ABSTRACT- We conducted a first order analysis on the proximate composition (protein, carbohydrate, fat and astaxanthin) of three dominant seaweed species viz. Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Catenella repens inhabiting Indian Sundarbans. The study was conducted at three stations (Gosaba, Bali Island and Jharkhali) during premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon of 2014-15. The relevant hydrological parameters (surface water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and dissolved nutrients) were monitored simultaneously during the tenure of the work. ANOVA carried out on the observed data reflects pronounced variations of all hydrological parameters except surface water temperature and salinity between stations. Pronounced seasonal variations were observed for all the selected hydrological parameters. In the domain of proximate composition, ANOVA results exhibit pronounced variations between stations and seasons (except carbohydrate in U. lactuca and C. repens between stations and astaxanthin in U. lactuca between seasons).
Keywords - Seaweed, Indian Sundarbans, Proximate composition, ANOVA, Seasonal variation
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Eco-floristic studies of the Beer Hills along the Indus River in the district...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present study was conducted to elaborate vegetation composition structure to analyze role of edaphic and topographic factors on plant species distribution and community formation during 2013–14. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. The size of quadrat for trees shrubs and herbs were 10 × 5, 5 × 2, 1 × 1 meter square respectively. Different phytosociological attribute were measured at each station. Primary results reported 123 plant species belong to 46 families. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were dominant families with 8 species each. PCORD version 5 were used for Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses that initiated 4 plant communities within elevation range of 529–700 m from sea level. Indicator species analyses (ISA) were used to identify indicator species of each community. CANOCO Software (version 4.5) was used to measure the influence of edaphic and topographic variables on species composition, diversity and community formation. Whereas Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to measure the effect of environmental variables which showed elevation and aspect were the stronger environmental variable among topographic and CaCO3 contents, electric conductivity, soil pH were the stronger edaphic factors in determination of vegetation and communities of the Bheer Hills. Grazing pressure was one of the main anthropogenic factors in this regard.
Determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness...Hanieh Farzaneh
Sampling of the Physico-chemical factors from two stations on the surface water of Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India was carried out biweekly over a period of 3 months of 2014. The aims were to determine some Physico chemical parameters of water pollution. Temperature was measured using mercury in glass thermometer. Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler azide method while Phosphate was determined by Vendo Molybdate Method, Estimation of Sulphate as Sulphur in sample by Nephelometric Method, measurements of total hardness by Complexometric Method. The result revealed that the major causes of water quality deterioration were related to excess usage of fertilizers and chemicals for increasing yield of the crop or releasing the sewage into the lake, due to cumulative effect of human activities where in sewage disposal oxygen is used in decomposing these organic water, eutrophication which causes algal bloom and therefore inability of oxygen to adequately dissolved in the water or the lentic nature of the site where was no serious upturns. As this Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore, and today is a house of different variety of birds, animals, plants and fishes it is very essential to stop sewage disposal and illegal excessive land encroachments to eliminate the eutropohication of the lake, which this results of the Physico-chemical examination of this lake could be helpful in the management of the lake for its water quality and fisheries.
ABSTRACT- We conducted a first order analysis on the proximate composition (protein, carbohydrate, fat and astaxanthin) of three dominant seaweed species viz. Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Catenella repens inhabiting Indian Sundarbans. The study was conducted at three stations (Gosaba, Bali Island and Jharkhali) during premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon of 2014-15. The relevant hydrological parameters (surface water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and dissolved nutrients) were monitored simultaneously during the tenure of the work. ANOVA carried out on the observed data reflects pronounced variations of all hydrological parameters except surface water temperature and salinity between stations. Pronounced seasonal variations were observed for all the selected hydrological parameters. In the domain of proximate composition, ANOVA results exhibit pronounced variations between stations and seasons (except carbohydrate in U. lactuca and C. repens between stations and astaxanthin in U. lactuca between seasons).
Keywords - Seaweed, Indian Sundarbans, Proximate composition, ANOVA, Seasonal variation
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Eco-floristic studies of the Beer Hills along the Indus River in the district...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present study was conducted to elaborate vegetation composition structure to analyze role of edaphic and topographic factors on plant species distribution and community formation during 2013–14. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. The size of quadrat for trees shrubs and herbs were 10 × 5, 5 × 2, 1 × 1 meter square respectively. Different phytosociological attribute were measured at each station. Primary results reported 123 plant species belong to 46 families. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were dominant families with 8 species each. PCORD version 5 were used for Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses that initiated 4 plant communities within elevation range of 529–700 m from sea level. Indicator species analyses (ISA) were used to identify indicator species of each community. CANOCO Software (version 4.5) was used to measure the influence of edaphic and topographic variables on species composition, diversity and community formation. Whereas Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to measure the effect of environmental variables which showed elevation and aspect were the stronger environmental variable among topographic and CaCO3 contents, electric conductivity, soil pH were the stronger edaphic factors in determination of vegetation and communities of the Bheer Hills. Grazing pressure was one of the main anthropogenic factors in this regard.
Determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness...Hanieh Farzaneh
Sampling of the Physico-chemical factors from two stations on the surface water of Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India was carried out biweekly over a period of 3 months of 2014. The aims were to determine some Physico chemical parameters of water pollution. Temperature was measured using mercury in glass thermometer. Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler azide method while Phosphate was determined by Vendo Molybdate Method, Estimation of Sulphate as Sulphur in sample by Nephelometric Method, measurements of total hardness by Complexometric Method. The result revealed that the major causes of water quality deterioration were related to excess usage of fertilizers and chemicals for increasing yield of the crop or releasing the sewage into the lake, due to cumulative effect of human activities where in sewage disposal oxygen is used in decomposing these organic water, eutrophication which causes algal bloom and therefore inability of oxygen to adequately dissolved in the water or the lentic nature of the site where was no serious upturns. As this Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore, and today is a house of different variety of birds, animals, plants and fishes it is very essential to stop sewage disposal and illegal excessive land encroachments to eliminate the eutropohication of the lake, which this results of the Physico-chemical examination of this lake could be helpful in the management of the lake for its water quality and fisheries.
Mangroves are the important salt tolerant vegetation having more ecological and economical significances. In comparison to that of eastern coastal part, the western coastal region of Peninsular India comprises less area of mangroves. Therefore, establishing new mangroves in suitable habitats in this region is more essential to maintain the ecological processes in coastal landscape. To select the suitable mangrove species for newer areas of Kerala coast, a preliminary study on ecology was carried out in two natural mangrove vegetation at Ayiramthengu and Mandrothruthu, Kollam district. The study revealed that out of 34 (Ayiramthengu) and 24 (Mandrothruthu) species present, a sizable number of eight and six species respectively were true mangroves and adapted more prominently in their respective site indicated by higher Importance Value Index (IVI) and Relative Value of Importance (RVI) obtained by them. Therefore, these species are suggested for new formations of mangrove vegetation in the coastal regions of Kerala.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
APPRAISAL OF GROUND WATER CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER QUALITY INDEX OF RICH IRO...AM Publications
Bellary is a rich iron ore city in Karnataka; it is experienced degradation due to rapid urbanization and mining activity. The hydro-chemical investigation in the present study is restricted to the major ions concentrations, distributions, their relative abundance, and the pattern of the variability in groundwater chemistry. The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of rich iron mineral city. For calculating the WQI, the following 16 parameters have been considered: turbidity, pH, EC, TDS, Total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity, Bicarbonate, carbonate, chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Sulphate, sodium and potassium. The WQI for these samples ranges from 79.1 to 180.2 the maximum value of 180.2 is observed in the sample 3 (ATP Road) of rich iron mineral city, while the minimum is recorded in 9 (Bislahalli). The high value of WQI has been found to be mainly from the higher values of nitrate, total dissolved solids, hardness, fluorides, bicarbonate and chlorides in the groundwater. The results of analyses have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area needs some degree of treatment before consumption, and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination. Water Quality Index, has been calculated for the Rich iron mineral city and was studied for the suitability of water for drinking purposes and the results showed that 28% of the ground water quality was poor quality category and localities are scoring a water quality index greater than 100. The continuous monitoring of groundwater is required in the rich iron mineral city to protect water in future from any possible contamination due to growing industrialization and agricultural practices.
Macrobenthic Invertebrate assemblage along gradients of the river Basantar (J...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A limnological investigation was carried out in River Basantar in the Jammu province of Jammu & Kashmir (India) during the period from December, 2009 to November, 2011 in order to analyse the effect of industrial pollution on the diversity and population density of Macrobenthic invertebrate fauna along the longitudinal profile of the river. A total of 27 macrobenthic invertebrate taxa inhabited the river; among these Arthropoda dominated the macrobenthic community (81.48%, 22 species) followed by Annelida (11.11%, 3 species) and Mollusca (7.41%, 2 species). The Discharge Zone (St II) had the highest mean standing crop of macrobenthic population while the lowest species number. Oligochaetes (Annelida) and Dipterans (Arthropoda) exhibited their abundance at polluted sites whereas Odonates, Ephemeropterans, Hemipterans, Coleopterans (Arthropoda) and Molluscs were abundant at least polluted sites. Tubifex tubifex, Branchiura sowerbyi, Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri, Chironomus, Tubifera, Psychoda and Physa acuta were identified as pollution indicator taxa while Progomphus, Cloeon, Baetis and Gyraulus as sensitive taxa.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Formation Patterns of Acridid Communities in Urban Landscapes of TurkmenistanSryahwa Publications
Acridid communities of urbanized landscapes in Turkmenistan are described for the first time. General peculiarities of formation of acridid communities in urban landscapes are studying for the desert zone. The structure of the communities is determined by soil conditions, types of plant cover and the level of anthropogenic impact on the different urban biotopes.
Water is an essential component for the existence of life on the planet earth. It is a
tasteless, odourless, and nearly colorless liquid. In some way or the other, it also full
fills the need of minerals in our body up to a certain limit. But the anthropogenic
activities leads to the imbalance of these minerals in water resulting in degradation of
its quality. Today, it is a known fact that the groundwater quality is degrading day by
day which is a serious matter of concern, as poor quality water pose threats to health
and hygiene of living beings. Good quality of water is of utmost importance for
survival of man and animals. The present study aimed at assessing the status of the
groundwater in Sikandra Rao and its adjoining villages. In the light of aforesaid
facts, it becomes necessary to assess the current groundwater quality in study area
on the ground of various parameters such as temperature, pH (6.5-8.5), Turbidity
(0.85 NTU-3.00 NTU), Electrical Conductivity (206 μS/m -931 μS/m ), Chloride (12
mg/l-52 mg/l), Total Hardness (102 mg/l -314 mg/l), Total Alkalinity (84 mg/l-370
Monitoring of Pollution Using Density, Biomass and Diversity Indices of Macro...Prabhakar Pawar
In this study, density, biomass and diversity indices of selected macrobenthos were assessed from substations along Sheva
creek and Dharamtar creek mangrove ecosystems of Uran (Raigad), Navi Mumbai, west coast of India from April 2009 to
March 2011. A total of 86 species of macrobenthos representing 61 genera and 45 families were identified comprising of
gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, polychaetes, sponges, crabs, prawns and shrimps. Higher values of density, biomass and
diversity indices were recorded during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon than the monsoon. Diversity values in the study area
ranged from 0.203 to 0.332 indicating heavy pollution and the macro benthic fauna is under stress due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, effluents from industries, oil tanking depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), hectic activities of Container Freight Stations (CFS), and other port wastes. This study reveals that macrobenthic fauna from mangrove ecosystems of Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress.
Keywords:
Biomass, Community Structure, Diversity Indices, Species Composition, Uran
Seasonal diversity of diving birds in the Periyakulam Lake, Tiruchirappalli, ...cormorantmohanraj
S. Mohanraj and J. Pandiyan*
PG Research Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, AVC College Mannampandal, Mayiladuthuari - 609 305.
Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Wetlands are the major feeding habitats for water birds. The water birds were estimated weekly by using total count
method during 06.00 am to 06.00 pm. Totally seven species of diving birds were observed from Junuary-2011 to December2012. The overall diving bird density was recorded maximum during the monsoon period of Year I and Year II i.e.
261.33±41.345/ha and 428.72±49.388/ha respectively. The density, diversity and species richness varied significantly
between the years and among the seasons (P<0.05). The present study proves the Periyakulam lake is one of the viable
habitats for the diving bird population.
Stressful environments such as salinity and drought was assessed on photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process of three oil plants canola (BrassicanapusL.), safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annusL) grown in different sites in Egypt (Suez road; North Coastal area; El-Kantra East) , is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses .
SusanitaTieneUnRaton.com Informe de Social Media (ES)Michiel Das
Breve presentación sobre los social media y las estrategias de marketing que fueron utilizados para lanzar el proyecto SusanitaTieneUnRaton.com en internet.
Många intresserade besökare lyssnade på demonstrationer på Orgatec-mässan i Köln. Produkten ”Personal Space” lanserades under mässan vilken är en avskärmningsprodukt att ställa på bordet, avsedd för skolor och kontor. Produkten har redan rönt stor uppmärksamhet utöver Freedesk ,Desk Risern som du använder för att kunna stå upp och arbeta.
Freedesks Desk Riser är en produkt som möjliggör att du kan välja mellan att stå eller att sitta. Den är smidig att ställa i olika lägen oavsett om du är hemma eller på kontoret. Även i skolan har den rönt stor uppmärksamhet. På Orgatec fick Freedesk en startorder om 200 ”Desk Riser” från den engelska distributören Sit-Stand Trading Limited.
Många intresserade besökare lyssnade på demonstrationer på Orgatec-mässan i Köln. Produkten ”Personal Space” lanserades under mässan vilken är en avskärmningsprodukt att ställa på bordet, avsedd för skolor och kontor. Produkten har redan rönt stor uppmärksamhet utöver Freedesk ,Desk Risern som du använder för att kunna stå upp och arbeta.
Mangroves are the important salt tolerant vegetation having more ecological and economical significances. In comparison to that of eastern coastal part, the western coastal region of Peninsular India comprises less area of mangroves. Therefore, establishing new mangroves in suitable habitats in this region is more essential to maintain the ecological processes in coastal landscape. To select the suitable mangrove species for newer areas of Kerala coast, a preliminary study on ecology was carried out in two natural mangrove vegetation at Ayiramthengu and Mandrothruthu, Kollam district. The study revealed that out of 34 (Ayiramthengu) and 24 (Mandrothruthu) species present, a sizable number of eight and six species respectively were true mangroves and adapted more prominently in their respective site indicated by higher Importance Value Index (IVI) and Relative Value of Importance (RVI) obtained by them. Therefore, these species are suggested for new formations of mangrove vegetation in the coastal regions of Kerala.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
APPRAISAL OF GROUND WATER CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER QUALITY INDEX OF RICH IRO...AM Publications
Bellary is a rich iron ore city in Karnataka; it is experienced degradation due to rapid urbanization and mining activity. The hydro-chemical investigation in the present study is restricted to the major ions concentrations, distributions, their relative abundance, and the pattern of the variability in groundwater chemistry. The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of rich iron mineral city. For calculating the WQI, the following 16 parameters have been considered: turbidity, pH, EC, TDS, Total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity, Bicarbonate, carbonate, chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Sulphate, sodium and potassium. The WQI for these samples ranges from 79.1 to 180.2 the maximum value of 180.2 is observed in the sample 3 (ATP Road) of rich iron mineral city, while the minimum is recorded in 9 (Bislahalli). The high value of WQI has been found to be mainly from the higher values of nitrate, total dissolved solids, hardness, fluorides, bicarbonate and chlorides in the groundwater. The results of analyses have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area needs some degree of treatment before consumption, and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination. Water Quality Index, has been calculated for the Rich iron mineral city and was studied for the suitability of water for drinking purposes and the results showed that 28% of the ground water quality was poor quality category and localities are scoring a water quality index greater than 100. The continuous monitoring of groundwater is required in the rich iron mineral city to protect water in future from any possible contamination due to growing industrialization and agricultural practices.
Macrobenthic Invertebrate assemblage along gradients of the river Basantar (J...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A limnological investigation was carried out in River Basantar in the Jammu province of Jammu & Kashmir (India) during the period from December, 2009 to November, 2011 in order to analyse the effect of industrial pollution on the diversity and population density of Macrobenthic invertebrate fauna along the longitudinal profile of the river. A total of 27 macrobenthic invertebrate taxa inhabited the river; among these Arthropoda dominated the macrobenthic community (81.48%, 22 species) followed by Annelida (11.11%, 3 species) and Mollusca (7.41%, 2 species). The Discharge Zone (St II) had the highest mean standing crop of macrobenthic population while the lowest species number. Oligochaetes (Annelida) and Dipterans (Arthropoda) exhibited their abundance at polluted sites whereas Odonates, Ephemeropterans, Hemipterans, Coleopterans (Arthropoda) and Molluscs were abundant at least polluted sites. Tubifex tubifex, Branchiura sowerbyi, Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri, Chironomus, Tubifera, Psychoda and Physa acuta were identified as pollution indicator taxa while Progomphus, Cloeon, Baetis and Gyraulus as sensitive taxa.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Formation Patterns of Acridid Communities in Urban Landscapes of TurkmenistanSryahwa Publications
Acridid communities of urbanized landscapes in Turkmenistan are described for the first time. General peculiarities of formation of acridid communities in urban landscapes are studying for the desert zone. The structure of the communities is determined by soil conditions, types of plant cover and the level of anthropogenic impact on the different urban biotopes.
Water is an essential component for the existence of life on the planet earth. It is a
tasteless, odourless, and nearly colorless liquid. In some way or the other, it also full
fills the need of minerals in our body up to a certain limit. But the anthropogenic
activities leads to the imbalance of these minerals in water resulting in degradation of
its quality. Today, it is a known fact that the groundwater quality is degrading day by
day which is a serious matter of concern, as poor quality water pose threats to health
and hygiene of living beings. Good quality of water is of utmost importance for
survival of man and animals. The present study aimed at assessing the status of the
groundwater in Sikandra Rao and its adjoining villages. In the light of aforesaid
facts, it becomes necessary to assess the current groundwater quality in study area
on the ground of various parameters such as temperature, pH (6.5-8.5), Turbidity
(0.85 NTU-3.00 NTU), Electrical Conductivity (206 μS/m -931 μS/m ), Chloride (12
mg/l-52 mg/l), Total Hardness (102 mg/l -314 mg/l), Total Alkalinity (84 mg/l-370
Monitoring of Pollution Using Density, Biomass and Diversity Indices of Macro...Prabhakar Pawar
In this study, density, biomass and diversity indices of selected macrobenthos were assessed from substations along Sheva
creek and Dharamtar creek mangrove ecosystems of Uran (Raigad), Navi Mumbai, west coast of India from April 2009 to
March 2011. A total of 86 species of macrobenthos representing 61 genera and 45 families were identified comprising of
gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, polychaetes, sponges, crabs, prawns and shrimps. Higher values of density, biomass and
diversity indices were recorded during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon than the monsoon. Diversity values in the study area
ranged from 0.203 to 0.332 indicating heavy pollution and the macro benthic fauna is under stress due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, effluents from industries, oil tanking depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), hectic activities of Container Freight Stations (CFS), and other port wastes. This study reveals that macrobenthic fauna from mangrove ecosystems of Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress.
Keywords:
Biomass, Community Structure, Diversity Indices, Species Composition, Uran
Seasonal diversity of diving birds in the Periyakulam Lake, Tiruchirappalli, ...cormorantmohanraj
S. Mohanraj and J. Pandiyan*
PG Research Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, AVC College Mannampandal, Mayiladuthuari - 609 305.
Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Wetlands are the major feeding habitats for water birds. The water birds were estimated weekly by using total count
method during 06.00 am to 06.00 pm. Totally seven species of diving birds were observed from Junuary-2011 to December2012. The overall diving bird density was recorded maximum during the monsoon period of Year I and Year II i.e.
261.33±41.345/ha and 428.72±49.388/ha respectively. The density, diversity and species richness varied significantly
between the years and among the seasons (P<0.05). The present study proves the Periyakulam lake is one of the viable
habitats for the diving bird population.
Stressful environments such as salinity and drought was assessed on photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process of three oil plants canola (BrassicanapusL.), safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annusL) grown in different sites in Egypt (Suez road; North Coastal area; El-Kantra East) , is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses .
SusanitaTieneUnRaton.com Informe de Social Media (ES)Michiel Das
Breve presentación sobre los social media y las estrategias de marketing que fueron utilizados para lanzar el proyecto SusanitaTieneUnRaton.com en internet.
Många intresserade besökare lyssnade på demonstrationer på Orgatec-mässan i Köln. Produkten ”Personal Space” lanserades under mässan vilken är en avskärmningsprodukt att ställa på bordet, avsedd för skolor och kontor. Produkten har redan rönt stor uppmärksamhet utöver Freedesk ,Desk Risern som du använder för att kunna stå upp och arbeta.
Freedesks Desk Riser är en produkt som möjliggör att du kan välja mellan att stå eller att sitta. Den är smidig att ställa i olika lägen oavsett om du är hemma eller på kontoret. Även i skolan har den rönt stor uppmärksamhet. På Orgatec fick Freedesk en startorder om 200 ”Desk Riser” från den engelska distributören Sit-Stand Trading Limited.
Många intresserade besökare lyssnade på demonstrationer på Orgatec-mässan i Köln. Produkten ”Personal Space” lanserades under mässan vilken är en avskärmningsprodukt att ställa på bordet, avsedd för skolor och kontor. Produkten har redan rönt stor uppmärksamhet utöver Freedesk ,Desk Risern som du använder för att kunna stå upp och arbeta.
Produktlansering på Orgatec-mässan, ”Personal Space”, vilken är en avskärmningsprodukt att ställa på bordet, har redan rönt stor uppmärksamhet utöver Freedesks Desk Risern. Affordance, en fransk återförsäljare och distributör baserad i Paris, har valt att presentera ”Personal Space” på Expo-Protection-mässan i Paris den 7-9 november 2016.
At a seminar the 2nd of April Jansäter Kommunikation AB and Cision together defined and described what content marketing is and how to use it. More than 40 participants were curious to learn more about how to get profitable results if they use content marketing. Basically, content marketing is the art of communicating with our customers and prospects without selling. It is about attract and retain customers by creating relevant and valuable content with the intention of changing consumer behaviour.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of physico - chemical parameters and microbiological populations ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate physico-chemical parameters and total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal populations from Cauvery River water in the Pallipalyam region during the period from January 2009 to December 2009 . Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using APHA standard procedure and microbiological count done by standard pour plate technique. The Physico-chemical parameters like temperature, hydroxyl ionic concentration (pH), electrical conductivity recorded were in a range of 24.7 - 29 C o, 7.5 - 9.2, and 406 - 982 μS/cm respectively. Besides, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS ), Total hardness and Total alkalinity of river water samples recorded were in the ranges of 7 – 11 NTU, 5 - 12mg/L, 291-701mg/L , 3 - 5mg/L, 228-364mg/L, and 139 - 245mg/L respectively. Nitrite, Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chloride of the river water exhibits within the ranges of 0.012 - 0.102 mg/L, 0.019 -.023 mg/L, 41.08 - 77.24 mg/L, and 53.56 - 143.16 mg/L respectively. A calcium and magnesium levels of the water samples during the study period were analyzed and the results recorded were in the ranges of 57.31 - 101.4 mg/L and 27.22 - 57.35 mg/L respectively. The amount of Sodium, Potassium and Ammonical nitrogen of the water samples estimated were in the ranges of 35.44 - 88.57 mg/L and 3 - 8 mg/L, 5.83 and 3.26 mg/L respectively. Bicarbonates and carbonates levels analyzed during the study period recorded were in the ranges of 164.7-303.78 mg/L and 2.4 - 9.6 mg/L respectively. The total bacterial and fungal populations were recorded during the study period. The maximum and minimum values of population density were ranged between 4.3 - 0.5 X 103 CFU/ml, and 3.2 - 0.1 X 103 CFU/ml respectively. The values of Physico-chemical parameters recorded were indicated that, the river was polluted in terms of increased accumulation of xenobiotics compounds by anthropogenic activities .The immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required to protect river from further pollution. Index Terms: River Cauvery, Physico-Chemical parameter, Microbial Population, Statistical analysis
Determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness...Hanieh Farzaneh
Sampling of the Physico-chemical factors from two stations on the surface water of Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India was carried out biweekly over a period of 3 months of 2014. The aims were to determine some Physico chemical parameters of water pollution. Temperature was measured using mercury in glass thermometer. Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler azide method while Phosphate was determined by Vendo Molybdate Method, Estimation of Sulphate as Sulphur in sample by Nephelometric Method, measurements of total hardness by Complexometric Method. The result revealed that the major causes of water quality deterioration were related to excess usage of fertilizers and chemicals for increasing yield of the crop or releasing the sewage into the lake, due to cumulative effect of human activities where in sewage disposal oxygen is used in decomposing these organic water, eutrophication which causes algal bloom and therefore inability of oxygen to adequately dissolved in the water or the lentic nature of the site where was no serious upturns. As this Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore, and today is a house of different variety of birds, animals, plants and fishes it is very essential to stop sewage disposal and illegal excessive land encroachments to eliminate the eutropohication of the lake, which this results of the Physico-chemical examination of this lake could be helpful in the management of the lake for its water quality and fisheries.
ABSTRACT- Fresh water resources are not unlimited. The high rate of increase of human population of Nepal and the
rapid rate of industrialization have created problems of disposal of waste water products. The domestic wastes, excretory
materials of both human and animals and industrial effluents are discharged into the nearly lakes, rivers, reservoirs and
tanks and even in the catchment area of the above water bodies. The undesirable substances are regularly mixed into the
water of pond through surface run-off that degrades the water quality. Since last several years, there have been added an
array of agricultural pesticides and insecticides, which are further seriously aggravating the problem of pollution both for
public health and aquaculture. The detailed information of water quality and status of affected living organisms of water
bodies are necessary for the implementation of any management plan. The present investigation encompasses on plankton
identifying the ecological quality of Chhapakaiya pond Birgunj, Nepal. Seasonal sampling from all the sampling sites (site
A, B, C, D) in winter, summer and rainy season for period of 12 months (November 2014 – October 2015) at 9:00-11: 00
AM. A total of 27 taxa from different classes of zooplankton were reported. The zooplanktons were reported to be
maximum (774.4 unit/L) during summer and minimum (539.2 unit/L) during the rainy season in Chhapakaiya pond.
Key-words- Zooplankton, Biological productivity, Habitat degradation
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
ABSTRACT- The aquatic and marshy angiospermic plants are most important component of aquatic and wetland
ecosystem. They increase productivity of the aquatic ecosystem and help to maintain ecosystem balance. The importance
of aquatic diversity for sustainable life support system is an acceptable fact throughout the world. The India has a rich
variety of wetlands habitats. Tropical swamp forests once formed an important part of vegetation and extended all along
the base of Himalayas from Assam to Jammu Kashmir. Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems and thus
subjected to human greed which is yet another reason for their extinction is deforestation. Unfortunately these habitats
have not been explored from ecological point of view. From this minor study, 59 species of wetland plants belonging to
37 families were recorded to be used. Out of total 59 species, dicot (47%) species and monocot (46%) less numbers are
belong to Ptridophytes. In this study we were observed that many common aquatic macro and microflora of wetlands
and marshlands of Yamuna nagar like as Aeschyno meneindica, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Alternanthera sessilis,
Anagallis arvensis, Ceratophyllum demursum, Chrysopogon zizanioides, Commelina benghalensis, Cyperus
alternifolius, Cyanotis axillaris, Cyperus rotundus, Dryopteris filix-mas, Dryopteris sieboldii, Echinochloa colona,
Eichhornia crassipes, Hygrophila salicifolia, Ipomoea aquatica, Lemna minor, Ludwigiaad scendens, Polygonum
hydropiper, Portulaca oleracea, Potamogeton natans etc. The fresh water wetlands of Yamuna Nagar are under threat due
to human interference and other anthropogenic activities.
Key-words- Wetlands, Semi aquatic, Biodiversity, River Yamuna
Assessment on the Ecosystem Service Functions of Nansi Lake in ChinaIJERA Editor
The assessment of ecosystem service functions is one of the focused area in modern ecological and
environmental research. As a typical shallow macrophytic lake in China, Nansi Lake is selected as the study
area. Based the indicator system and assessment models established in this research, the ecosystem service
functions of Nansi Lake are assessed. The results show that the ecosystem service function of drinking water
source area/aquatic product supply/ecological habitat/entertainment and landscape/ water purification function of
the lakeside zone for Nansi Lake is assessed as medium (2.2)/good (3.5)/medium (3)/medium (2.55)/medium (3),
and the overall ecosystem service function of Nansi Lake can be considered as ―Medium‖. The eutrophication
control and ecological restoration of lakeside wetland need to be enhanced in the future.
Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
Distribution of zooplankton community in Toli shad (Tenualosa toli) habitats,...AbdullaAlAsif1
Distribution of zooplankton community in Toli shad (Tenualosa toli) habitats, Sarawak, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 21: 4022-4033. The river ecosystems of Sarawak has been identified as important-spawning ground for economically important Toli shad (Tenualosa toli) fisheries. In these river ecosystems, zooplankton serves as a secondary producer to the different types of fish larvae including Toli shad. The productivity and biomass of zooplankton are important factors to control the production of higher trophic level organisms like fish larvae and fishes in different stages including T. toli larvae. In this viewpoint, the composition and abundance of zooplankton were investigated at 5 (five) sampling stations (considered to be spawning and nursing areas of Toli shad) at Batang Lupar and Batang Sadong estuaries from July 2016 to June 2017. A total of 29 zooplankton taxa were recorded that belong to 14 major groups comprised of Copepoda (Arthropoda), Crustacean nauplii (Arthropoda), Fish larvae (Chordata), Mollusca (Mollusca), Luciferidae (Arthropoda), Cnidaria (Cnidaria), Ostracoda (Arthropoda), Cirripedia (Arthropoda), Polychaete larvae (Annelida), Chaetognatha (Chaetognatha), Appendicularia (Chordata), Amphipoda (Arthropoda), Echinodermata larvae (Echinodermata) and Cladoceran (Arthropoda). Copepod was dominant group of zooplankton (82.40-94.41%) at all stations, contributing 477.37-25921.89 ind/m3 and 88.38% of total abundance. The second highest was crustacean larvae (2.45-9.38%) in all stations, contributing 0-2391.7 ind/m3 and 5.88% of total abundance. Zooplankton abundance was higher at downstream station 1 (8460.72 ind/m³) followed by station 2 (5479.80 indi/m³), station 3 (4571.95 ind/m³), station 4 (4394.20 ind/m³) and upstream station 5 (4156.73 ind/m³). Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that the abundance of copepods was highly influenced by total turbidity and nitrate in the riverine and estuarine ecosystems. Abundance of zooplankton was relatively higher (9549.31 ind/m³) during the post-monsoon and lower (3534.56 ind/m³) during the southwest monsoon.
Diversity and abundance of Macrobenthos in a subtropical estuary, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
Soft bottom macrobenthos are important component of the marine and coastal trophic chain. There has been sparse information regarding the distribution of soft bottom macrobenthos form the coastal water of Bangladesh. Consequently, the present study was an effort to reveal the diversity and abundance of macrobenthos in the Feni Estuary in a seasonal pattern together with the hydrological factors. A total of 17 taxa families of soft-bottom invertebrates were found over the two sampling seasons. The current study yielded a total number of 34,726 ind./m 2 (mean 2480ind./m 2) including 18,909ind./m 2 in wet season (mean 2682ind./m 2) and 15,817 ind./m 2 in dry season (2259ind./m 2). The highest density of soft-bottom invertebrates was in the wet season while the lowest number in the dry season. A total of 5 groups of macrobenthos were found over the two sampling seasons. The dominant group was Polychaeta that contributed 43.60% of the total soft-bottom invertebrates. The values of biodiversity indices were higher in dry season compare to the wet season in most of the sampling station during the study period.
Biocycling of Fractional Fatty Acid Components of Lipids in Mangrove-Benthic Systems, in Midnapore (East) Coast, India by Susanta Kumar Chakraborty in Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography
Specific physicochemical parameters influence on the plankton structure in ag...Innspub Net
The continuous discharge of effluents into Warri River, impacts on its water quality parameters as well as plankton species which requires commensurate surveillance. This study focuses on its physicochemical characteristics and their influence on plankton composition and abundance. The surface water samples and plankton collected monthly from June to November 2014 were analyzed using standard methods. The physicochemical parameters showed variations among the stations. The ANOVA results revealed that water temperature, transparency, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, pH, acidity, Dissolved Oxygen and phosphate were significantly different (P <0.05) among the studied sites. A total of 849 plankton species identified; 814 species were phytoplankton consisting of four groups (Bacillariophyta> Chlorophyta> Euglenophyta> Cyanophyta, arranged in order of dominance. While zooplankton had 35 species grouped into 5 groups; Rotifera> Copepoda> Protozoa> Cladocera> Arachnida, in order of dominance. Pearson correlation revealed a significant correlation between different Plankton species population and some parameters (p<0.05). The principal component analysis labelled acidity, organic load, mineralization, nutrient, and organic pollution as influential factors governing plankton abundance in the studied area. These factors identify with materials from industries and human activities along the river, which results in the alteration of plankton composition, particularly Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs,1861. Inferred biological indicator of the water body. Diversity indices ranged from 0.28 to 1.39; Station 2 had the highest (1.39) and Station 1 the lowest species richness, a highly polluted river.
Monitoring of pollution using density, biomass and diversity indices of macro...Prabhakar Pawar
In this study, density, biomass and diversity indices of selected macrobenthos were assessed from substations
along Sheva creek and Dharamtar creek mangrove ecosystems of Uran [Raigad], Navi Mumbai, west coast of India
from April 2009 to March 2011. A total of 86 species of macrobenthos representing 61 genera and 45 families were
identified comprising of gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, polychaetes, sponges, crabs, prawns and shrimps.
Higher values of density, biomass and diversity indices were recorded during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon than
the monsoon. Diversity values in the study area ranged from 0.203 to 0.332 indicating heavy pollution and the macro
benthic fauna is under stress due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, effluents from industries, oil tanking
depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust [JNPT], hectic activities of Container Freight
Stations [CFS], and other port wastes. This study reveals that macro benthic fauna from mangrove ecosystems of
Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress.
Study of Zooplankton Abundance and Species Diversity in Shahjangi Pond of Bha...ijtsrd
The present study was conducted in Shahjangi Pond of Bhagalpur District of Bihar during April 2021 to March 2022. Zooplanktonic abundance and diversity were determined by using standard method. The principal aim of this study was to study more about the swamps overall zooplankton diversity. Water samples were collected using zooplankton net and preserved with formalin aqueous solution of formaldehyde and 5 neutral buffer 10 ml on the spot, then brought to the laboratory for further analysis. Totally 21 species of zooplankton of four different classes were recorded rotifer, cladocera, copepod and ostracoda in which Rotifera was the most dominant class followed by the cladocera, copepoda and ostracoda. From total 21 genera 10 were belongs to Rotifera, 6 from cladocera, 3 from copepoda and 2 from ostracoda. Shannon Weaver index were employed to analysis the species diversity. Priyama Kumari | Dr. Ashok Kumar Thakur "Study of Zooplankton Abundance and Species Diversity in Shahjangi Pond of Bhagalpur, Bihar (India)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49809.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/49809/study-of-zooplankton-abundance-and-species-diversity-in-shahjangi-pond-of-bhagalpur-bihar-india/priyama-kumari
3 ijfaf jul-2017-1-evaluation of the ichthyofaunalAI Publications
Fish constitute more than half of the total number of all the aquatic vertebrates in the world; thus, a study was carried out for six months from January-June, 2016 to investigate the physico-chemical parameters, composition, abundance and diversity of ichthyofauna present in some sections of Omambala, Ezu and Ahommiri Rivers in Anambra state, Nigeria. Water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis and fish samples were also collected with the assistance of artisanal fishermen using different types of traditional fishing gears namely - gill nets, cast nets, hook and line, local traps (baited) and bag nets to evaluate fish species composition and abundance. The result of the physico-chemical analysis showed uniform values for temperature (25±0.16oC-30±0.48oC), dissolved oxygen (3.65±0.78-5.65±0.11mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (13±0.03-16±0.08mg/l) which favoured the distribution of fishes present in different sections of the three Rivers. A total catch of 11,031 fishes were recorded from the three Rivers which comprised 11 orders, 29 families, 43 genera and 69 species. Umuoba-Anam section had 9691 catches, Ebenebe section (702) and Awa section (638). Monthly composition showed highest in March (1,909) and June (2,294) for dry and rainy seasons respectively. Seasonal composition showed highest during the rainy season with a total number of 5922 fishes while 5109 fishes was recorded for the dry season. The diversity indices of the three Rivers indicated diverse communities with ten common species variety and Shannon Weiner (H’) diversity index of 2.755-3.682. Tilapia zilli (22.2%) was the most common and abundant species followed by Clarias anguillaris (21.4%), Malapterus electricus (18.9%), Heterobranchus bidorsalis (15.4%), Xenomystis nigri (14.6%), Heterotis niloticus (13.0%), Auchenoglanis monkei (11.0%), Tilapia dageti (10.2%), Hepsetus odoe (8.1%) and Bagrus filamentosus (7.2%). The study revealed that taxa richness and species diversity increase with increased water level and uniform physico-chemical changes. Further survey of fish species diversity and abundance should be carried out continuously for a longer period on a larger scale for a thorough assessment of the water bodies and their fishery potentials.
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Inventory of the aquatic macrophytes in lake kharungpat, india
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Inventory of the Aquatic Macrophytes in Lake Kharungpat, India
K. Khelchandra Singh1*, B. Manihar Sharma2, Khuraijam Usha2
1.Department of Environmental Science, Pachhunga University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl796001, Mizoram, India.
2. Ecology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Study in Life Sciences, Department of Life Sciences,
Manipur University, Imphal- 795003, Manipur, India.
(*Email of the corresponding author: kkhelchandrasingh@gmail.com)
Abstract
The present study has been undertaken in Lake Kharungpat situated in Manipur state, India. The focal objective
of the study is to evaluate the quantitative characters of the aquatic macrophytes viz., frequency, density,
abundance, abundance by frequency (A/F) ratios and importance value index (IVI). During the whole study
period, a total of 54 macrophytic plant species belonging to 28 families were found distributed in the lake. The
aquatic plant species recorded were grouped into different categories viz., submerged (7 species), rooted with
floating leaves (6 species), free floating (8 species) and emergent (33 species) respectively. Alternanthera
philoxeroides, Azolla pinnata, Brachiaria mutica, Ceratophyllum demersum, Echinochloa stagnina, Eichhornia
crassipes, Enhydra fluctuans, Hygroryza aristata, Ludwigia adscendens, Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia cucullata and
Zizania latifolia were the dominant species found to occur in all the study sites during the entire study period.
The maximum frequency was exhibited by Echinochloa stagnina (85%), whereas the maximum density value
was shown by Ceratophyllum demersum (213.60 plants m–2). The highest abundance value was exhibited by
Echinochloa stagnina (506.67 plants m–2). The higher ranges of A/F ratios were reported in some species viz.,
Alternanthera philoxeroides (0.44), Echinochloa stagnina (0.42), Azolla pinnata (0.38) etc. Alternanthera
philoxeroides (42.41) recorded peak value of importance value index (IVI). The analysis of variance (ANOVA)
for all the aquatic macrophytes reported from the lake indicates that there is no significant variation within the
four study sites in terms of distribution. However, F-test result indicates significant variation in the quantitative
characters between the different macrophytic plant species of the lake.
Keywords: inventory, aquatic macrophytes, quantitative, Lake Kharungpat, India.
1.
Introduction
Macrophytes usually includes any plants which are observable by the naked eye and always identifiable when
observed (Homes & Whitton, 1977). Macrophytes are an important component of the aquatic ecosystem and
major changes in the abundance of individual species and community composition usually provide valuable
information on the reason on how and why an ecosystem might be changing. Macrophytes are also valued as an
important means for indirectly monitoring the water quality for instance, eutrophication can bring about change
in the species composition and a loss of species diversity. At the same time, macrophytes also affect the physical,
chemical and biological characters of the lake, and are affected by a group of factors such as lake Morphometry,
water chemistry and biological characters of the lake (Lacoul & Freeman, 2006).
The state of Manipur has been included under the Indo-Burma Biodiversity hotspot region of the world along
with Loktak Lake, India (a Ramsar site). The assessments of the Physico-chemical characteristics of the
freshwater environment are essential to understand the distribution and productivity of aquatic macrophytes in
the freshwater ecosystems. Some of the earlier studies on Phytosociology, Biomass and Primary Productivity,
Physico-chemical characteristics of water are not adequate enough to compile a composite ecological database of
the freshwater ecosystems of the country. Some of the relevant earlier works which have been carried out by a
number of researchers at national and global levels are Devi, (1993), Melzer, (1999), Hanlon, et al., (2000),
Devi, (2007), Devi, (2008), Usha & Sharma (2008), Cheruvelil & Soranno, (2008), Nurminen & Horppila,
(2009), Mormul, et al., (2010), Usha, et.al., (2010a, 2010b ), Singh, et. al., (2010a, 2010b, 2010c), Singh, et. al.,
(2011), Singh & Sharma, (2012), Singh, K.K. et. al., (2012), Soranno, et. al., (2011), Usha, et. al., (2012),
Kanninen, et al., (2012), Singh & Sharma, (2013) etc.
In consonance with the efforts taken up by the International Biological Programme (IBP) and Man and the
Biosphere Programme (MAB), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Ramsar Convention, National
Programme for Wetland Conservation (NPWC) of the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), Goverment
of India (GoI), Inventory of the aquatic macrophytes in Lake Kharungpat has been undertaken. This study would
serve as an important prerequisite for assessment of the distribution of the aquatic macrophytes of the lake. In the
light of the above reasons, the present study has been carried out with the main objectives to evaluate the
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quantitative characters like frequency, density, abundance, abundance by frequency (A/F) ratios and importance
value index (IVI) of the aquatic macrophytes found in the lake at regular intervals during the study periods.
2.
Methods
For the present investigation, the lake was divided into four study sites representing as Site I, II, III and IV which
are locally named as Panchao, Pangalpat, Kambong Leiram and Kharungpat Khong respectively. The aquatic
macrophytic plant samples were collected at regular monthly intervals during the period January, 2008 to
December, 2009 from the different study sites. The sampling technique used for inventory of the aquatic
macrophytes was the standard method as described by Curtis (1959) and Misra (1968). The quantitative analysis
comprises frequency, density, abundance, abundance to frequency ratio, relative frequency, relative density,
relative abundance and importance value index (IVI). Assessing of the different quantitative characters were
done by using a square quadrat of 25 cm × 25 cm in dimension and in each study site not less than 20 quadrats
were sampled randomly (Ambasht, 1970).
2.1. Description of the Study Sites
Lake Kharungpat is situated in Thoubal district of Manipur state, India. The lake is located in south western
portion of the district at a distance of about 30 km. from Imphal (capital city of Manipur). The Lake is
surrounded by Ikoppat on the northern portion, Wangjing Tentha on eastern side, Uchiwa, Santhel and Sekmaijin
on the western side and Wabagai on the southern side. The lake is located at the intersection of 24°32′14′′ N –
24°36′46′′ N Latitude and 93°54′46′′ E – 93°58′42′′ E Longitude. The lake has an area of about 49.98 sq.
km. during rainy season and is located at about 781 m above the mean sea level. The lake is naturally aging and
it is under heavy environmental stress due to human encroachments, conversion of low lying areas into
piscicultural farms, disposal of untreated domestic sewage, leaching of synthetic chemical fertilizers etc. The
study site map of the lake has been presented in Fig.1.
2.2. Calculation of Quantitative Characters
Frequency (%) =
No. of quadrats in which the species occurs
×100
Total number of quadrats studied
Total number of individuals of a species in all quadrats
Total number of quadrats studied
Total number of individuals of a species in all the quadrats
Abundance/quadrat =
Total number of quadrats in which the species occurs.
Abundance of a species
A/F Ratio =
Frequency of the same species
Density/quadrat =
Importance Value Index (IVI)/300 = Relative Frequency (%) + Relative Density (%) + Relative Abundance (%).
2.3. Statistical and Data Analysis
The statistical analysis is carried out by using SPSS Ver-20 and the statistical tools like ANOVA (Analysis of
Variance) and Box Plot techniques are used for interpretation of the findings. ANOVA is done for quantitative
characters viz., frequency, density, abundance, A/F ratio and IVI of the aquatic macrophytes between different
study sites of the lake and also within different species of the lake. Box Plot is used to represent the distribution
of the different macrophytic species recorded from the lake.
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Figure 1. Map of Lake Kharungpat, India showing the different study sites.
3.
Results
A total of 54 aquatic macrophytes belonging to 28 families were found distributed in the lake. Out of total 54
species recorded, Poaceae family has shown the presence of maximum number of species i.e. 14 species
contributing to 25.92% which was then followed by families like Cyperaceae, Nymphaceae and Polygonaceae
with 3 species each contributing to 5.55%. Other families like Alismataceae, Amaranthaceae, Convolvulaceae,
Hydrocharitaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Pontederiaceae and Salvinaceae had 2 species each contributing to 3.70%.
The remaining families viz., Apiaceae, Araceae, Asteraceae, Azollaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Ceratopteridaceae,
Characeae, Commelinaceae, Lemnaceae, Marsileaceae, Menyanthaceae, Mimosaceae, Nelumbonaceae,
Onagraceae, Potamogetonaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Trapaceae comprised 1 species each constituting 1.85%
(Fig. 2A). The list of aquatic macrophytes found in Lake Kharungpat are furnished in Appendix-1.
The aquatic macrophytes found in the lake were categorized into four main sub-categories viz., (a) submerged
(b) rooted with floating leaves (c) free-floating (d) emergent groups. Under submerged group 7 species (12.96%)
were reported. Ceratophyllum demersum, Hydrilla verticillata, Potamogeton crispus, Utricularia exoleta,
Utricularia flexuosa were restricted to shallow areas where light is abundantly available upto the bottom and
such plants usually have long stems with dissected leaves. Altogether 6 species belonging to rooted with floating
leaves were reported viz., Euryale ferox, Nymphoides cristatum, Nymphaea stellata, Trapa bispinosa etc. In the
free-floating category 8 species were recorded viz., Azolla pinnata, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Eicchornia
crassipes, Neptunia prostrata, Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia cucullata etc. The maximum numbers of 33 species
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were recorded under the emergent group viz., Echinochloa stagnina, Enhydra fluctuans, Ludwigia adscendens,
Hygroryza aristata, Ipomoea aquatica. Zizania latifolia, Phragmites karka, Pseudoraphis minuta etc. The
percentage compositions of the different macrophytic species were found maximum in the emergent group
(61.11%), which was then followed, by the free-floating species (14.81%) and submerged species (12.96%). The
lowest percentage (11.11%) was contributed by rooted and floating leaved species (Fig.2B).
Figure 2 (A). Frequency of Family Occurrence recorded from Lake Kharangpat,
India; Others families were included in the column “Others”.
Figure 2 (B). Life-forms recorded from Lake Kharangpat, India; Emergent (Em),
Free floating (FF), Submerged Species (SS), Rooted with floating leaves (RFL);
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Table 1. ANOVA of Aquatic Macrophytes in the different study sites of Lake Kharungpat, India
Study
Sites
Parameter
N
Mean ±
S.E.
95% Confidence Interval
Minimum
Maximum
17
0
55
Lower
Bound
9
1
54
13 ± 2
2
54
12 ± 2
8
16
0
54
14 ± 2
10
18
0
55
54
12 ± 2
8
17
0
216
13 ± 1
11
15
0
54
15.26 ± 3.15
8.94
21.58
0
54
16.00 ± 3.28
9.42
22.59
0
0.967
0.233
0.873
0.504
0.68
0.022
0.995
89
3
53
17.00 ± 3.41
10.17
23.84
0
122
4
54
14.78 ± 3.26
8.24
21.33
0
114
Total
215
15.76 ± 1.63
12.55
18.96
0
122
1
54
49.53 ± 8.74
31.99
67.06
0
324
2
54
50.05 ± 9.25
31.50
68.60
0
251
3
54
55.13 ± 8.89
37.29
72.97
0
325
4
54
44.54 ± 8.97
26.54
62.53
0
318
Total
216
49.81 ± 4.46
41.02
58.60
0
325
1
54
0.09 ± 0.011
0.07
0.11
0
0.26
2
54
0.08 ± 0.012
0.05
0.10
0
0.27
3
54
0.10 ± 0.012
0.07
0.12
0
0.34
4
54
0.08 ± 0.013
0.05
0.11
0
0.39
Total
216
0.09 ± 0.006
0.07
0.10
0
0.39
1
54
4.60 ± 0.78
3.08
6.12
0
25
2
54
4.87 ± 0.86
3.15
6.59
0
22
3
54
4.80 ± 0.72
3.35
6.25
0
24
4
54
4.67 ± 0.90
2.87
6.47
0
29
Total
IVI
0.087
111
216
4.74 ± 0.40
3.94
5.53
0
29
2
A/F ratio
0.877
63
1
Abundance
0.222
63
Total
Density
P-value
50
3
4
Frequency
F
Upper
Bound
Note: S.E. = standard error; C.I. = Confidence Interval; Units-(Frequency - %; Density and Abundance- Plants m/sq)
During the present investigation the maximum values of frequency ranges were exhibited by Echinochloa
stagnina (15 to 85%) followed by Alternanthera philoxeroides (10 to 80%), Ceratophyllum demersum (10 to
75%) respectively. The maximum value of density was shown by Ceratophyllum demersum with values ranging
from 13.60 to 213.60 plants m–2. The maximum abundance value was shown by Echinochloa stagnina (96.0 to
506.67 plants m–2). The peak value of IVI varied from 16.10 to 42.41 in Alternanthera philoxeroides.
The mean frequency of any one of the species found in one quadrat is 13 with standard deviation 1 and 95% C.I.
(11, 15). The density of a particular species concentrated in one quadrat is found to be 15.76 plants m–2 with
standard error (S.E.) 1.63 and 95% C.I. (12.55, 18.96). Further, it is found that the mean abundance of any
species in a study area is 49.81 plants m–2 with standard error of 4.46 and 95% C.I. (41.02, 58.60) and thus the
ratio of abundance to frequency ( A/F) is 0.09 and S.E. 0.006 and 95% C.I. (0.07, 0.10). The mean IVI of the
study area for all species is 4.74 with S.E. 0.40 and 95% C.I. (3.94, 5.53). The analysis of variance for all the
aquatic macrophytic plant species reported from the different study sites of the lake are presented in Table 1. The
F-test result indicates that there is no variation on the availability of the different aquatic macrophytes in the four
study sites with respect to the various quantitative parameters.
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Figure 3. Box Plot for Frequency (%) of the Aquatic Macrophytes in Lake Kharungpat, India
Figure 4. Box Plot for Density (Plants/m.Sq) of the Aquatic Macrophytes in Lake Kharungpat, India
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Figure 5. Box Plot for Abundance (Plants/m.Sq) of the Aquatic Macrophytes in Lake Kharungpat, India
Figure 6. Box Plot for A/F Ratios of the Aquatic Macrophytes in Lake Kharungpat, India
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Figure 7. Box Plot for IVI of the Aquatic Macrophytes in Lake Kharungpat, India
Table 2. ANOVA for the different Aquatic Macrophytes of Lake Kharungpat, India
48702.75
215
100239.80
53
1891.32
Within species
21629.59
161
134.35
121869.39
214
755975.03
53
14263.68
Within species
167408.16
162
1033.38
923383.18
215
Between species
0.76
53
0.01
Within species
0.89
162
0.01
Total
1.65
215
Between species
IVI
92.16
Total
5827.31
53
109.95
Within species
A/F ratio
162
Between species
Abundance
53
14929.69
Total
Density
33773.06
Within species
Between species
Frequency
Mean Sum
Squares
637.23
Total
Parameters
Source of
variation
Between species
1722.30
162
10.63
Sum of Squares
d.f.
F
P-value
6.914
<0.01
14.078
<0.01
13.803
<0.01
2.631
<0.01
10.342
<0.01
Total
7549.61
215
Note: d.f. =degrees of freedom; Units-(Frequency - %; Density and Abundance- Plants m/sq)
The analyses of variance between species available in whole study site are presented in Table 2. . The variability
of species available with respect to frequency, density, abundance, A/F ratio and IVI is tested by applying
statistical tools. It is observed that the variation of among species with respect to these measures viz., frequency,
density, abundance, A/F ratio and IVI are highly significant as evident by F-test result. This finding reveals that
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the inventory of species within the study area is also significantly different in terms of quantitative parameters
due to heterogeneities of basic features like temperature, pH etc.
4.
Discussion
The quantitative characters which comprises the estimation of frequency, density, abundance, abundance by
frequency (A/F) ratio and importance value index (IVI) of the different macrophytic species in the different
study sites of the lake, recorded higher values during rainy season which influenced the growth of the
macrophytes and favouring good climatic conditions. The rainy season seems to be most favourable season for
the germination of buried seeds of the perennial emergents like Cyperus species and other mud-growing species
like Eclipta, Enhydra, Ipomoea, Caesula species etc (Rai & Munshi, 1982). Similarly, high values during the
rainy season were recorded from a number of lakes and wetlands viz., Hokarsar wetland, India (Kumar & Pandit,
2005), Manasbal Lake, India (Rather & Pandit, 2006), Awangsoipat Lake, India (Devi, 2007), Oksoipat Lake
India (Devi, 2008), Poiroupat Lake, India (Usha, et. al., 2010b) etc.
It was observed that the maximum numbers of aquatic macrophytic plant species were recorded at the onset of
the summer season and the rainy season due to the favourable warm temperature while the lowest numbers of
species were recorded during the winter season. Hogeweg & Brenkert (1969) and Verma et al., (1982) earlier
recorded luxuriant growth of the aquatic macrophytes, in the tropics during the rainy season. It is evident from
the survey of the aquatic macrophytes distributions in the different lakes and wetlands in record that the Lake
Kharungpat is comparatively richer in Macrophytic species as compared to the other lakes of the state and other
regions of India. The emergent, submerged and other groups of aquatic macrophytes were found in intermixed
mats representing heterogeneous composition and distribution. Such heterogeneous compositions of species
were also recorded earlier by Swindale & Curtis (1957) and Schmid (1965) in the submerged vegetations of
U.S.A. and Seshavatharam & Venu (1982) in the Kolleru Lake, India. Such intermixed distribution of the plant
communities have also been found rampant in the different lakes in Manipur recorded by number of earlier
researcher.
According to Curtis and Cottam (1956) and Curtis (1959) if A/F ratios of the different species are less than
0.025, the species are found distributed homogeneously, while the ratio within 0.025 to 0.05 indicate random
distribution. When the ratios are higher than 0.05, they indicate the aggregate nature of distribution of the
species. In the present study the A/F ratios is higher than 0.05 indicating aggregate pattern of species
distribution. There is luxuriant growth of the aquatic plants with maximum number from emergent group. The
growth of the macrophytes is more in shallow sloping basins, while it is less in the deep ones. The contributions
of the aquatic plants have been found correlated to the ratio of the mean depth to maximum depth (Moss, 1989).
In the present study, the ratio of mean depth and maximum depth has been found to be 0.45. A very high surface
area to volume ratio of 540.91 has been found in the lake under study which indirectly indicates the occurrence
of luxuriant growth of the macrophytes, with high efficient ratios of production.
The statistical analysis reveals that there is no significant variation with respect to frequency, density,
abundance, A/F ratio and IVI of the different aquatic macrophytes recorded from the lake in the four study sites
of the lake. The analysis of variance within the different species of the aquatic macrophytes indicated significant
variation with respect to the quantitative characters. Comparable findings were reported from Manasbal Lake,
Kashmir Himalaya, India (Rather & Pandit, 2006), Itaipu reservoir, Brazil (Mormul, et al., 2010) and Poiroupat
Lake, India (Usha, et.al., 2012).
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal795003, India for providing various facilities to carry out the present research work. The authors would also like
to sincerely thank S. Shantikumar Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, Pachhunga University
College, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India for helping with the statistical work.
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74
EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
12. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Appendix 1: List of Aquatic Macrophytes in Lake Kharungpat, India
Sl.
No.
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54.
Name of species
Family
Alisma plantago aquatica Linn.
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart) Griseb.
Alternanthera sessiles (Linn.) R.Br.
Azolla pinnata R.Br.
Brachiaria mutica (Forsk). Stapf.
Ceratophyllum demersum Linn.
Ceratopteris thalictroides (Linn.)
Chara zeylanica Willd.
Commelina bengalensis Linn.
Cymbopogon nardus ((Linn.) Rendle.
Cyperus corymbosus Rottb.
Cyperus distans Linn.f.
Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) P. Beauv.
Eicchornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.
Enhydra fluctuans Lour.
Euryale ferox Salisb.
Hydrilla verticillata (Linn. F.). Royle.
Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees.
Imperata cyllindrica (Linn.)
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.
Ipomoea fistulosa Mart.
Kyllinga tenuifolia Steud.
Lemna minor Linn.
Leersia hexandra Swartz.
Ludwigia adscendens (Linn.) Hara
Marsilea quadrifoliata Linn.
Monochoria hastata (Linn.) Solms.
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
Neptunia prostrata Bail.
Nymphoides cristatum (Roxb.) O. Kuntze
Nymphaea pubescens Willd.
Nymphaea stellata Willd.
Oenanthe javanica (Bl) D.C.
Oryza officinalis Wall en Watt.
Oryza rufipogon Griff.
Polygonum glabrum Willd
Polygonum hydropiper Linn.
Pistia stratiotes Linn.
Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. Ex Stand.
Potamogeton crispus Linn.
Pseudoraphis minuta (Mez) Pilger
Pseudoraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Vickery
Ranunculus scleratus Linn.
Rumex maritimus Linn.
Sacciolepsis myosuroides (R.Br.) A. Camus
Saccharum procerum Roxb.
Sagittaria sinensis Linn..
Salvinia cucullata Roxb.
Salvinia natans Hoffm
Trapa bispinosa Roxb.
Utricularia flexuosa Vahl.
Utricularia exoletaR.Br.
Vallisnaria spiralis Linn.
Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf.
Total number of species
Alismataceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Azollaceae
Poaceae
Ceratophyllaceae
Ceratophyllaceae
Characeae
Commelinaceae
Poaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Poaceae
Pontederiaceae
Lemnaceae
Asteraceae
Nymphaeaceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Poaceae
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Cyperaceae
Lemnaceae
Poaceae
Onagraceae
Marsileaceae
Pontederiaceae
Nelumbonaceae
Mimosaceae
Menyanthaceae
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaeaceae
Apiaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Araceae
Poaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Ranunculaceae
Polygonaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Alismataceae
Salvinaceae
Salvinaceae
Trapaceae
Lentibulariaceae
Lentibulariaceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Poaceae
54
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