The document discusses groundwater contamination and depletion in the state of Gujarat and cities like Kanpur in India. It provides details on the status of groundwater in various districts in Gujarat, including those that are overexploited, critical or semi-critical. It notes the major groundwater quality issues in different districts. It also discusses how factors like excessive pumping, unregulated waste disposal and lack of rainwater harvesting are leading to a lowering of the water table in many areas in India.

1. Sarvajanik College of Engineering and
Technology(SCET)
Topic : Groundwater contamination
Effort by :
Dumasia Yazad H.
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Computer (Morning) 1st year

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4. GroundwateristhewaterlocatedbeneathEarth'ssurfaceinsoil
porousspacesandinthefracturesofrockformation.
 Aunitofrockoranunconsolidated(looselyarranged)depositis
calledanaquiferwhenitcanyieldausablequantityofwater.
Thedepthatwhichsoilporousspacesorfracturesandvoidsin
rockbecomecompletelysaturatedwithwateriscalledthewater
table.
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6.  Typically, groundwater is thought of as liquid
water flowing through shallow aquifers, but, in
the technical sense, it can also include moisture,
permafrost (frozen soil), immobile water in very
low permeability bedrock, and
deep geothermal or oil formation water.
 Groundwater is hypothesized to provide
lubrication that can possibly influence the
movement of faults.
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7.  It is likely that much of Earth's sub-surface contain
some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in
some instances.
 Groundwater may not be confined only to Earth.
 The formation of some of the landforms observed
on Mars may have been influenced by
groundwater. There is also evidence that liquid
water may also exist in the subsurface
of Jupiter's moon Europa. 7

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10. Groundwater contamination occurs
when man-made products such as
gasoline, oil, road salts, untreated
factory products, bi-products ,
effluents or spillages chemicals, gets
into the groundwater and cause it to
become unsafe and unfit for human
use. 10

11.  Materials from the land's surface can
move through the soil and end up in the
groundwater.
 For example, pesticides and fertilizers can
find their way into groundwater supplies
over time.
Road salt, toxic substances from mining
sites, and used motor oil also may seep
into groundwater.
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12.  In addition, it is possible for treated
waste from septic tanks and toxic
chemicals from underground storage tanks
and leaky landfills to contaminate
groundwater.
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 Drinking contaminated groundwater can
have serious health effects.
Diseases such as hepatitis and dysentery
may be caused by contamination from
septic tank waste.
 Poison may be caused by toxins that have
leached into well water supplies which
effect an wildlife .

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 Other long term effects such as
certain types of cancer may also
result from exposure to polluted
water.
 Untreated outgoing entrance
also leads to increase in levels of
heavy metals in the water source.

15.  Storage Tanks :
May contain gasoline, oil, chemicals, or other types of
liquids and they can either be above or below ground.
There are estimated over time the tanks can corrode,
crack and develop leaks. If the contaminants leak out
and get into the groundwater, serious contamination
can occur.
 Septic Systems :
Septic systems are designed to slowly drain away
human waste underground at a slow, harmless rate.
An improperly designed, located, constructed, or
maintained septic system can leak bacteria, viruses,
household chemicals, and other contaminants into the
groundwater causing serious problems.
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16.  Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste
Today, there are over 20,000 known abandoned and
uncontrolled hazardous waste disposal sites and the
numbers grow every year.
Hazardous waste sites can lead to groundwater
contamination if there are barrels or other containers
laying around that are full of hazardous / radioactive
materials.
If there is a leak, these contaminants can eventually make
their way down through the soil and into the groundwater.
Due to heavy rains and floods the hazardous waste is
carried to different places from the disposal site.
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17.  Atmospheric Contaminants
Since groundwater is part of the
hydrologic cycle, contaminants in other
parts of the cycle, such as the
atmosphere or bodies of surface water,
can eventually be transferred into our
groundwater supplies. 1
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18.  Groundwater is the largest source of usable, fresh
water in the world.
In many parts of the world, especially where surface
water supplies are not available, domestic, agricultural,
and industrial water needs can only be met by using the
water beneath the ground.
 Example : The water stored in the ground is
comparable to money kept in a bank account. If the
money is withdrawn at a faster rate than new money is
deposited, there will eventually be account-supply
deficit problems. Pumping water out of the ground at a
faster rate than it is replenished over the long-term
cause’s similar problems.
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19.  Lowering of the Water Table
Excessive pumping can lower the
groundwater table, and cause wells to no
longer be able to reach groundwater.
 Increased Costs
As the water table lowers, the water must
be pumped further to reach the surface,
using more energy. In extreme cases,
using such a well can be cost prohibitive.
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20.  Reduced Surface Water Supplies
Surface water & ground water are connected. When
surface water is overused, the lakes, streams, and rivers
connected to groundwater can also have their supply
diminished.
 Land Subsidence
Land subsidence occurs when there is a loss of support
below ground. This is most often caused by human
activities, mainly from the overuse of groundwater,
when the soil collapses, compacts, and drops.
 Water Quality Concerns
Excessive pumping in coastal areas can cause saltwater
to move inland and upward, resulting in saltwater
contamination of the water supply.
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21. State Profile
Ground Water Scenario of Gujarat
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Area (Sq.km) 1,96,024
Rainfall (mm) 1243
Total Districts /
Talukas
25 districts / 184
Talukas

22. State Profile
Ground Water of Gujarat
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Dynamic Ground Water
resources
Annual Replenish able Ground
water Resource
15.81 BCM
(Billion Cubic
Meter)
Net Annual Ground 15.02 BCM
Annual Ground Water Draft 11.49 BCM
Stage of Ground Water
Development
76 %

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Ground Water Development & Management
Over Exploited 31 Talukas
Critical 12 Talukas
Semi- critical 69 Talukas
Ground Water User Maps 25 districts
Artificial Recharge to Ground Water (AR) Area identified for AR:
64264 sq. km.
Quantity of Surface
Water to be
Recharged : 1408
MCM
Feasible AR
structures: 4942
Percolation Tanks
13210 Check Dams,
RWH in Urban Areas for
4.5 Lakhs houses

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Ground Water Quality
Problems
Contaminants Districts affected (in part)
Salinity (EC > 3000 µS/cm at 25
° C)
Ahmdabad, Amreli, Anand, Bharuch,
Bhavnagar, Banaskantha, Dohad,
Porbandar, Jamnagar, Junagadh,
Kachchh, Mehsana, Navsari, Patan,
Panchmahals, Rajkot, Sabarkantha,
Surendranagar, Surat, Vadodara
Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Ahemdabad, Amreli, Anand,
Banaskantha, Bharuch, Bhavnagar,
Dohad, Junagadh, Kachchh, Mehsana,
Narmada, Panchmahals, Patan, Rajkot,
Sabarkantha, Surat,
Surendranagar,Vadodara
Chloride (> 1000 mg/l) Ahmedabad, Amreli, Bharuch,
Bhavnagar, Banaskantha, Porbandar,
Jamnagar, Junagadh,
Kachchh, Dohad, Patan, Panchmahals,
Sabarkantha, Surendranagar, Surat,
Vadodara, Rajkot

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Ground Water Quality
Problems
Contaminants Districts affected (in part)
Chloride (> 1000 mg/l) Ahmedabad, Amreli, Bharuch,
Bhavnagar, Banaskantha, Porbandar,
Jamnagar, Junagadh,
Kachchh, Dohad, Patan, Panchmahals,
Sabarkantha, Surendranagar, Surat,
Vadodara, Rajkot
Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Ahemdabad, Banaskantha, Bhavnagar,
Kachchh, Mehsana Narmada
Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Ahemdabad, Amreli, Anand,
Banaskantha, Bharuch, Bhavnagar,
Dohad, Jamnagar, Junagadh,
Kachchh, Kheda, Mehsana, Narmada,,
Panchmahals, Patan, Porbandar, Rajkot,
Sabarkantha, Surat, Surendranagar ,
Vadodara

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27. Underground water table depleting in 44 districts
KANPUR: Underground water condition is not satisfactory in the
state. It is overexploited or in critical and semi-critical condition in
44 districts.
Kanpur, Lucknow, Allahabad and Kannauj districts are included among
these 44 districts, according to a report submitted to the
government by the irrigation department and Underground Water
Board. The report urged the government to consider it and take
appropriate action to check the depleting underground water table.
Chief secretary Alok Ranjan stopped the implementation of all the
government schemes for potable water or irrigation from 111
overexploited blocks of the state. Kalyanpur block of Kanpur has
come under overexploited category. Implementation of free boring,
medium and deep boring, government tubewells and community tube
well schemes in the area have been stopped. People have been urged
not to exploit underground water in the block.

28. Chaubeypur, Ghatampur, Sarsaul and Shivrajpur are under
semi-critical zones and officials had been asked to keep a
check there too.
Chinhat in Lucknow has been declared as dark zone as it is
overexploited and city's five blocks, including Malihabad,
Deeha, Bhadohi are in semi-critical zone.
According to joint study conducted by Underground Water
Board and minor irrigation department in the city, water table
was depleting 20 cms per year in Kanpur. Hari Prasad, an
official of minor irrigation department told TOI that previous
year data indicate that on an average, underground water was
depleting by 20 to 30 cms per year.
On an average, water table should be around 20 ft. But at
Kalyanpur, it was measured 40 to 45 ft below the ground.
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29. A study revealed that the underground water is receding
by 20 to 50 cms on an average every year. According to
available data, around two meters of water table had
receded in the city in last six years.
In comparison to present level of 27.77 meters, Kidwai
Nagar had water level of 23.90 meters in 2007. Fazalganj
has 28.05 meters at present in comparison to 2007's level
25.60 meters.
As per record, there are 11,890 government hand pump,
20,000 private hand pumps, 165 government tube wells, 850
submersible pumps, more than 2 lakhs private submersible
pumps are exploiting around 35 crore liter of underground
water per day. The city requires 52 crore liters of water
per day. 29

30. In order to check the depleting groundwater table,
Kanpur Development Authority had made mandatory
rainwater harvesting in each new construction
mandatory. But it could not be implemented properly.
Even rainwater harvesting system of KDA is out of
order.
According to Ground Water Board officials, more
ponds should be dug so that rainwater could be stored
there. Ponds are useful rechargers of groundwater.
The district administration stated that digging of
ponds in the village under MNREGA was going on and
legal proceedings have been initiated against those
who had illegally occupied ponds for commercial or
residential purposes.
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