition, etc.).
Radial view
Plasma is operated in a vertical orientation, and the analytical zone is observed from the side of the plasma
Axial View
Plasma is rotated to a horizontal position and the ICP is observed from the end of the plasma.
Better sensitivity than radial view
Dual view
To optimize the appropriate configuration for the type of sample without the expense of two separate
Isotope fingerprinting: Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is used in product authentication to establish the origin of food and beverages. On the basis of stable isotope fingerprints from samples or in specific compounds, this approach may differentiate pharmaceutical products by manufacturer and production batch.
Multielement Analysis:
