Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact on Income of Smallholder Farmers in Chiro District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
The importance of agricultural technology in enhancing production and productivity can be realized when yield increasing and technologies are widely been used and diffused. Standing from this logical ground, this paper aimed at identifying the factors affecting agricultural technology adoption decision and examining the impact of adoption on household’s income in chiro district west Hararghe zone, Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data was used; primary data was collected through structured questionnaire administered on 97 randomly selected smallholder farmers and secondary data was collected from published and unpublished document related to this topic. For data analysis purpose both Probit and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression models were employed. From the total 97 respondents 80 of them were adopted improved agricultural Technology while the left were not adopted improved agricultural technology in the study area. The regression result revealed that agricultural technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on household income by which adopters are better-offs than non-adopters. The probit regression result revealed that gender of the household head; access to irrigation, credit service; extension service and income of the household head significantly affect adoption of improved agricultural technology in the study area. From these finding researchers recommend that government should encourage small scale irrigation, credit service and extension service in the study area.
Lecture 12 economic principles applicable to farm managementB SWAMINATHAN
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Lecture 12 economic principles applicable to farm managementB SWAMINATHAN
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
This topic looks at one of the strategies used by farmers and small firms in the agribusiness sector to leverage cost, access markets and become competitive in the market. Emphasis was made on the use of contract farming (vertical linkage) and cooperatives (horizontal linkage).
Introduction to agribusiness marketingDaisy Ifeoma
This chapter is intended to help the students understand how agribusiness came into being, the size and importance of the agribusiness sector, the conflicting needs of the players in this sector and most importantly, the relevance of marketing to the agricultural and food sectors.
WHAT IS CONTRACT FARMING?
Contract farming can be defined as agricultural production carried out according to an agreement between a buyer and farmers which establishes conditions for the production and marketing of a farm product or products. Typically, the farmer agrees to provide agreed quantities of a specific agricultural products.
Theory and practice of contract farming
A central processing or exporting unit purchases the harvests of independent farmers.
Most commonly practiced by food processing companies.
This chapter is intended to ensure that students understand why agricultural policies are needed in both developing and developed countries. It will also shed light on the major forces that cause policy change, reasons for government involvement in agriculture and the place of agricultural policies in the future.
Technical Efficiency in Teff (Eragrostis teff) Production: The Case of Smallh...Premier Publishers
The aim of this study was to determine the level of technical efficiency of smallholder teff producers and identify factors affecting technical efficiency of smallholder farmers in teff production of Jamma district, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. A three-stage sampling technique was employed to select 149 sample farmers. A Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production analysis approach with the inefficiency effect model was used to estimate technical efficiency and identify the determinants of efficiency of teff producing farmers. The maximum likelihood parameter estimates showed that teff output was positively and significantly influenced by area, fertilizer, labor and number of oxen. The mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample farmers were about 78%. This shows that there exists a possibility to increase the level of teff output by 22% through efficiently utilizing the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, improved seed, training and credit were found to have negative and significant effect on technical inefficiency while farm size was found to have positive and significant effect on technical inefficiency of teff production. Hence, local government should provide necessary supports such as formal as well as informal education, training, credit, improved seed and timely supply of fertilizer.
This topic looks at one of the strategies used by farmers and small firms in the agribusiness sector to leverage cost, access markets and become competitive in the market. Emphasis was made on the use of contract farming (vertical linkage) and cooperatives (horizontal linkage).
Introduction to agribusiness marketingDaisy Ifeoma
This chapter is intended to help the students understand how agribusiness came into being, the size and importance of the agribusiness sector, the conflicting needs of the players in this sector and most importantly, the relevance of marketing to the agricultural and food sectors.
WHAT IS CONTRACT FARMING?
Contract farming can be defined as agricultural production carried out according to an agreement between a buyer and farmers which establishes conditions for the production and marketing of a farm product or products. Typically, the farmer agrees to provide agreed quantities of a specific agricultural products.
Theory and practice of contract farming
A central processing or exporting unit purchases the harvests of independent farmers.
Most commonly practiced by food processing companies.
This chapter is intended to ensure that students understand why agricultural policies are needed in both developing and developed countries. It will also shed light on the major forces that cause policy change, reasons for government involvement in agriculture and the place of agricultural policies in the future.
Similar to Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact on Income of Smallholder Farmers in Chiro District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
Technical Efficiency in Teff (Eragrostis teff) Production: The Case of Smallh...Premier Publishers
The aim of this study was to determine the level of technical efficiency of smallholder teff producers and identify factors affecting technical efficiency of smallholder farmers in teff production of Jamma district, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. A three-stage sampling technique was employed to select 149 sample farmers. A Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production analysis approach with the inefficiency effect model was used to estimate technical efficiency and identify the determinants of efficiency of teff producing farmers. The maximum likelihood parameter estimates showed that teff output was positively and significantly influenced by area, fertilizer, labor and number of oxen. The mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample farmers were about 78%. This shows that there exists a possibility to increase the level of teff output by 22% through efficiently utilizing the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, improved seed, training and credit were found to have negative and significant effect on technical inefficiency while farm size was found to have positive and significant effect on technical inefficiency of teff production. Hence, local government should provide necessary supports such as formal as well as informal education, training, credit, improved seed and timely supply of fertilizer.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Agriculture in Ethiopia yet bases on small scale farming is experiencing frequent drought. The study examines, does improved wheat seed adoption benefit farmer’s wheat yield or not in Ofla woreda, Tigrai? A primary data sources from a survey of random sample 300 small scale farm households were gathered. Of which 100 were certified wheat seed adoptor farmers and the remaining 200 were non users. In dealing with propensity score matching (PSM) was applied. The average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) result revealed that improved wheat seed adoptor household’s earn 35 to 54 quintal of wheat yield per hectare at a cost of plowing 9,400 Birr larger in a single production year compared to non adoptors earn below 18 quintal at a cost of Birr 7,000. Adoption of certified wheat seed complementary with other packages is more recommendable to enhance wheat yield at small scale level.
Effects of Agricultural Extension Services on the Performance of Members of W...ijtsrd
This study dwelt on Effects of Agricultural Extension Services on the Performance of Members of Women Agricultural Cooperatives in Southeast Nigeria. Nigerian agricultural system has not been living up to expectation, despite the wide range of programmes, policies and approaches that have been formulated for its enhancement and sustenance. Multistage random sampling technique was adopted to select 399 respondents of the women agricultural cooperative members. Primary data was sourced through the use of structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed with both descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS version 23 and strata 14 software. The descriptive statistics used include frequency distribution table, simple percentages, weighted mean and mean threshold of five point likert scale measure while inferential statistics used include regression, and ANOVA, which were used for the test of hypotheses formulated. The result of hypothesis one revealed that the socioeconomic characteristics of the members of the women agricultural cooperative have significant influence on the use of extension services with Age 2.07 ,level of education 3.39 ,main occupation 2.46 and income 3.25.Hypotheses 2 and 3 also revealed that the level of use of agricultural extension services have significant effect on the women's income and output performance indices with F statistics value of 107.42 ,72.11 and r 0.4622,0.3658 respectively. It is recommended that women farmers need education and training for better understanding of extension services and programmes which will provide assistance to them, for improved agricultural production. Women agricultural cooperative members need training on financial inclusion that they can use all available sources of credit for enhancement of agricultural activities and this will boost food security in the Southeast and Nigeria in general. Okafor I. P. | Umebali E. E "Effects of Agricultural Extension Services on the Performance of Members of Women Agricultural Cooperatives in South East, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29544.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/29544/effects-of-agricultural-extension-services-on-the-performance-of-members-of-women-agricultural-cooperatives-in-south-east-nigeria/okafor-i-p
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Maize Technology among Smallholder Maize...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: As part of Ghana’s agricultural modernization agenda aimed at ensuring the National Food Security, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) through its extension directorate has been promoting the adoption of improved maize technologies. Method and Material: This paper presents the finding of a study conducted to assess the determinants of adoption of improved maize technologies among smallholder farmers in the Bawku West District of the Upper East Region of Ghana. Exploratory survey design was employed with multistage sampling techniques adopted in selecting 400 maize farmers for the study. Result: Personal interviews, administration of semi-structured questionnaire, observations, and focus group discussions were the main methods employed in data collection. Probit regression model was applied in analyzing determinants of the adoption of improved maize technologies. Household annual income, access to labor, access to credit, and extension contact were found as significant determinants of farmers’ level of adoption of improved maize technology. Conclusion: The study recommends to the MOFA to promote the use of labor saving simple farm tools in carrying out the various production recommendations under the improved maize technology. Furthermore, MOFA needs to work with financial institutions to support maize farmers with credit to enable them to acquire the necessary inputs required in the implementation of the improved maize technology.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Maize Technology among Smallholder Maize...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: As part of Ghana’s agricultural modernization agenda aimed at ensuring the National
Food Security, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) through its extension directorate has been
promoting the adoption of improved maize technologies. Method and Material: This paper presents
the finding of a study conducted to assess the determinants of adoption of improved maize technologies
among smallholder farmers in the Bawku West District of the Upper East Region of Ghana. Exploratory
survey design was employed with multistage sampling techniques adopted in selecting 400 maize
farmers for the study. Result: Personal interviews, administration of semi-structured questionnaire,
observations, and focus group discussions were the main methods employed in data collection. Probit
regression model was applied in analyzing determinants of the adoption of improved maize technologies.
Household annual income, access to labor, access to credit, and extension contact were found as
significant determinants of farmers’ level of adoption of improved maize technology. Conclusion: The
study recommends to the MOFA to promote the use of labor saving simple farm tools in carrying out the
various production recommendations under the improved maize technology. Furthermore, MOFA needs
to work with financial institutions to support maize farmers with credit to enable them to acquire the
necessary inputs required in the implementation of the improved maize technology.
Commercialization of Smallholder Teff Producers in Ethiopia: Constraints and ...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to assess the smallholder farmers’ teff production and marketing constraints and opportunities in Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance result revealed that production constraints like high cost of fertilizer and delayed delivery, credit problem, shortage of land, unpredictable rainfall, limited improved seed acquisition, insufficient labor, loss of soil fertility and marketing constraints like poor road, limited alternative outlets, fluctuation of teff price, low bargaining power of farmers, inadequate market information and week farmers’ cooperative were pressing constraints of teff production and marketing in study area in order of their importance. The implication of this finding is that promotion of better access to communication facilities and institutional services may significantly contribute to promoting market participation and hence commercialization of teff producer smallholders.
Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Packag...Premier Publishers
Enhancing the probability of adoption and its intensity is not an easy task because there are numerous factors that affect producers’ adoption decision. Hence, the study was aimed to investigate the factors that affect adoption and intensity of adoption among malt barley producers in southern Ethiopia. Using random sampling technique, 251 smallholder malt barley producers were selected to collect primary data through semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and econometrics model (Tobit model) methods were used for data analysis. The study identified five major malt barley technology packages in the study area. Such practices are; improved seed, seeding rate, fertilizer rate, plowing frequency and row planting. Thus, non-adopter accounted for 7.5% of total sample, partial adopter (50.2%), fully adopter (42.3%) and intensity ranges from 0.12-0.84 for partially adopter and 0.85-0.96 for fully adopter. The results of Tobit model indicated that factors influencing adoption and its intensity are; education, family size, land size, access to credit, membership to cooperative, access to training, access to demonstration, total livestock unit and distance to nearest market. Which are affected farmers adoption decision and intensity of adoption significantly in one or another way. Therefore, government and any development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale.
Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) amo...Premier Publishers
The study examined factors influencing adoption of improved agricultural technologies (IATs) among smallholder farmers in rural communities of Kaduna State.The study was conducted in Giwa and Sabon-gari Local Government Areas. Three objectives guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the farming communities for the study. Two rural communities (Bassawa and Shika) were purposely selected out of 16 villages primarily because of their age-long agricultural technologies. The sample size of the study was 200 smallholder farmers made up of 100 farmers from each of the communities which were purposively selected. Primary data were collected using a structured interview schedule, focus group discussion and in-depth interview while the secondary data which relate to the objectives of the study were collected from the office of the Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project (ADP) and National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS), ABU, Zaria. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentages. Results from the findings of the study revealed a positive significant (p<0.05) influence on adoption of agricultural technology and farmers’ educational levels, gender and age also had a positive significant influence on the adoption of technology. Therefore, the following recommendations were made: there is need to increase farmers’ capital and credit facilities and make funds accessible to the farmers. Also, it is therefore imperative for Government to ensure that policies that support the adoption of improved agricultural technologies are put in place.
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
Drivers of Improved Cassava Variety Adoption among Farmers in Oyo State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Low cassava productivity in Nigeria has been linked to low adoption of modern technologies amongst farmers, creating a large gap between the current and the potential yield of cassava. Therefore, this study examined the level of adoption of improved cassava variety (TME 419) and its drivers among cassava farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Data collected from 236 cassava farmers with the aid of structured questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, adoption index and logit regression model. Results showed that cassava farmers in Oyo state were 49 years of age with farming experience of 21 years and farm size of 4 ha. About 69% of surveyed farmers adopted the improved cassava variety while the adoption coefficient was 0.66. The likelihood of adopting improved cassava varieties was significantly influenced by education, household size, primary occupation, farming experience, farm size, land ownership and age. Therefore, increasing the years of farmers’ education, farm size, ownership of land, entry of younger farmers, household size and non-farm occupation will increase the likelihood of adopting improved cassava variety among farmers.
Global Adoption - In Precision Agriculture in Australia, Interest in Precision Agriculture (PA) has Increased Rapidly Within the Grain Growing Regions Over Recent Years (David et al., 2017). Many Farmers have Invested in Machinery Guidance Systems And Yield Monitors, But Few are using the Technology to Manage Spatial Variability Across Farming Zones.
In Argentina farmers in the province of Cordoba, Pampas and Bones Aires, often equip their combine harvesters with yield monitors (Bongiovanni and Lowenberg, 2015). Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is available from private companies for broadcasting information. In addition, Variable Rate Technologies are used for seeding and fertilizer application.
In Africa PA is being used in Kenya, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Ethiopia, and South Africa. In South Africa, farmers have reported that the costs saved while using variable rate fertilizer and irrigation are the major factors in adopting precision agriculture (Jacobs et al., 2018).
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Factors influencing the intensity of market participation among smallholder w...AI Publications
Participation in commercial agriculture holds considerable potential for unlocking suitable opportunity sets necessary for providing better incomes and sustainable livelihoods for small scalefarmers. In developing countries like Ethiopia, most smallholder farmers are characterized by poor market participation because they lack market information on marketing of agricultural products. This study examined factors that influence the intensity of market participation among smallholder farmers in JabiTehnan districtusing survey data collected from randomly selected 120 farmers. The aim of this study was to analyze market participation of smallholder wheat farmers in JabiTehnan district. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary data sources using cross sectional data.Probit model regression result showed that, perception of wheat market price, quantity of wheat produced, size of land allocated for wheat and frequency of extension contact had significant and positively effect on market participation decision, while distance to nearest market, family size had significant negative effect. Based on the study policy interventions like family planning, awareness to farmers to supply wheat to the market when price is fair for them, strength extension service and infrastructure like market access, improve land management practice by use of a right input at a right timeas a means to enhance wheat market participation.
Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non C...ijtsrd
This study examined the determinants of agricultural innovations adoption among cooperative and non cooperative farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. The research design used in this study is descriptive survey research design. The area of study was Imo State, and data were gotten from the three zones, namely, Orlu, Owerri and Okigwe. Data were generated from a total population of 1184 registered cooperatives and non cooperative farmers. Using Taro Yamane formula, a total of 464 respondents were selected from both cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Questionnaire was the instrument of data collection. Descriptive statistics and one way Analysis of Variance ANOVA were employed to address the research questions and to test the promulgated hypothesis. The findings revealed that important determinant of adoption include educational level, annual income, farm experience, frequency of contact, cooperative membership, price of the produce, type of media used, government policy, availability of success stories, frequency of training, attitude to novel ideas, household size, extent of livelihood diversification, availability of markets and parents occupation. Determinants of agricultural innovation adoption were also the same for cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Based on the findings made in the study, the study recommends that cooperative extension services need to be revolutionalized and given adequate attention. This can be achieved by developing new framework for cooperative extension and forging a common ground for both cooperative and agricultural extension work. Apart from recruitment and deployment of competent and well motivated staff, there is the need for provision of work gadget and work tools that are in tune with technological changes. Supervision and retraining of extension staff should also become a priority. Michael, Maureen Chinenye | Ojiagu, Nkechi Cordelia | Umebali, E. Emmanuel "Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30329.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30329/determinants-of-agricultural-innovations-adoption-among-cooperative-and-noncooperative-farmers-in-imo-state-nigeria/michael-maureen-chinenye
Similar to Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact on Income of Smallholder Farmers in Chiro District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
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This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
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Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
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An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
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A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
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The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact on Income of Smallholder Farmers in Chiro District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
2. Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact on Income of Smallholder Farmers in Chiro District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia
National Regional State, Ethiopia
Tadesa E. 606
we call it Green Revolution (World Bank, 2008) where its
replication in African countries is paramount importance
for increasing productivity. As part of developing countries
in general and Sub-Saharan Africa in particular, Ethiopia
is an agrarian country that predominantly relied on
subsistence agriculture. According to Ministry of Finance
and Economic Development (MoFED, 2003), since 1990s
as a national strategy, Ethiopia has espoused Agricultural
Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI) which
predominantly advocates smallholder agriculture and their
transformation in to commercial agriculture by employing
agricultural technologies. Supporting this, Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD, 2010)
inferred that majority of the country’s total production is
been produced by smallholder farmers; and the sector
contributes 90% of the foreign earnings and 70% of the
raw materials for industry.
Although the sector contributes this much, due to
insufficient rate of production and productivity, persistent
poverty and drought are actually the main manifestations.
To trim down and make poverty history, the country has
designed and been implementing different poverty
reduction papers including Sustainable Development and
Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP), the Plan for
Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty
(PASDEP) and Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP).
Basing from the logical ground of limited arable land size
and understanding the priceless importance of agricultural
technologies, in Ethiopia, procurement and distribution of
agricultural inputs more particularly improved seed
varieties and chemical fertilizer have been the central
patterns of the above-mentioned poverty reduction papers.
Therefore, the general objective of this paper is to identify
the factors affecting households’ agricultural technology
adoption decision and to examine the impact of adoption
on farm income of household around the study area
Statement of the problem
The adoption of agricultural technologies is necessary
condition for the achievement of agricultural productivity
increase and poverty reduction among the farming
households. Though traditional agriculture prevails in
developing countries in general and in Ethiopia in
Particular, some progress has been made in using
improved agricultural technologies and inputs.
Neil and Lea (2011) point out that the majority of existing
literature on agricultural adoption is focused on Green
House (GH) technologies such as irrigation, adoption of
farm capitals and machineries which needs a time series
data to determine adoption of technology across space
and time. Many researchers like Fribourg (2009) focused
on aggregate level of adoption agricultural technologies
among group of farmers.
Diagne (2006) assessed the impact on agricultural
technology adoption on rice yields to Cote d’Ivoire. The
results show a positive and significant increase in yield
particularly on the female farmers. In contrast however, a
study conducted by Hossain (2003) in Bangladesh reveals
that the adoption of improved varieties of rice has a
positive impact on the richer households but had a
negative effect on the poor.
The adoption decision of farmers is usually determined by
various factors. Factors affecting the adoption of improved
wheat technologies are not known. The rate and intensity
of adoption as well as the impact on the new technologies
on yield and farmers income have not been known in the
study area.
This study focuses on agricultural technology adoption
specifically on improved seed varieties and Chemical
fertilizers and its impact on household’s income. It also
focuses on individual adoption which can measure degree
of use on long run. The study investigates positive impact
of Agricultural technology adoption on both male and
females.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
General objective of the study
The general objective of the study is to analyze adoption
of agricultural technologies and its impact on livelihood’s
income.
Specific objectives of the study
The specific objectives of the study are:
• To determine factors affecting agricultural technology
adoption of farmers.
• To identify role of agricultural technology adoption on
income of households.
Research Questions
• What are the major factors affecting agricultural
technology adoption by the farmers?
• What are the roles agricultural technologies for farm
income?
Significance of the Study
This study provides awareness about importance of
agricultural technology adoption for farmers in chiro
districts West Hararghe zone, Oromia Regional state,
Ethiopia. The study also expects to assess factors
affecting technological adoption in the study area. This
study generates valuable information about producers and
which may also help policy makers to take relevant
decisions and intervene in production. It also provides
baseline information for further researchers in the study
area.
3. Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact on Income of Smallholder Farmers in Chiro District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia
National Regional State, Ethiopia
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 607
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study was undertaken Chiro woreda of West Haraghe
Zone Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The study was
emphasized on Agricultural technology Adoption,
Specifically on improved seed varieties and Chemical
fertilizer adoption and its role on the household’s income.
The study was carried out on Agricultural Technology
Adoption and its impact on household’s income it is
confined to a single district; the findings shall contribute
deepen the knowledge for awareness and attitude towards
agricultural technology adoption in general and the study
area in particular. So that it will be used to stimulus for
further research to refine the conceptual and methodology
of the present study.
Empirical Studies on the Adoption of Agricultural
Technologies
Concepts of Agricultural Technology
Throughout the world’s history of economic development,
the catalyst of growth has been technological innovation
(Dantwala, 1996). It is, therefore, natural for economic
writers to give emphasis on technological progress while
discussing economic situations. There are many
definitions given for technology in economic literature.
According to Singh (1986) technology is a stock concept
broadly means a body of skills and knowledge as well as
collection of all available techniques of carrying out
economic activities. He also defined technology as the
proportions in which land, labor, and capital are combined
into the production of a unit of output. Technological
change, on the other hand, is a flow concept and when
new techniques become available as a result of research
or experience, it is the technology that changes.
According to Ruttan (1960), technological change is
defined as the change in the parameters of a production
function or the creation of new production functions.
Technological change reduces the amounts of productive
inputs necessary to produce any given level of output; it
can also change the input proportions that are used to
produce that output at the lowest cost (Maurice and
Phillips, 1986).
Technological change involves an improvement in the
state of knowledge-the knowledge of how to organize
factors of production more efficiently. In terms of the
production function, any given set of inputs in the relevant
range can produce more output after the improvement in
technology.
Technological change leads to a shift of isoquant map
toward the origin, because a given level of output can be
produced with fewer inputs. This downward shift in the
isoquant means that with given input prices, each level of
output can be produced at a lower cost (on a lower
isoquant curve) than was possible before the change in the
level of technology (Maurice and Phillips, 1986).
In general, technology either affects the levels and/or
proportions of inputs used in the production of a certain
level of output or it raises output produced with a given
levels of input combinations.
Impact of Agricultural Technology
Research evaluation refers to judging, appraising, or
determining the worth, or quality of research. This is often
done in terms of its relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, or
impact (Horton et al, 1993). Hence, research impact is an
evaluation that deals with the effects of the research output
on the target beneficiaries. Impact also implies a
behavioral change in target population due to the
technology (Anandajayasekeram et al., 1996).
According to Echeverria (1990), impact refers to the
physical, social, and economic effects of new cultivation
and post-harvest methods on crop and livestock
production, distribution, and use and on social welfare in
general. Impact assessment can be carried out to study
the impact of a particular innovation/ technology, on a
research program, or on a research program plus
complementary services (such as extension, marketing,
etc). Impacts can also be measured at the individual
household level, target production level, as well as national
and regional levels (Anandajayasekeram et al., 1996).
In discussing impact of any research program, one can
identify two broad categories of interpretation. In the first
category, some people look at the direct output of the
activity and call this impact, e.g., a variety, a breed, or a
set of recommendations resulting from a research activity.
Most of the biological scientists belong to this category.
The other category goes beyond the direct product and
tries to study the effects of this product on the ultimate
users. This one looks at the fit of the program within the
overall R&D of the country. Most social scientists, donors,
planners and policy makers belong in this category. This
second type of impact deals with the actual adoption of the
research output and subsequent effects on production,
income, environment and/or whatever the development
objective may be (Anandajayasekeram et al., 1996).
The impact or the potential of any improved technology
under real farm situations is generally assessed from the
magnitude of the differences in the mean yields, net
economic returns or benefit-cost ratios of the improved
technology and those of the traditional or existing farmers’
practices (Kiresur et al., 1996).
Importance of Technology in Agriculture
Technology is one of the important forces, which alter the
economy. Technological innovation is a force which
causes economic decay in one region and growth and
4. Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact on Income of Smallholder Farmers in Chiro District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia
National Regional State, Ethiopia
Tadesa E. 608
prosperity in another (Singh, 1986; Dantwala, 1996).
Technological changes in agriculture have much
importance to the general economic progress as well as to
the farming community of most countries. It is relatively
more important for densely populated countries of Asia,
Africa, and Eastern Europe (Singh. Et al., 1986).
Ensuring food security for all is a major challenge facing
agricultural technology generation efforts. According to
Dantwala et al., (1999), food security for the world in 2025
is possible and probable if the right things are done starting
now. However, the task will not be easy and represents an
enormous challenge to the global community and
particularly to the agricultural community. Meeting future
requirement will require sustainable intensification of
complex production systems, appropriate national and
international policies, and continued investments in
agricultural research. Without these conditions prospects
for future are less bright.
Technological change can act on poverty through two
channels (Singh et al., 2001). First, it can help reduce
poverty directly by raising the welfare of poor farmers who
adopt the technological innovation. This can be through
increased production for home consumption, more
nutritious foods, higher gross revenues from sales, lower
production costs, lower yield risks, lower exposure to
unhealthy chemicals, and improved natural resource
management. Secondly, technological change can help
reduce poverty indirectly through the effects which
adoption has on the price of food; employment and wage
effects in agriculture and in other sectors of economic
activity, lower costs of agricultural raw materials, lower
nominal wages of employers (as a consequence of lower
food prices), and foreign exchange contribution of
agriculture to overall economic growth.
Technological change leads to increased output and
higher disposable income. It also changes the farmers’
resource allocation behavior by changing the potential
yield outcomes. It also allows diversion of resources like
labor and capital to non-agricultural sectors and raises the
national output (Singh, 1986; Ahmed et al., 2001).
Technological progress helps in lessening the drudgery of
work both in farms and farm homes. Besides producers,
technological change benefits consumers via increased
production and restraining spiraling prices.
Technological changes also have spillover benefits.
Technology spillovers are benefits generated by the
adoption of an innovation outside the mandate area of the
research institutions making the discovery (Traxler and
Byerlee, 2001). Agricultural R&D investments in one
country may affect investment decisions in other countries
through R&D spillovers. In summing up, the importance of
technological change to both producers and consumers,
and to the community at large is enormous. The overall
role of technology in agriculture is rooted in general
economic progress, feeding the teeming million, alleviating
poverty, increasing production and ultimately income,
adjusting resource allocation behavior, and lessening the
drudgery of work.
Empirical Literature review
The focus in the econometric literature is traditionally on
endogeneity or self-selection issues and motivated
primarily by applications to the evaluation of labor market
programs in observational settings. Individuals who
choose to enroll in a training program are by definition
different from those who choose not to enroll. These
differences, if they influence the response, may invalidate
causal comparisons of outcomes by treatment status,
possibly even after adjusting for observed covariates
(Imbens and Woodridge, 2008).
Consequently, different methods have been developed
and used in the literature to assess the impact of
programs, policies and adoption of improved agricultural
technologies on poverty reduction or welfare however, the
results have been mixed. For instance, Mendola adopted
the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) methods to assess
the impact of agricultural technology adoption on poverty
in Bangladesh and observes that the adoption of high
yielding improved varieties has a positive effect on
household wellbeing in Bangladesh. In the same way,
Kijima. (2008) conducted a study on the impact of New
Rice for Africa (NERICA) in Uganda and found that
NERICA adoption reduces poverty without deteriorating
the income distribution.
Traditionally, according to Foster and Rosenzweig (1996),
and Kohli and Singh (1997) agricultural technology
adoption decision was seriously been determined by
imperfect information, risk, uncertainty, institutional
constraints, human capital, input availability and
infrastructural problems. As a remedy for such traditional
conception, Sasakawa Global 2000 (SG-2000) program is
been in place and intended to work with smallholder
farmers and their respective agriculture ministry’s so as to
increase agricultural production and productivity by
employing agricultural technologies that could best keep
soil fertility.
Following the advent of SG- 2000, the determinants of
agricultural technology adoption decision of farm
households turned to be mainly social networks and
learning (Bandiera and Rasul, 2002); and adoption would
be in place through farmers’ own and neighbors’
experience (Foster and Rosenzweig, 1995). In a certain
country, chemical fertilizer adoption can be determined by
economic, social, physical and technical aspects of
farming (Abay & Assefa, 2004); and these aspects
influence the type of crops to be grown and the production
method to be used (Sassenrath Schneider et al., 2012).
According to Yanggen et al., (1998), in Africa in general
and SSA in particular, fertilizer use capacity is being
5. Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact on Income of Smallholder Farmers in Chiro District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia
National Regional State, Ethiopia
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 609
determined by human capital (basic education, extension
and health/nutrition); financial capital (income, credit and
assets); basic services (infrastructure, quality controls and
contract enforcement, information and government
policies); yield response (biophysical environment,
technology and extension) and input and output prices
(structure conduct and performance of subsector,
competition efficiency and equity).
In Ethiopia, due to awareness problem about the vitality of
ISV and in fear of keeping seeds without losing its
originality, farmers prefer to adopt seeds that are already
deformed, diseased, mixed origin and unmarketable
(Eshetu 2005); due to the in hospitability of the physical
environment and poor market infrastructure network, ISV
is considered as complimentary for indigenous seeds
(Benin, 2003).
RESEARCH METHOLOGY
Description of the study area
Chiro district is found in West Hararghe Zone of the
Oromia National Regional state at about 325 km East of
Finfine, the capital city of Oromia regional national state.
The capital town of the district is Chiro, which is also the
capital town of the Zone. The district is divided into three
major agro-ecological zones. These are Lowland with 22
kebeles, Midland with 13 kebeles and highland altitude
with 4 kebeles. The district bordered with Miesso in the
North, Gemmechis in the South, Guba-koricha in the West
and Tulo in the East. Mixed farming, both crops and live
stocks production, is the dominant practice in the district
covering 98% and the rest is of pastoral production system
with a share of 2%.
Type and Method of Data Collection
Both primary and secondary data was used in this
research. A primary data was collected through structured
questionnaire administered on randomly selected
smallholder farmers in 2018 cropping year; Primary data
was collected by interview and supplemented by focus
group discussion and secondary data was collected from
the office of agriculture and finance of the district.
Sample size and Sampling techniques
Appropriate sample size depends on various factors
relating to the subject under investigation including time,
cost and degree of accuracy (Gupta, 2002). From total
target population, household was selected by using
Slovenes formula (Yamane, 1967).Therefore by Slovenes
formula the proportion of sample size determined by
n=N/1+ (N)*e2 =97. Where N=number of HH in the area,
n=number of sample size to be selected, e=level of
significance.
A Primary data was collected through structured
questionnaire administered on 97 randomly selected
smallholder farmers in 2018 cropping year; 97 from two
kebeles of chiro woreda.
For validity of the data and reliability of the collected data,
purposefully, the questionnaire was pre-tested by my
advisor. Firstly, two kebeles those are conducive to
agriculture was selected purposively from the study area.
Secondly, of the total, two kebeles 97 householders was
selected using simple random sampling. Thirdly villages’
sample size was determined proportionally from the
already defined sample size from which adopters and non-
adopters was identified; and finally, final respondents were
selected randomly from the list of the farm households
from each targeted villages.
Method of Data Analysis
In this paper, regardless of the intensity and quantity of
technologies being used, a farmer was taken as an
adopter if he or she sows any improved seed variety and
uses chemical fertilizer; either independently or together
with their indigenous seeds and manure. The dependent
variable, technology adoption, has a binary nature taking
the value of 1 for adopters (chemical fertilizer and
improved seed varieties independently) and 0 for non-
adopters. In this regard an econometric model employed
while examining probability of farm households’
agricultural technology adoption decision was the probit
model. Often, probit model is imperative when an
individual is to choose one from two alternative choices, in
this case, either to adopt or not to adopt chemical fertilizer
and improved seed varieties. Hence, an individual makes
a decision to adopt chemical fertilizer and improved seed
varieties of the utility associated with that adoption choice
(V1i) is higher than the utility associated with decision not
to adopt (V0i). Hence, in this model there is a latent or
unobservable variable that takes all the values in (-∞, +∞).
According to Koop (2003) these two different alternatives
and respective utilities can be quantified as: Yi* = V1i , V0i
and the econometric specification of the model is given in
its latent as:
Yi = 1, Yi*i≥0
0, Yi*i≤0
Where Yi takes the value of one (1) for adopters and zero
(0) for non-adopters.
Y*i = X' βi+ui
Where u| x is a normally distributed error term.
From this unobserved or latent model specification,
therefore, the utility function depends on household
specific attributes X and a disturbance term (u) having a
zero mean: Ui1 (X) = β1Xi+ ui0 for adopters. As utility is
random, the ith household was adopt if and only if Ui1>Ui0.
6. Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact on Income of Smallholder Farmers in Chiro District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia
National Regional State, Ethiopia
Tadesa E. 610
On the other hand, to examine the impact of agricultural
technology adoption on household’s income, Ordinary
Least Square (OLS) regression model was employed. The
rationale is due to the continuous nature of the dependent
variable, household’s income. Furthermore, according to
Gujarati (2006), with the assumption of classical linear
model, OLS estimators are with unbiased linear estimators
with minimum variance and hence they are Best Linear
Unbiased Estimators. Hence, its specification is given
below using similar independent variables used and
described in the probit model above.
Y = β0 + βiXi +Ui
Where: Y is the dependent variable (farm income), Xi is a
vector of explanatory variables, βi is a vector of estimated
coefficient of the explanatory variables (parameters) and
ui indicates disturbance term which is assumed to satisfy
all OLS assumptions (Gujarati, 2006).
HH Inc. = β0 + β1 GEN +β2 AGE + β3 EDUC + β4
LANDSZ +β5 IRRIG + β6 LANDSZ + β8 CREDIT + β8
EXTENS+ β9 ASSOCI+ β10 TLU + β11 ORGFERT ui
Description of Variables used in the Analysis (both in
Probit and OLS models)
The variables used for the analysis and their theoretical
expectations about the sign and magnitude of these
variables on the adoption decision of agricultural
technologies more particularly chemical fertilizer and
improved seed varieties as well as its impact on
household’s income is discussed below. These variables
were chosen based on the available literature reviewed.
Gender of household head (GEN): It is a dummy variable
1 if gender of the household head is male and 0 otherwise.
Male-headed households would have better opportunity to
adopt both chemical fertilizer and improved seed varieties
since they are exposed to new information and tend to be
risk takers
Age of household head (AGE): It is a continuous variable
measured in numbers; as age increases households’
probability of adopting chemical fertilizer and improved
seed varieties was expected to decrease; where younger
farmers were expected to adopt unlike elder farmers. The
coefficient hypothesized in the final result both for
chemical fertilizer and improved seed varieties was
negative.
Education (EDUC): It is a continuous variable measured
in number of years of schooling; where the educated
farmers are believed to acquire, analyze and evaluate
information on different agricultural inputs and market
opportunities. Positive was the coefficient expected from
the final result both for chemical fertilizer and improved
seed varieties adoption.
Land Size (LANDSZ): This is a continuous variable
measured in hectare. Those with large land size could use
chemical fertilizer and improved seed varieties mainly to
increase productivity. On the other hand, those with large
land size could not be in a position to adopt chemical
fertilizer since they could use fallowing system. Besides,
large land size holders may not use improved seed
varieties so long they could use their own indigenous seed.
On the other side, small land size holders may use
chemical fertilizer and improved seed varieties so as to
heighten production and productivity and thereby satisfy
their annual household consumption needs. Hence, the
coefficient was not determined or hypothesized in prior.
Irrigation Use (IRRIG): It is a dummy variable 1 if farm
households did use irrigation practices and irrigation water
0 otherwise. If there is irrigation water, farm households
would be probable to adopt chemical fertilizer and
improved seed varieties since the presence of water can
best be taken as guarantee for crop failure and the
resultant shock. Hence, both for chemical fertilizer and
improved seed varieties adoption, positive sign was
expected from the final probit estimation result.
Access to Credit (CREDIT): It is a categorical variable;
representing 1 if household has had credit access and 0
otherwise. Credit access reduces liquidity problems that
household could face while intending to purchase
agricultural inputs; and hence paves the way for timely
application of inputs thereby increase the overall
productivity and farm income (Mpawenimana, 2005).
Hence, from the final estimation result, access credit was
expected to have a positive sign both for chemical fertilizer
and improved seed varieties adoption decision.
Extension Agents’ Contact (EXTENS): It is a categorical
variable representing 1 if households were visited by
extension agents and 0 otherwise. Farmers’ visited by
extension agents are believed to be exposed for different,
new, updated information used to adopt chemical fertilizer
and improved seed varieties thereby increase and double
agricultural production that finally could increase farm
income (Wondimagegn, 2011). Hence, both for chemical
fertilizer and improved seed varieties adoption decision,
extension agents’ contact will expect to have a positive
sign or coefficient from the final probit estimation result.
Membership to an Association (ASSOCI): It is a
categorical variable; 1 represents if a household was a
member of a certain farmers’ association or cooperatives
and 0 otherwise. Membership to an association let farmers
to access inputs easily with an affordable price that is
pertinent to increase agricultural production and thereby
farm income, hence, farmers can easily adopt chemical
fertilizer and Improved Seed Varieties on time through an
affordable price as well as through credit that will be
returned back soon after harvesting. Due to this, while
determining chemical fertilizer and Improved Seed
Varieties, membership to an association will expect to
have a positive coefficient.
7. Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact on Income of Smallholder Farmers in Chiro District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia
National Regional State, Ethiopia
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 611
Table 1: Factors affecting Agricultural Technology Adoption Results from Probit Model.
Variables Chemical fertilizer IMPROVED SEED VARIETIES
Coef SE P>|Z| Marginal effect Coef SE P>|Z| Marginal effect
Constant -0.052 0.744 0.06 -0.72 0.681 0.302
Gender 0.068 0.0256 0.008* 0.155 0.231 0.235 0.305 0.079
Age -0.019 0.012 0.109 0.003 -0.009 0.009 0.139 -0.007
CREDIT 0.471 0.253 0.062*** 0.099 0.671 0.189 0.000* 0.245
EDU -0.068 0.056 0.304 -0.010 0.081 0.049 0.705 0.006
IRRIG 0.697 0.306 0.031** 0.098 0.629 0.196 0.001* 0.236
EXtcon 0.497 0.277 0.073*** 0.111 -0.143 0.023 0.545 -0.052
Income 1.553 0.241 0.000* 0.418 0.006 0.218 0.001* 0.021
L Size -0.038 0.209 0.856 -0.007 -0.128 0.154 0.406 -0.046
ASSOC -0.14 0.215 0.523 -0.026 0.09 0.174 0.588 0.034
FSIZE 0.078 0.466 0.194 0.209 0.969 0.525 0.065 0.253
ORG Fert -0.023 0.011 0.339 -0.004 -0.026 0.008 0.001* 0.009
TLU -0.007 0.047 0.091* -0.016 0.097 0.027 0.027** 0.022
No of observation = 97
LR chi2(11) = 29.50
Prob > chi2 = 0.0019
Log likelihood = -10.916695
Pseudo R2 = 0.5747
Number of observation = 97
LR chi2(12) = 20.85
Prob > chi2 = 0.0007
Log likelihood = -22.173395
Pseudo R2 = 0.3198
Source: Model output and own estimation result.2019, *, ** and *** significant at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Factors affecting chemical fertilizer and improved
seed variety adoption
Presence of irrigation practices and irrigation use was
found to be statistically significant in determining adoption
of chemical fertilizer and Improved Seed varieties,
respectively, at 5 and 1% significance level. Farmers who
have an irrigable land and who use irrigation water,
keeping other things constant, have 9.8% and 23.6%
higher probability of adopting chemical fertilizer and
Improved Seed Varieties. Farmers’ reluctance in adopting
agricultural technologies mainly steams from erratic nature
of rain fall and lack of irrigation water where the technology
is in question for increasing yield rather believed to
damage the productive potential of crops sown. Due
largely to this reason, if farmers get irrigable water, their
probability of adopting the intended technology was found
to be high (Table 1).
It is worth to note that, access to credit is one best option
whereby smallholders could be instigated in diversifying
their economic base; and it is statistically significant at 10%
and 1% significance level, respectively, in determining the
adoption decision of chemical fertilizer and Improved Seed
Varieties. In line with this, farm households that have credit
access, keeping other things constant, have 9.9% and
24.5% higher probability of adopting chemical fertilizer and
HYV unlike the credit rationed farmers respectively. As a
liquidity factor, the more farmers have access to source of
finance, the more likely to adopt agricultural technologies
that could possibly increase crop yield (Table 1).
Organic fertilizer usage was negatively related to adoption
of chemical fertilizer and positively related to adoption of
Improved Seed Varieties and statistically significant and
1% level of significance in adoption of Improved Seed
Varieties keeping other things constant, the probability of
adopting Improved Seed Varieties, will increase by 0.9%
(Table 1).
Tropical Livestock Unit that households do possess has a
negative and positive relationship for adopting chemical
fertilizer and Improved Seed Varieties respectively. The
presence of Tropical Livestock Unit would be an
impediment to adopting chemical fertilizer where farmers
do prefer utilizing manure without incurring product and
transportation cost. In such scenario, farmers would prefer
to use their animals’ manure by transporting through their
own pack animals when need to arise or on time. Unlike
this, the contribution of Tropical Livestock Unit for adopting
Improved Seed Varieties is positive; this might be due to
the conduciveness of the land for productivity of Improved
Seed Varieties since farmers do use manure as proxy for
chemical fertilizer. The magnitude of negative and positive
sign indicates that, as Tropical Livestock Unit increases by
one unit, keeping other things constant, the probability of
adopting chemical fertilizer and Improved Seed Varieties
would decrease and increase by 1.6% and 2.2%
respectively (Table 1).
The Logit regression result reveals that contact with
extension workers positively affects adoption of chemical
fertilizer and statistically significant at 10% level of
significance. The magnitude of positive sign show that,
farmers who are visited by extension agents, keeping
other things constant, have 11.1% higher probability of
adopting, chemical fertilizer unlike non-visited or non-
contacted farmers.
Income was found to have a positive and significant
relationship with chemical fertilizer adoption decision
which is statistically significant at 1% level of significance.
8. Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact on Income of Smallholder Farmers in Chiro District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia
National Regional State, Ethiopia
Tadesa E. 612
Income could best be taken as an important ingredient of
adopting chemical fertilizer in such a way that farmers
could easily afford fertilizer cost; and these farmers are
mostly exposed to new and updated information since they
move from one town to another and contacted with
different people with different background. Due to this
reason, income, have 41.8% higher probability of adopting
chemical fertilizer.
The most factors affecting chemical fertilizer and Improved
Seed Varieties adoption decision are irrigation use,
income and credit access. Hence, compared with
indigenous seed, Improved Seed Varieties have higher
water intake requirement; and for fruitfulness of chemical
fertilizer, there has to be sufficient rainfall and irrigable
water. Datar and Del Carpio (2009) argued that use of
irrigation practices is an important breakthrough to adopt
and produce high yielding and profitable crops. Due largely
to this fact, unless there is water, farm households would
become too reluctant in adopting these technologies; as if
Improved Seed Varieties could not be productive and
chemical fertilizer would damage the productive potential
of crops sown. Hence, farmers do not want to be risk
takers and invest their resource in a barren land. The
finding corroborates with the findings of Ransom et al.
(2003); Kandji et al., (2006) and Paudel and Matsuoka,
(2008).
It is worth to note that, access to credit is one best option
whereby smallholders could be instigated in diversifying
their economic base and adopt all imperative yield
increasing technologies. As a liquidity factor, the more
farmers have access and source of finance, the more likely
to adopt agricultural technologies that could possibly
increase crop yield.
Impact of Agricultural technology adoption on
household’s income
Table 2 below shows the impact of agricultural technology
adoption mainly chemical fertilizer and Improved Seed
Varieties on household’s income. The OLS regression
model was considered as impact measurement and
analysis and its estimation result is shown here under.
The regression model hypothesis stating the positive
impact of agricultural technology adoption on farm income
is accepted at 5% significance level. Household income
was found to be determined positively by gender (given
male headed households do have a better farm income),
land size, access to credit, membership to an association
and TLU. Validating the hypothesis, chemical fertilizer
adopters were much better to get birr 26672.022 than their
non-adopter counterparts. Furthermore, still validating the
null hypotheses, HYV adopters were found to be earners
of birr 4717.575 much better than their counter parts.
Hence, the result is as expected with my hull hypotheses
in such a way that, agricultural technology adopters can
really produce high valued and marketable crops that
accelerate additional income and further motivate farm
households to adopt technologies again and again (Table
2).
Table 2: Impact of Improved Agricultural Technology on Smallholder Farmer's Income
Variable Coefficient Standard err t-ratio P>|t|
Constant -4098.418 7533.117 -0.54 0.587
Improved Seed Varieties 4717.575 2328.241 2.03 0,044**
Chemical fertilizer 6672.022 2722.107 2.45 0.015**
Gender 6246.228 2623.037 2.38 0.018**
Age -61.795 105.934 -0.58 0.597
EDU 281.8286 558.1144 0.50 0.614
CREDIT 2902.156 1367.957 2.12 0.035**
ASSOC 2213.214 1204..256 1.84 0.067
IRRIG 75.15914 2490.294 0.03 0.976
EXTCON 1880..734 1687.631 1.11 0.266
F SIZE -2150.71 1689.8 -1.27 0.204
L SIZE 4567.513 5293.694 0.86 0.389
ORGFERT 4053.782 1091.148 3.72 0.000 *
TLU 6766.944 314.8419 21.49 0.000*
Number of obs = 97 R-squared = 0.3403 F( 13, 97) = 1.83
Adj R-squared = 0.1538 Prob > F = 0.0675 Root MSE = 37367
Source: Model output and own estimation result. *, ** represent significant at 1% and 5% respectively
Improved seed varieties and fertilizer are able to increase
production and to improve the household' income when
farmers adopt them. In assessing the impacts of
agricultural technologies, it is important to estimate the
extent to which farmers have adopted technologies and
estimate the resulting productivity gains. Farmers are
concerned with the benefits and costs of particular
technologies. The partial budgeting method is used to
assess the impacts of the improved wheat technologies
adopted by farmers'.
9. Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact on Income of Smallholder Farmers in Chiro District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia
National Regional State, Ethiopia
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 613
Table 3. The partial budget analysis for adopters and non-adopters of improved seed varieties
Variety IMPROVED SEED VARIETIES /Fertilizer Local seed/fertilizer
Yield (kg/ha) 1636.00 1287.00
Gross benefit (Birr/ha) 3190.20 2509.65
Fertilizer and its application 139.30 74.30
Seed 367.50 292.50
Transport 9.50 3.00
Total cost that vary (birr/ha) 516.30 369.80
Net benefit (Birr/ha) 2673.90 2139.85
Source: Own estimation result, 2019
Table 3 shows the partial budget analysis for adopters and
non-adopters of improved seed varieties Adopters
obtained net benefit of 2673.90 birr/ha and the non-
adopters obtained 2139.85 birr/ha. The adopters have
gained additional net benefit of 534.05 birr/ha with the
additional variable cost of 146.50 birr/ ha (Table 3).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
This research paper examined the factors affecting
chemical fertilizer and Improved Seed Varieties adoption
by the rural household’s chiro district, Ethiopia. The probit
regression result showed that income, gender, irrigation
use, access to credit, contact with extension workers and
income were found to be positive in determining chemical
fertilizer adoption decision. Besides, income, extension
contact, organic fertilizer usage and TLU were statistically
significant in influencing chemical fertilizer adoption
decision. Presence of irrigation practices and irrigation use
was found to be statistically significant in determining
adoption of chemical fertilizer and Improved Seed
Varieties. Irrigation use, income and credit access are the
most factors affecting chemical fertilizer and Improved
Seed Varieties adoption decision are the regression model
hypothesis stating the positive impact of agricultural
technology adoption on farm income is accepted at 5%
significance level.
Household income was found to be determined positively
by gender (given male headed households do have a
better farm income), land size, access to credit,
membership to an association and TLU.
Recommendation
To increase and instigate the likelihood of adopting
modern agricultural technologies by smallholder farmers,
policy makers should put emphasis on overcoming credit
market failures, irrigation problems by introducing drip and
pipe irrigations, securing land ownership status of farm
households and empowering female headed households
to be participants and agents of change by considering a
comprehensive and an integrated development of the
countries where their involvement is pertinent in all
endeavors of the country’s overall development.
For a research output to bring benefits, it has to be
adequately disseminated to ultimate beneficiaries at a
wider scale (coverage). This can be done through
extension agents, as they are employees deployed very
close to farmers.
The results of the study reveal that extension agents,
besides their technical jobs, are burdened with other
activities like effecting loan disbursement and repayments,
input distribution, and administrative activities. Hence, the
efficiency of extension system should be improved by
upgrading practical farming knowledge of development
agents through subsequent training programs that are in
line with the dynamic agricultural and technological
environment.
The household income on adoption and intensity of
adoption was positively significant on the decision to adopt
chemical fertilizer and improved seed varieties. Therefore,
the source of income generation to farmers such as crop,
livestock and off-farm activities should be encouraged to
hasten the adoption of new agricultural technologies.
Making credit available to farmers is an important way of
increasing the adoption of agricultural technologies and
hence increasing the level of production. The needs to
repay loans and meet other financial obligations compel
farmers to sell their output immediately after harvest, at the
time when prices are low. The repayment time of credit
should be adjusted and the output prices should also be
remunerative. This can be realized through improving
infrastructure, encouraging postharvest handling
techniques, promoting cooperatives marketing, and
promoting micro-finance institutions.
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