The study examined factors influencing adoption of improved agricultural technologies (IATs) among smallholder farmers in rural communities of Kaduna State.The study was conducted in Giwa and Sabon-gari Local Government Areas. Three objectives guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the farming communities for the study. Two rural communities (Bassawa and Shika) were purposely selected out of 16 villages primarily because of their age-long agricultural technologies. The sample size of the study was 200 smallholder farmers made up of 100 farmers from each of the communities which were purposively selected. Primary data were collected using a structured interview schedule, focus group discussion and in-depth interview while the secondary data which relate to the objectives of the study were collected from the office of the Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project (ADP) and National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS), ABU, Zaria. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentages. Results from the findings of the study revealed a positive significant (p<0.05) influence on adoption of agricultural technology and farmers’ educational levels, gender and age also had a positive significant influence on the adoption of technology. Therefore, the following recommendations were made: there is need to increase farmers’ capital and credit facilities and make funds accessible to the farmers. Also, it is therefore imperative for Government to ensure that policies that support the adoption of improved agricultural technologies are put in place.
Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non C...ijtsrd
This study examined the determinants of agricultural innovations adoption among cooperative and non cooperative farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. The research design used in this study is descriptive survey research design. The area of study was Imo State, and data were gotten from the three zones, namely, Orlu, Owerri and Okigwe. Data were generated from a total population of 1184 registered cooperatives and non cooperative farmers. Using Taro Yamane formula, a total of 464 respondents were selected from both cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Questionnaire was the instrument of data collection. Descriptive statistics and one way Analysis of Variance ANOVA were employed to address the research questions and to test the promulgated hypothesis. The findings revealed that important determinant of adoption include educational level, annual income, farm experience, frequency of contact, cooperative membership, price of the produce, type of media used, government policy, availability of success stories, frequency of training, attitude to novel ideas, household size, extent of livelihood diversification, availability of markets and parents occupation. Determinants of agricultural innovation adoption were also the same for cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Based on the findings made in the study, the study recommends that cooperative extension services need to be revolutionalized and given adequate attention. This can be achieved by developing new framework for cooperative extension and forging a common ground for both cooperative and agricultural extension work. Apart from recruitment and deployment of competent and well motivated staff, there is the need for provision of work gadget and work tools that are in tune with technological changes. Supervision and retraining of extension staff should also become a priority. Michael, Maureen Chinenye | Ojiagu, Nkechi Cordelia | Umebali, E. Emmanuel "Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30329.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30329/determinants-of-agricultural-innovations-adoption-among-cooperative-and-noncooperative-farmers-in-imo-state-nigeria/michael-maureen-chinenye
Lecturers’ Perception on Agriculture Mechanization in Rivers State, NigeriaAI Publications
The study investigated lecturers’ perception on agricultural mechanization in Rivers state, Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was adopted, four research questions which sought the information regarding benefits, awareness, challenges and solutions guided the study. Population of the study comprises 360 lecturers from three tertiary institutions in Rivers state. Data collection was achieved using a questionnaire comprising 32 items and rated on a five point likert scale. Mean was used for data analysis. For results, regarding benefits, the respondents agreed that agricultural mechanization boosts food production but disagree that it boosts employment of labour. For awareness, lecturers were generally aware of mechanization in agriculture. For challenges, they perceived lack of skills to use mechanized farm equipment as one challenge to mechanization. They perceived that favourable government policies could enhance agricultural mechanization. The study recommend that awareness on agricultural mechanization should be created and government set up agricultural machinery industries for developing and hiring out mechanized farm tools at subsidized rates to farmers.
Determinants of Farmers’ Adoption of Agricultural Development Programme Exten...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study analyzed the determinants of farmers’ adoption of Agricultural Development Programme (ADP)
extension technology packages in Ivo L.G.A of Ebonyi State. Multistage sampling procedure was employed
to select 80 farmers and eight extension agents who formed the respondents for the study. Data were
collected through the aid of questionnaire and interview schedule whereas the analysis was done using
descriptive and inferential statistics suiting each specific objective. The result showed that most of the
farmers (82.50%) and extension agents (75%) were males, respectively. Evidence showed that the mean age
of the farmers was 37 years while the mean age of the extension agents was 44 years. It was obvious that
67.50% and 75% of the farmers and extension agents were, respectively, married. The mean annual income
of the farmers and extension agents was ₦98,070 and ₦504,200, respectively. The result showed further
that about 81.9% change in the dependent variable (adoption of extension technology packages) was caused
by variations of socio-economic characteristics included in the regression model. The following were the
research recommendations; educational facilities should be made available for rural farmers to enhance
easy adoption of ADP extension technology packages to enhance production; government and NGOs should
endeavor to subsidize the cost of ADP extension technology packages to enhance easy adoption by rural
farmers; and credit institutions are advised to give farmers loans to enhance their accessibility of ADP
extension technology packages in the area
Influence of Farmer Level of Education on the Practice of Improved Agricultur...paperpublications3
Abstract: The study examined the influence of farmers’ education level on the practice of improved agricultural technologies by farmers in Nyamusi division of Nyamira County. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. Data collection was done by use of semi-structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Among the descriptive statistic techniques used included Mean, Standard Deviations and frequencies. For Inferential statistics, correlation, Chi-square and cross tabulation were used to establish relationships between dependent and the independent variables. Internal consistency technique was used to ensure reliability of the research instrument through the computation of Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha and was found to be 0.81 which meant that the data collection instrument was consistent and reliable. A total of 332 questionnaires were filled by the sampled farmers but only 304 were completely and adequately filled and analysed giving a Questionnaire Return Rate (QRR) of 91.6%. The analysed data was presented using tables. The study revealed that 44.4% of the farmers had completed primary level education. The study established that farmer level of education did not significantly influence the practice of agricultural technologies. In order to boost farmer literacy levels, the study recommends that the Directorate of Adult and Continuing Education should consider working with farmer groups in promoting functionality of literacy centres.
Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices among Farmers in Ohaukwu Local...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study was conducted with the broad objective of determining the level of adoption of sustainable
agricultural practices (SAPs) among farmers in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Multistage, random, and systematic sampling procedures were employed to select 160 respondents for
the study. The collected data were analyzed using relevant descriptive and inferential statistics suitable
for each objective. The result showed that majority of the respondents were females who were married,
having a mean age of 43 years and mean number of years of experience of 17. Majority of them acquired
secondary school education while practicing Christianity and were engaged in the production of both crops
and animals (mixed farming), having mean farm size of 0.8 ha in scattered plots and mean annual income
of N71,400 which was regarded as low income. Most of the farmers were not members to any farmers’
cooperative society. The predominant SAPs adopted included crop rotation, compost manure, and use of
tolerant varieties. Furthermore, socioeconomic characteristics of the rural farmers were observed to have
strong influence on adoption of SAPs by the farmers. The constraints to the adoption of SAPs among farmers
were socioeconomic, political, and institutional. The null hypothesis tested using F-test was rejected at 5%
level of significance. Consequently, it was concluded that socioeconomic characteristics of farmers actually
influenced adoption of SAPs, though there were identified constraints that limited the level of adoption
of such SAPs which if mitigated will improve adoption of the SAPs. Based on the study findings, the
policy recommendations were that relevant agencies should ensure vigorous dissemination of information
to farmers on available windows to low interest rate agricultural credit facilities by the government; reform
in land tenure system should be facilitated to support adoption of SAPs; Nigerian agricultural extension
program should be restructured to reflect sustainable agricultural context and emphasis; and farmers should
be encouraged to seek meteorological information to minimize risks from adverse weather conditions. This
will encourage adoption of SAPs and ensure that maximum result is achieved.
The state of agricultural productivity and food security in Zimbabwe’s Post 2...inventionjournals
The paper explores the outcomes of the post 2000 land reform programme implemented in the communal area of Umguza district. This involved the triangulation of qualitative data collection methods to gather data from the respondents. A total of 45 famers were sampled for unstructured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings of the study revealed that there are numerous factors that contributed to the decline in agricultural production that included limited skills from the farmers, lack of investment on land because of tenure insecurities, sabotage from former white commercial famers and the rise of climate change. Among the recommendations made was thatthe state should consider training new farmers upon allocating land to them as this will ensure that farmers know what to do once they are in the farms.
Influence of Farmer Group Membership on the Practice of Improved Agricultural...paperpublications3
The study examined the influence of farmer group membership on the practice of improved agricultural technologies by farmers in Nyamusi division of Nyamira County. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. Data collection was done by use of semi-structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Among the descriptive statistic techniques used included Mean, Standard Deviations and frequencies. For Inferential statistics, chi-square and cross tabulation were used to establish relationships between dependent and the independent variables. A total of 332 questionnaires were filled by the sampled farmers but only 304 were completely and adequately filled and analysed. The analysed data was presented using tables. From the analysis 229(75.3%) of the farmers belonged to a farmer group while 75(24.7%) were not members of any farmer group. The results indicated that the relationship was significant at 0.005 and 0.006 for the practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination respectively. It can be concluded that membership in a farmer group increased the chance of a farmer practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination. The study recommends that government should facilitate the Farmer Groups to transform their organizations into cooperatives in order to gain legal identify to transact business, increase their bargaining power and intensify their collective voices in policy engagement.
Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non C...ijtsrd
This study examined the determinants of agricultural innovations adoption among cooperative and non cooperative farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. The research design used in this study is descriptive survey research design. The area of study was Imo State, and data were gotten from the three zones, namely, Orlu, Owerri and Okigwe. Data were generated from a total population of 1184 registered cooperatives and non cooperative farmers. Using Taro Yamane formula, a total of 464 respondents were selected from both cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Questionnaire was the instrument of data collection. Descriptive statistics and one way Analysis of Variance ANOVA were employed to address the research questions and to test the promulgated hypothesis. The findings revealed that important determinant of adoption include educational level, annual income, farm experience, frequency of contact, cooperative membership, price of the produce, type of media used, government policy, availability of success stories, frequency of training, attitude to novel ideas, household size, extent of livelihood diversification, availability of markets and parents occupation. Determinants of agricultural innovation adoption were also the same for cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Based on the findings made in the study, the study recommends that cooperative extension services need to be revolutionalized and given adequate attention. This can be achieved by developing new framework for cooperative extension and forging a common ground for both cooperative and agricultural extension work. Apart from recruitment and deployment of competent and well motivated staff, there is the need for provision of work gadget and work tools that are in tune with technological changes. Supervision and retraining of extension staff should also become a priority. Michael, Maureen Chinenye | Ojiagu, Nkechi Cordelia | Umebali, E. Emmanuel "Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30329.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30329/determinants-of-agricultural-innovations-adoption-among-cooperative-and-noncooperative-farmers-in-imo-state-nigeria/michael-maureen-chinenye
Lecturers’ Perception on Agriculture Mechanization in Rivers State, NigeriaAI Publications
The study investigated lecturers’ perception on agricultural mechanization in Rivers state, Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was adopted, four research questions which sought the information regarding benefits, awareness, challenges and solutions guided the study. Population of the study comprises 360 lecturers from three tertiary institutions in Rivers state. Data collection was achieved using a questionnaire comprising 32 items and rated on a five point likert scale. Mean was used for data analysis. For results, regarding benefits, the respondents agreed that agricultural mechanization boosts food production but disagree that it boosts employment of labour. For awareness, lecturers were generally aware of mechanization in agriculture. For challenges, they perceived lack of skills to use mechanized farm equipment as one challenge to mechanization. They perceived that favourable government policies could enhance agricultural mechanization. The study recommend that awareness on agricultural mechanization should be created and government set up agricultural machinery industries for developing and hiring out mechanized farm tools at subsidized rates to farmers.
Determinants of Farmers’ Adoption of Agricultural Development Programme Exten...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study analyzed the determinants of farmers’ adoption of Agricultural Development Programme (ADP)
extension technology packages in Ivo L.G.A of Ebonyi State. Multistage sampling procedure was employed
to select 80 farmers and eight extension agents who formed the respondents for the study. Data were
collected through the aid of questionnaire and interview schedule whereas the analysis was done using
descriptive and inferential statistics suiting each specific objective. The result showed that most of the
farmers (82.50%) and extension agents (75%) were males, respectively. Evidence showed that the mean age
of the farmers was 37 years while the mean age of the extension agents was 44 years. It was obvious that
67.50% and 75% of the farmers and extension agents were, respectively, married. The mean annual income
of the farmers and extension agents was ₦98,070 and ₦504,200, respectively. The result showed further
that about 81.9% change in the dependent variable (adoption of extension technology packages) was caused
by variations of socio-economic characteristics included in the regression model. The following were the
research recommendations; educational facilities should be made available for rural farmers to enhance
easy adoption of ADP extension technology packages to enhance production; government and NGOs should
endeavor to subsidize the cost of ADP extension technology packages to enhance easy adoption by rural
farmers; and credit institutions are advised to give farmers loans to enhance their accessibility of ADP
extension technology packages in the area
Influence of Farmer Level of Education on the Practice of Improved Agricultur...paperpublications3
Abstract: The study examined the influence of farmers’ education level on the practice of improved agricultural technologies by farmers in Nyamusi division of Nyamira County. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. Data collection was done by use of semi-structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Among the descriptive statistic techniques used included Mean, Standard Deviations and frequencies. For Inferential statistics, correlation, Chi-square and cross tabulation were used to establish relationships between dependent and the independent variables. Internal consistency technique was used to ensure reliability of the research instrument through the computation of Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha and was found to be 0.81 which meant that the data collection instrument was consistent and reliable. A total of 332 questionnaires were filled by the sampled farmers but only 304 were completely and adequately filled and analysed giving a Questionnaire Return Rate (QRR) of 91.6%. The analysed data was presented using tables. The study revealed that 44.4% of the farmers had completed primary level education. The study established that farmer level of education did not significantly influence the practice of agricultural technologies. In order to boost farmer literacy levels, the study recommends that the Directorate of Adult and Continuing Education should consider working with farmer groups in promoting functionality of literacy centres.
Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices among Farmers in Ohaukwu Local...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study was conducted with the broad objective of determining the level of adoption of sustainable
agricultural practices (SAPs) among farmers in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Multistage, random, and systematic sampling procedures were employed to select 160 respondents for
the study. The collected data were analyzed using relevant descriptive and inferential statistics suitable
for each objective. The result showed that majority of the respondents were females who were married,
having a mean age of 43 years and mean number of years of experience of 17. Majority of them acquired
secondary school education while practicing Christianity and were engaged in the production of both crops
and animals (mixed farming), having mean farm size of 0.8 ha in scattered plots and mean annual income
of N71,400 which was regarded as low income. Most of the farmers were not members to any farmers’
cooperative society. The predominant SAPs adopted included crop rotation, compost manure, and use of
tolerant varieties. Furthermore, socioeconomic characteristics of the rural farmers were observed to have
strong influence on adoption of SAPs by the farmers. The constraints to the adoption of SAPs among farmers
were socioeconomic, political, and institutional. The null hypothesis tested using F-test was rejected at 5%
level of significance. Consequently, it was concluded that socioeconomic characteristics of farmers actually
influenced adoption of SAPs, though there were identified constraints that limited the level of adoption
of such SAPs which if mitigated will improve adoption of the SAPs. Based on the study findings, the
policy recommendations were that relevant agencies should ensure vigorous dissemination of information
to farmers on available windows to low interest rate agricultural credit facilities by the government; reform
in land tenure system should be facilitated to support adoption of SAPs; Nigerian agricultural extension
program should be restructured to reflect sustainable agricultural context and emphasis; and farmers should
be encouraged to seek meteorological information to minimize risks from adverse weather conditions. This
will encourage adoption of SAPs and ensure that maximum result is achieved.
The state of agricultural productivity and food security in Zimbabwe’s Post 2...inventionjournals
The paper explores the outcomes of the post 2000 land reform programme implemented in the communal area of Umguza district. This involved the triangulation of qualitative data collection methods to gather data from the respondents. A total of 45 famers were sampled for unstructured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings of the study revealed that there are numerous factors that contributed to the decline in agricultural production that included limited skills from the farmers, lack of investment on land because of tenure insecurities, sabotage from former white commercial famers and the rise of climate change. Among the recommendations made was thatthe state should consider training new farmers upon allocating land to them as this will ensure that farmers know what to do once they are in the farms.
Influence of Farmer Group Membership on the Practice of Improved Agricultural...paperpublications3
The study examined the influence of farmer group membership on the practice of improved agricultural technologies by farmers in Nyamusi division of Nyamira County. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. Data collection was done by use of semi-structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Among the descriptive statistic techniques used included Mean, Standard Deviations and frequencies. For Inferential statistics, chi-square and cross tabulation were used to establish relationships between dependent and the independent variables. A total of 332 questionnaires were filled by the sampled farmers but only 304 were completely and adequately filled and analysed. The analysed data was presented using tables. From the analysis 229(75.3%) of the farmers belonged to a farmer group while 75(24.7%) were not members of any farmer group. The results indicated that the relationship was significant at 0.005 and 0.006 for the practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination respectively. It can be concluded that membership in a farmer group increased the chance of a farmer practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination. The study recommends that government should facilitate the Farmer Groups to transform their organizations into cooperatives in order to gain legal identify to transact business, increase their bargaining power and intensify their collective voices in policy engagement.
Review on Role and Challenges of Agricultural Extension Service on Farm Produ...Premier Publishers
Majority of Ethiopian farmers have been using traditional way of agricultural practices which persist to low productivity. To solve these problems, governmental and non-governmental organizations have made efforts to bring about change through Agricultural extension strategy. But these efforts notwithstanding, the rural population still practices subsistence. The agricultural extension service is one of the institutional support services that has a central role to play in the transformation process, but facing new extension challenge. There were many studies conducted to identify role and challenges of extension service in Ethiopia in different regions, but there is limitation of summarization of current state of understanding. However; governments of developing countries are confronting new extension challenges: on the one hand, there is a need to increase production to provide food for all citizens, raising the income of the rural population and reducing poverty; on the other, hand there is a need to manage the natural resources in a sustainable way with new technologies developed . The mandate of extension services, whether public or private, has always been rural human resources development with an aim to increase food production. The major challenge currently facing agricultural extension service delivery in Ethiopia has its impact on the development of country.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Participation of Farm Households in Watermelo...AJSERJournal
The study analyzed the factors influencing participation of farm households’ in watermelon production in
the study areas. Three local government areas out of Sokoto state were purposively selected. Questionnaire was used
to collect data. Multistage of sampling techniques were used to arrive at the sample size of 181 farm households’ for
the study. Likert scale is used to analyse the level of participation of farm households’, frequency and inferential
statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that (55.8%) of the farm households are within the ages
of 25-30 years, majority (96.7%) are male It shows that majority (64.0%) of the farm households participated in
watermelon production as a result of higher income generated. Multiple regression analysis result revealed significant
relationships between farm households participation in watermelon production and their socio-economic
characteristics at P<0.05. The constraints faced by the farm households are storage technology and improved
agricultural inputs. Most (63.5%) of the farm households believed that provision of subsidized agricultural inputs and
market accessibility are forms of assistance that will encourages farm households to partake in watermelon production.
It is recommended that government and donor agencies should encourage farm households’ by providing them with
the modern agricultural inputs so as to influence them to participate fully into watermelon production irrespective of
their Socio-economic differences.
Towards Indian Agricultural Information: A Need Based Information Flow Modelinventionjournals
Information is crucial for agriculture and rural development. ICT based services in agriculture is gaining importance day by day. Paper proposes to study the nature of agricultural information its uniqueness and problems of handling and organization. Agri informatics and use of different web portals for agriculture also discussed. Paper also highlighted the ICAR and IARIs contribution towards development of NARS (National Agricultural Research System) and models showing Information flow and strategic plan for organization of agricultural information. Some recommendations for proper organization and dissemination of agricultural information have been made to reach grass root level with desired agricultural information.
Article 7 A STUDY ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENTTHROUGH SUSTAINABLE ORGANIC FARMING D...Dr UMA K
UMA .K
Assistant professor in commerce
Reference: 6. UMA. K & Dr. RECHANNA (2020) “A STUDY ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH SUSTAINABLE ORGANIC FARMING”, AEGAEUM JOURNAL, ISSN NO: 0776-3808, http://aegaeum.com/, Volume 8, Issue 8, 2020, Page No 1474- 1486.
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii) school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
Article 3 An Analysis of Socio Economic Background of Organic Farmers A Study...Dr UMA K
Reference: Dr. Uma. K (2018) “An Analysis of Socio-Economic Background of Organic Farmers: A Study with Special References to Mandya District”, Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, (OIIRJ), {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN 2249-9598, Volume-08, Issue-04, Page No 358-368.
The Socio-Economic Impact of Fadama III Project in Taraba State: A Case Study...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The National Fadama Development Project III is a five years action program (2008 - 2013), which is aimed at increasing the income of fadama land and water resource users to reduce rural poverty and increase food security in the community. After five years of its operation in the state, there is need to examine the socio-economic impact of the project so as to appreciate its effectiveness or otherwise towards achieving its set objectives. To achieve this, questionnaires were administered to some of the beneficiary groups to appraise the impact of the project on their annual farm output and farm income. Student t-test was used to test the difference on beneficiaries’ mean farm output and income before and during Fadama III project participation. Findings of this study show that Fadama III project in Jalingo LGA is dominated by male (88.04%) and most of the beneficiaries are middle aged people (31-45 years). The beneficiary’ groups are dominated by married persons (88.04%), most of whom are farmers (93.48%). Greater proportion of the beneficiaries attended one form of formal education or the other, though, only few (19.57%) attained tertiary education level. The mean annual farm output and annual farm income of the project beneficiaries increased by 35.32% (from 63.34 bags to 85.71 bags) and 45.79% (from ₦261,880 to ₦381,790) respectively per annum. Furthermore, test of difference on the average annual farm output and farm income of beneficiaries before and during participation in the project in the study area shows a significant increase in their mean annual output and income. However, the project suffered numerous challenges both from service provider and community officers. These challenges range from inadequate capital, untimely disbursement of inputs, and procurement of substandard materials among others.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Maize Technology among Smallholder Maize...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: As part of Ghana’s agricultural modernization agenda aimed at ensuring the National Food Security, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) through its extension directorate has been promoting the adoption of improved maize technologies. Method and Material: This paper presents the finding of a study conducted to assess the determinants of adoption of improved maize technologies among smallholder farmers in the Bawku West District of the Upper East Region of Ghana. Exploratory survey design was employed with multistage sampling techniques adopted in selecting 400 maize farmers for the study. Result: Personal interviews, administration of semi-structured questionnaire, observations, and focus group discussions were the main methods employed in data collection. Probit regression model was applied in analyzing determinants of the adoption of improved maize technologies. Household annual income, access to labor, access to credit, and extension contact were found as significant determinants of farmers’ level of adoption of improved maize technology. Conclusion: The study recommends to the MOFA to promote the use of labor saving simple farm tools in carrying out the various production recommendations under the improved maize technology. Furthermore, MOFA needs to work with financial institutions to support maize farmers with credit to enable them to acquire the necessary inputs required in the implementation of the improved maize technology.
Review on Role and Challenges of Agricultural Extension Service on Farm Produ...Premier Publishers
Majority of Ethiopian farmers have been using traditional way of agricultural practices which persist to low productivity. To solve these problems, governmental and non-governmental organizations have made efforts to bring about change through Agricultural extension strategy. But these efforts notwithstanding, the rural population still practices subsistence. The agricultural extension service is one of the institutional support services that has a central role to play in the transformation process, but facing new extension challenge. There were many studies conducted to identify role and challenges of extension service in Ethiopia in different regions, but there is limitation of summarization of current state of understanding. However; governments of developing countries are confronting new extension challenges: on the one hand, there is a need to increase production to provide food for all citizens, raising the income of the rural population and reducing poverty; on the other, hand there is a need to manage the natural resources in a sustainable way with new technologies developed . The mandate of extension services, whether public or private, has always been rural human resources development with an aim to increase food production. The major challenge currently facing agricultural extension service delivery in Ethiopia has its impact on the development of country.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Participation of Farm Households in Watermelo...AJSERJournal
The study analyzed the factors influencing participation of farm households’ in watermelon production in
the study areas. Three local government areas out of Sokoto state were purposively selected. Questionnaire was used
to collect data. Multistage of sampling techniques were used to arrive at the sample size of 181 farm households’ for
the study. Likert scale is used to analyse the level of participation of farm households’, frequency and inferential
statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that (55.8%) of the farm households are within the ages
of 25-30 years, majority (96.7%) are male It shows that majority (64.0%) of the farm households participated in
watermelon production as a result of higher income generated. Multiple regression analysis result revealed significant
relationships between farm households participation in watermelon production and their socio-economic
characteristics at P<0.05. The constraints faced by the farm households are storage technology and improved
agricultural inputs. Most (63.5%) of the farm households believed that provision of subsidized agricultural inputs and
market accessibility are forms of assistance that will encourages farm households to partake in watermelon production.
It is recommended that government and donor agencies should encourage farm households’ by providing them with
the modern agricultural inputs so as to influence them to participate fully into watermelon production irrespective of
their Socio-economic differences.
Towards Indian Agricultural Information: A Need Based Information Flow Modelinventionjournals
Information is crucial for agriculture and rural development. ICT based services in agriculture is gaining importance day by day. Paper proposes to study the nature of agricultural information its uniqueness and problems of handling and organization. Agri informatics and use of different web portals for agriculture also discussed. Paper also highlighted the ICAR and IARIs contribution towards development of NARS (National Agricultural Research System) and models showing Information flow and strategic plan for organization of agricultural information. Some recommendations for proper organization and dissemination of agricultural information have been made to reach grass root level with desired agricultural information.
Article 7 A STUDY ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENTTHROUGH SUSTAINABLE ORGANIC FARMING D...Dr UMA K
UMA .K
Assistant professor in commerce
Reference: 6. UMA. K & Dr. RECHANNA (2020) “A STUDY ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH SUSTAINABLE ORGANIC FARMING”, AEGAEUM JOURNAL, ISSN NO: 0776-3808, http://aegaeum.com/, Volume 8, Issue 8, 2020, Page No 1474- 1486.
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii) school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
Article 3 An Analysis of Socio Economic Background of Organic Farmers A Study...Dr UMA K
Reference: Dr. Uma. K (2018) “An Analysis of Socio-Economic Background of Organic Farmers: A Study with Special References to Mandya District”, Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, (OIIRJ), {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN 2249-9598, Volume-08, Issue-04, Page No 358-368.
The Socio-Economic Impact of Fadama III Project in Taraba State: A Case Study...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The National Fadama Development Project III is a five years action program (2008 - 2013), which is aimed at increasing the income of fadama land and water resource users to reduce rural poverty and increase food security in the community. After five years of its operation in the state, there is need to examine the socio-economic impact of the project so as to appreciate its effectiveness or otherwise towards achieving its set objectives. To achieve this, questionnaires were administered to some of the beneficiary groups to appraise the impact of the project on their annual farm output and farm income. Student t-test was used to test the difference on beneficiaries’ mean farm output and income before and during Fadama III project participation. Findings of this study show that Fadama III project in Jalingo LGA is dominated by male (88.04%) and most of the beneficiaries are middle aged people (31-45 years). The beneficiary’ groups are dominated by married persons (88.04%), most of whom are farmers (93.48%). Greater proportion of the beneficiaries attended one form of formal education or the other, though, only few (19.57%) attained tertiary education level. The mean annual farm output and annual farm income of the project beneficiaries increased by 35.32% (from 63.34 bags to 85.71 bags) and 45.79% (from ₦261,880 to ₦381,790) respectively per annum. Furthermore, test of difference on the average annual farm output and farm income of beneficiaries before and during participation in the project in the study area shows a significant increase in their mean annual output and income. However, the project suffered numerous challenges both from service provider and community officers. These challenges range from inadequate capital, untimely disbursement of inputs, and procurement of substandard materials among others.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Maize Technology among Smallholder Maize...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: As part of Ghana’s agricultural modernization agenda aimed at ensuring the National Food Security, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) through its extension directorate has been promoting the adoption of improved maize technologies. Method and Material: This paper presents the finding of a study conducted to assess the determinants of adoption of improved maize technologies among smallholder farmers in the Bawku West District of the Upper East Region of Ghana. Exploratory survey design was employed with multistage sampling techniques adopted in selecting 400 maize farmers for the study. Result: Personal interviews, administration of semi-structured questionnaire, observations, and focus group discussions were the main methods employed in data collection. Probit regression model was applied in analyzing determinants of the adoption of improved maize technologies. Household annual income, access to labor, access to credit, and extension contact were found as significant determinants of farmers’ level of adoption of improved maize technology. Conclusion: The study recommends to the MOFA to promote the use of labor saving simple farm tools in carrying out the various production recommendations under the improved maize technology. Furthermore, MOFA needs to work with financial institutions to support maize farmers with credit to enable them to acquire the necessary inputs required in the implementation of the improved maize technology.
This research work examines the impact of technology adoption on agricultural productivity. It considers the south-west region of Bangladesh as the study area. Since most of the farmers in the study area are engaged in rice production, this study surveys randomly selected 60 rice farmers in the IRRI season of year 2015 through using a questionnaire. This study finds sufficient variation in frequency and degree of technology adoption in agricultural practices among the surveyed farmers. The analysis results indicate that farmers are adopting high level of technology in seed variety and irrigation phases, medium level of technology in land preparation, pest management and fertilizer application phases and low level of technology in weeding and harvesting phases. There is a statistically significant difference in productivity between high and low degree technology adopters. Education and land holdings are the statistically significant variables in determining technology adoption level. According to the study findings, a one percent increase in technology adoption leads to increase in productivity by 0.22 percent, holding other factors constant, and this influence is statistically significant at one percent level. Therefore, this study concludes that there is a scope for further increase in productivity through planned manipulation of technology adoption level in different phases of agricultural production.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Maize Technology among Smallholder Maize...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: As part of Ghana’s agricultural modernization agenda aimed at ensuring the National
Food Security, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) through its extension directorate has been
promoting the adoption of improved maize technologies. Method and Material: This paper presents
the finding of a study conducted to assess the determinants of adoption of improved maize technologies
among smallholder farmers in the Bawku West District of the Upper East Region of Ghana. Exploratory
survey design was employed with multistage sampling techniques adopted in selecting 400 maize
farmers for the study. Result: Personal interviews, administration of semi-structured questionnaire,
observations, and focus group discussions were the main methods employed in data collection. Probit
regression model was applied in analyzing determinants of the adoption of improved maize technologies.
Household annual income, access to labor, access to credit, and extension contact were found as
significant determinants of farmers’ level of adoption of improved maize technology. Conclusion: The
study recommends to the MOFA to promote the use of labor saving simple farm tools in carrying out the
various production recommendations under the improved maize technology. Furthermore, MOFA needs
to work with financial institutions to support maize farmers with credit to enable them to acquire the
necessary inputs required in the implementation of the improved maize technology.
Abstract— The objectives of this study were to analyze the structure, level of innovation adoption by dairy goat farmers and to analyze farmer characteristics which affected to adoption rate. The study was conducted in Sleman, Yogyakarta Province. The number of respondents were 162 dairy goat farmers, who were members of of farmer group in 6 groups. The structure adoption was analyze by descriptive while the relaionship between farmer characteristics and adoption rate was analyze by correlation and multiple linear regression. The results showed that farmers received innovation from the government, academic institution and other farmers. Farmers choose speech, group discussion and demonstration as the method of extension service and preferred to choose leaflets, film photograph, magazine and television as media for communication. The member of farmers group expected that innovation could improve their livestock productivity. The level of adoption was affected significantly by farmers experience and the number of goat ownership (P<0.01). the coefficient of determination of 0.176 indicated that 17.6% of variance was influenced by farmers experience and the number of goat ownership while 82% was affected by other factors.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact o...Premier Publishers
The importance of agricultural technology in enhancing production and productivity can be realized when yield increasing and technologies are widely been used and diffused. Standing from this logical ground, this paper aimed at identifying the factors affecting agricultural technology adoption decision and examining the impact of adoption on household’s income in chiro district west Hararghe zone, Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data was used; primary data was collected through structured questionnaire administered on 97 randomly selected smallholder farmers and secondary data was collected from published and unpublished document related to this topic. For data analysis purpose both Probit and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression models were employed. From the total 97 respondents 80 of them were adopted improved agricultural Technology while the left were not adopted improved agricultural technology in the study area. The regression result revealed that agricultural technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on household income by which adopters are better-offs than non-adopters. The probit regression result revealed that gender of the household head; access to irrigation, credit service; extension service and income of the household head significantly affect adoption of improved agricultural technology in the study area. From these finding researchers recommend that government should encourage small scale irrigation, credit service and extension service in the study area.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Implementing Modern Agricultural Technology a...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study explores the complex and diverse field of modern agricultural technology and development programs, uncovering a contrast between advantages and disadvantages. The responders' wholehearted adoption of sophisticated methods highlights the favorable influence on agricultural output, efficient use of resources, and economic sustainability, demonstrating a shared commitment to sustainability and higher yields. Nevertheless, the utilization of these technologies presents notable challenges, such as concerns regarding the quality of the products, increased vulnerability to pest infestations, and financial constraints on agricultural practitioners. To address these issues, it is crucial to adopt a comprehensive approach that encompasses not only the integration of technology but also the mitigation of related difficulties. When considering the particular situation in Nueva Ecija, the implementation of innovative agricultural technology shows potential for small-scale farmers. This is evident in the establishment of strong agreements about empowerment, market-oriented financial services, equitable pricing, and superior productivity. In contrast, the New Agricultural Technology and Development Program in Nueva Ecija has financial drawbacks, highlighting the limitations of the biosphere, the necessity for cutting-edge technologies, heightened financial burdens, and difficulties in fulfilling program requirements. These issues raise concerns about accessibility and financial stress among members of the agricultural community.
Do Investments in Agricultural Extension Deliver Positive Benefits to Health,...Premier Publishers
The study provides an overview of the state of Agricultural Extension with the major aim of identifying gaps and areas of advocacy in the laws and policies that govern extension service delivery in Uganda, document the linkages and analytical trends between agricultural extension and performance of Health, Trade and Industry and Water and Environment sectors, as well as establish the value of each shilling or dollar invested in agricultural extension. Using secondary sources of data and Statistical Based Costing methods, the results revealed that the state of agricultural extension services in Uganda is wanting. Adoption of improved technologies was very low and technology misuse was very rampant. In livestock, the quality of veterinary services and their use were particularly very low. Our results showed that the unit cost of providing agricultural extension services that result in increased productivity, better nutrition as well as higher incomes to farmers is UGX 66,290 per visit. The total cost of not providing agricultural extension is extremely high and the country stands to lose greatly due to the multiplier effect and spillover effect of agricultural extension in other productive sectors. There is certainly need to invest in agricultural extension both in crop and livestock sectors.
Global Adoption - In Precision Agriculture in Australia, Interest in Precision Agriculture (PA) has Increased Rapidly Within the Grain Growing Regions Over Recent Years (David et al., 2017). Many Farmers have Invested in Machinery Guidance Systems And Yield Monitors, But Few are using the Technology to Manage Spatial Variability Across Farming Zones.
In Argentina farmers in the province of Cordoba, Pampas and Bones Aires, often equip their combine harvesters with yield monitors (Bongiovanni and Lowenberg, 2015). Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is available from private companies for broadcasting information. In addition, Variable Rate Technologies are used for seeding and fertilizer application.
In Africa PA is being used in Kenya, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Ethiopia, and South Africa. In South Africa, farmers have reported that the costs saved while using variable rate fertilizer and irrigation are the major factors in adopting precision agriculture (Jacobs et al., 2018).
Information technology for sustainable agricultural development: A reviewKawita Bhatt
Sustainable agricultural development ensures safe and high-quality agricultural products in a way that Safeguards the health and welfare of farmed species, Protects and improves the natural environment, etc. ICT can play a critical role in various aspects of sustainable agricultural development such as Farmer's welfare, climatic change, application of fertilizers and pesticides etc.
Nanotechnology Applications in Crop Production and Food SystemsPremier Publishers
Global food insecurities, climate change, and population increments exert enormous pressure on the existing agro-food systems. The aforementioned constraints call for the adoption of novel and result-oriented scientific innovations. Nanotechnology is an emerging and promising innovation with a great potential to significantly and sustainably promote enhanced agricultural productivity and proliferate the efficiency of food systems. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter at atomic and molecular levels in the production of specialized microscale-based products or devices. The application of nanotechnology in agriculture encompasses; nutrition management, insect pest and disease control, precision farming, plant breeding, and waste management. On the other hand, nanotechnology is also being applied in all facets of food systems including; production, processing, transportation, and packaging. Despite the wide applicability of nanotechnologies, elevating concerns on their potential health and environmental risks continue to sway among consumers and policymakers. Furthermore, the absence of a defined and complete global regulatory standard and framework for nanotechnology utilization derail its wide adoption and acceptability. The main thrust of this review is to present in summary the numerous nanotechnological applications in agriculture and food industries paying particular attention to the current technological trends, potential benefits, associated risks, and the future outlook.
In the coming decades, world agriculture will need to under-go a major transformation to meet the future demands of a growing population. By 2050, the food industry will have to face the daunting challenge of feeding about 10 billion people by almost doubling its food supply in a sustainable way. Precision agriculture (PA) technology has proven effective in optimizing yield with minimum inputs and in reducing environmental pollution. The adoption of modern agricultural technologies remains to be a promising strategy to improve agricultural productivity, achieve food security and reduce poverty in Ethiopia. Despite the efforts to promote adoption in the country, the adoption rate has always been very low. So, it is essential to understand the determinants to the adoption of modern agricultural technologies. Thus, the main objective of this study is to determinants of adoption of PAT and to build a conceptual framework that consolidates the determinants of adoption of PAT by farmers. The level of adoption is variable in different countries as well as in different regions in a particular country. PA can be implemented in large and cluster farms as well as lowlands of Ethiopia particularly in irrigated fields. It can help to precisely level land, correct seeding, and application of the right amount of fertilizer, irrigation water, and pesticide based on the plant need. Despite its superior advantage, the high cost of machineries, software and skilled labor could scare the adoption of PA in Ethiopia. The adoption drivers of major influence are related to socio-economic, agro-ecological, institutional, technological and behavioural factors, in addition to the sources of information and perception of the farmer. At the individual level, factors promoting PA adoption included the technology’s relative advantages, observability, trialability, farmer experience in using technology, innovativeness, risk tolerance, education, and knowledge, whereas farmer age and technology complexity hindered PA adoption. Factors promoting PA adoption at the farm level included farm size, resource availability, and perceived need for technology characteristics, technology compatibility, social influence, competitive pressure, and government support. The study is based on an Ethiopian socio-economic survey of 2020/21 and a sample of 356 farm households is considered. The paper uses a multinomial Logit/Tobit model to assess the factors affecting the adoption decision of agricultural technology. The result shows that farmers with more educational level, family size, off-farm participation, extension service, credit access, advisory service, and farmers closer to plot, all-weather road, zonal town, and farmers with lower remittance income are more likely to adopt new or improved agricultural technology. Accordingly, the study provides crucial policy implications regarding the technology adoption in the agricultural sector for all regions of Ethiopia.
This study aims to analyze the stage of technology adoption and farmers’ behavior toward technology adoption on cropping systems of Jajar Legowo (JLS) and Direct Seeding System (DSS) on rice farming in the village of Duria Asi, Wonggeduku district of Konawe Regency, Indonesia. This research was conducted on March to May 2017. The research approach used is qualitative research. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, documentation, and archival footage. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the application of of jajar legowo planting system has not been widely applied (23%). Farmers’ behavior is determined by internal and external factors in determining the technology’s adoption ability of Jajar Legowo System and Direct Seeding System. Therefore, cooperation from extension agencies and researchers is needed to increase the ability of farmers’ group in rice field farming so that local institution can perform its function better in order to achieve the production target.
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
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2. Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) among Smallholder Farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Sennuga et al. 383
including improved seeds, crop protection, water modern
irrigation practices, crop land management, degraded land
restoration, integrated pest management, integrated
fertilizer management and conservation agriculture (FAO
2010; Sennuga, et al., 2020).
In addition, agricultural technologies include all kinds of
improved techniques and technologies which affect the
growth of agricultural output (Jain, et al., 2009). According
to Loevinsohn et al. (2013), the most common areas of
technology development and promotion for crops
include new varieties and management regimes, soil
as well as soil fertility management, weed and pest
management, irrigation and water management. By
virtue of improved input/output relationships, new
technology tends to raise output and reduces average cost
of production which in turn results in substantial gains in
farm income (Challa, 2013).
An improved agricultural technology that enhances
sustainable production of food and fiber has made the
dynamics of technical change in agriculture to be an
area of intense research since the early part of twentieth
century (Loevinsohn et al., 2013). These technologies
are particularly relevant to smallholder farmers in
developing countries because they are constrained in
several ways, which makes them a priority for
development efforts. These farmers for instance, live and
farm in areas where rainfall is low and erratic, and soils
tend to be infertile. In addition, infrastructure and
institutions such as irrigation, input and product markets,
and credit as well as extension services tend to be
poorly developed (Muzari et al., 2012; Sennuga, et al.,
2020).
Smallholder farmers rely on traditional methods of
production and this has lowered the level of productivity.
For instance, over 70% of the maize production in the
majority of developing countries is from smallholders who
use traditional methods of production (Muzari et al.,
2012). These farmers generally obtain very low crop
yields because the local varieties used by farmers have
low potential yield, most of the maize is grown under
rain-fed conditions and irrigation is used only in limited
areas, little or no fertilizers are used and pest control is
not adequate (Sennuga, et al., 2020). This has triggered
much need to increase productivity and sustainability in
agriculture globally but much less information is available
on specific means to achieve this aim. Similarly, the
process of adoption and the impact of adopting new
technology on smallholder farmers have been studied.
However, improved agricultural technologies are often
adopted slowly and several aspects of adoption remain
poorly understood despite being seen as an important
route out of poverty in most of the developing countries
(Bandiera and Rasul, 2010; Simtowe, 2011).
Technology is one of the resources for agricultural
production. Technology adoption refers to the acceptance
of a group or an individual to use a new product or
innovation. The process of adopting an idea or new
innovation does not happen as a single unit act, but rather
a mental process that consists of at least five stages
namely; the awareness stage, the interest stage, the
evaluation stage, trial stage and finally, the adoption stage
(Rogers, 2013, Cheteni et al. 2014; Sennuga and
Oyewole, 2020). At the awareness stage, an individual
becomes aware of the idea but lacks detailed information
about it. At the interest stage, an individual gets more
information about it and wants to know more about how it
works, what it is and its affordances. At the third mental
stage, when the user has obtained more information from
the previous stages. At the fourth mental stage, the
individual makes a small scale trial of the idea, and
requests for more specific information to answer
questions. The last mental stage, adoption, is
characterized by alarge scale adoption of the idea, and
most importantly its continued use (Cheteni et al. 2014).
Adoption of improved agricultural technologies has been
associated with higher earnings and lower poverty,
improved nutritional status, lower staple food prices,
increased employment opportunities as well as earnings
for landless laborers (Kasirye, 2010; Sennuga et al.
2020). Adoption of improved technologies is believed
to be a major factor in the success of the green
revolution experienced by developed countries (Ravallion
and Chen, 2004; Kasirye, 2010).Conversely, non-
adopters can hardly maintain their marginal livelihood
with socio-economic stagnation leading to deprivation
(Jain et al., 2009). Agricultural technology embodies a
number of important characteristics that may influence
adoption decisions. For instance, Akudugu (2012) have
classified the determinants of adoption of agricultural
technology into: social, economic and physical factors.
Physical factors such as the farm size play a critical role in
adoption process of an improved technology. Many
studies have reported a positive relation between farm size
and adoption of agricultural technology (Mwangi and
Kariuki, 2015). Small farm size provides an incentive to
adopt a technology especially in the case of an input-
intensive innovation such as a labor-intensive or land-
saving technology. Smallholder farmers with small plots of
land adopt land-saving technologies such as greenhouse
technology, zero grazing among others as an alternative
to increased agricultural production (Diro, 2013).
In addition, a key determinant of the adoption of an
improved technology is the net gain to the farmer from
technology adoption, inclusive of all costs of using the
improved technology. However, high cost of agricultural
technology has been reported as hindrance to adoption
agricultural technology (Kinyangi, 2014, Sennuga et al.
2020). This is supported by other previous studies such as
Chi and Yamada (2002), Lavison (2013) on determinants
of technology adoption. For instance, the elimination of
subsidies on prices of seed and fertilizers since the 1990s
due to the World Bank-sponsored structural adjustment
programs in sub-Saharan Africa has widened this
constraint.
3. Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) among Smallholder Farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 384
Acquisition of information about improved technology is
another factor that determines adoption of technology
(Foster and Rosenzweig, 2010). It enables farmers to
learn the existence as well as the effective use of
technology and this facilitates its adoption. Smallholders
will only adopt the technology they are aware of or have
heard about it. Therefore, access to agricultural
information reduces the uncertainty about a technology’s
performance hence may change smallholder’s
assessment from purely subjective to objective over time
(Sennuga et al. 2020). Similarly, a study conducted by
Muzari, et al. (2012) in Sub-Saharan Africa on the impact
of technology adoption on smallholder agricultural
productivity found out that the factors affecting technology
adoption were assets, income, institutions, vulnerability,
awareness, labour, and innovativeness by smallholder
farmers. The authors also established that technologies
that require few assets, have a lower risk premium, and
are less expensive and have a higher chance of being
adopted by smallholder farmers. However, previous
studies on adoption of improved agricultural technologies
did not focus the influence of socio-economic
characteristics of smallholders and sources of modern
technologies on adoption by smallholders. This study
therefore will attempt to address the factors influencing the
adoption of Improved Agricultural technologies among
smallholder farmers that previous studies did not address.
Improved technologies are core to agricultural
development and the improved technologies selected are
compatible to local environment of the farmers in Kaduna
State. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out
the factors influencing adoption of improved agricultural
technologies among smallholder farmers in Kaduna State.
The specific objectives of this study are to:
i. examine the influence of socio-economic
characteristics of the farmers on adoption of
technologies;
ii. identify the improved agricultural technologies
adopted by farmers in the study area;
iii. highlight the sources of agricultural information on
adoption of technologies by farmers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted in Giwa and Sabon-gari Local
Government Areas of Kaduna State, Northern Guinea
Savannah ecological zone of Nigeria, West Africa. Kaduna
State is located between latitudes 90 03’ and 110 32’ North
of the equator and longitude 60 05’ and 80 38’ East of the
Greenwich Meridian (Kaduna State Ministry of Agriculture,
2014). However, two rural communities (Bassawa and
Shika) were purposively selected for the study due to
active engagement of the rural farmers in agricultural
production in the district and for its proximity to Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria, which is easily accessible to the
researchers. The major economic activity conducted by
the rural dwellers in the two communities is farming. Very
few people engage in hunting and small-scale business.
The major food crops grown are yam, maize, millet,
groundnut, rice, beans, melon, sweet potato, cassava,
guinea corn and vegetables such as pepper, tomato and
carrot.
Population of the study and research design
The study was made on two rural farmers’ group (Bassawa
and Shika); both the rural communities are similar in agro-
climatic, ethnic group, religion and cultural settings. There
is no climatic or agronomic difference between these
communities; they are just 500 metres apart. The
communities are similar and have virtually everything in
common. The two communities have access to extension
agents. The study employed descriptive research design
(Gillis and Jackson, 2002; Yin, 2003) in order to explore
and obtain in-depth information related to factors
influencing adoption of Improved Agricultural technologies
among smallholder farmers in their real-life settings.
Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
Kaduna state has 23 LGAs of which all of them has equal
probability of been chosen, however two; Shika and
Sabon-gari were randomly sampled for their closeness
(about 500 meter apart) and proximity to the office Kaduna
State Agricultural Development Project (ADP) and
National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison
Services (NAERLS), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the
farming communities for the study. Two rural communities
(Bassawa and Shika) were purposively selected out of
16villages primarily because of their age-long agricultural
practice and presence of adoption technologies noted
there. The two communities are similar in agro-climatic,
ethnic group, religion and cultural settings. However,
Shika community gets only public extension services with
about 3000 smallholder farmers per extension agent while
Bassawa community receives extension services plus the
research education establishment from Adopted Village
Program with estimated extension agent and farmers’ ratio
of 1:85 (Sennuga et al. 2020).
Sample size
The sample size for the study was 200 smallholder
farmers. It consists of 100 farmers from each community.
Within each community, farm families were invited to
participate in the study through community meetings, in
which 137 farmers attended from Bassawa and 142 from
Shika, and 8 extension workers were in attendance. From
this sampling frame of individuals, 100 farming households
were randomly selected from each community; primarily
on voluntary basis. Other criteria for individual participants
were as follows: age between 18 and 65 years, farming
experience, interested in participating, and permanent
resident of the community. The foremost rationale for
selecting 100 farmers per community were based largely
on the number of farming households that volunteered and
showed interest during the community meetings, as well
as conformed to the previously mentioned criteria.
4. Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) among Smallholder Farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Sennuga et al. 385
Data collection
Primary data were collected using structured interview
schedule, focus group discussion and in-depth interview
from both rural dwellers and extension workers. Structured
questionnaires were administered to collect data and the
survey took about 1 hour 10 minutes. The key themes in
the survey included socio-economic characteristics of
smallholder farmers, household assets, extension advice,
level of awareness of improved agricultural technologies,
sources of agricultural information in the area. In order to
ascertain the appropriateness and reliability of the
questions set for the survey, the survey were pre-tested
among three smallholder farmers working with Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria, to correct aspect related to verbal
understanding and to ensure the interviewees'
performance, and some minor corrections were effected
before administering the survey to study participants.
Three researchers and four trained extension agents
(research assistants) with professional skills in agriculture
conducted the survey and focus groups. In few cases,
additional visits were made when it was compulsory to
clarify and review incomplete information. Secondary data
which relate to the objectives of the study were collected
from the office Kaduna State Agricultural Development
Project (ADP) and National Agricultural Extension and
Research Liaison Services (NAERLS), ABU, Zaria.
Data analysis
The data collected for the study were analyzed using
descriptive statistics such as frequency- and percentages.
Spearman rank influence technique was used to test the
significant relationship between Improved Agricultural
technologies adoption and socio-demographic variables of
the respondents. With aid of Statistical Package for Social
Science (SPSS) version 24 the data were analyzed and
the descriptive statistics were used to present the results.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1: Demographic representation of the socio-
economic Characteristics of the smallholder farmers (n=
200)
Variables Percentage
Age (years)
20-30 15.8
31-40 31.7
41-50 27.5
51-60 17.5
61-70 6.7
> 70 .8
Gender (Sex)
Male 100
Female 0
Marital status
Single 3.3
Married 96.7
Household size
<10 50.8
11-20 36.4
21-30 12.1
>31 .7
Level of education
No education 30.8
Primary 44.3
Secondary 17.0
Tertiary 7.5
Family education
No education 3.3
Primary 55.0
Secondary 35.8
Tertiary 2.6
No Children yet 3.3
Household Asset
Poultry 58.0
Sheep and goats 61.7
Cattle 42.8
Other livestock 6.5
Pig 0
Socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in
the study area
The results of socio-economic characteristics of the
respondents were presented in Table 1. The variables
investigated in the study included: age, sex, marital status,
household size, level of education, major crops cultivated,
household assets and income level. The age of the
farmers in the households ranged from 20 to 70 years.
59.2 per cent of them fell within the middle age of 31-
50years in both communities. This suggests that the
majority of the respondents were within their economic
active age and this enhances their productivity in order to
ensure food security (Table 1).The old age group (51-70)
had the lowest impact in farm work with 17.5per
centcontributing to active farming among the sampled
population. This result reveals that the majority (65%) of
farmers who participated in the survey belong to the active
age group and still have strength to cultivate more
farmland and explore new agricultural innovations.
However, it is generally assumed that younger people tend
to be more productive than that of their older counterparts.
In the same vein, the results in Table 1 below showed that
all the respondents were males; this is because the cultural
traditions of the study area do not allow females to be
actively involved in farming activities (Sennuga and Fadiji,
2020).
5. Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) among Smallholder Farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 386
In terms of the marital status of the respondents,
overwhelming majorities (96.7%) of the respondents were
married with half of these households having 10 or more
members; the remainder had larger families of more than
21 members reflecting polygamy within the communities.
The result is not surprising because large family sizes are
the norm in the Northern Nigeria and large families provide
accessible workforces. Furthermore, the cultural tradition
and religion allows the men to marry at most four women.
The use of household labour for several activities was very
common in the study area with activities such as
ploughing, harrowing, planting, weeding, chasing away
straying domestic animals, irrigation activities and
harvesting. In the same vein, large household may also
help to access more agricultural information.
Educationally, 44.3 per cent of the respondents had
acquired primary education, while 17per cent had
secondary education. Only 7.5per cent of the respondents
possessed higher education (Table 1). This suggests that
the respondents in the study area obtained the basic
education required for better understanding and ability to
embrace new technologies especially the adoption of IATs
technology. In addition, it is generally thought that the level
of education enhances the ability to comprehend and
adopt relevant agricultural information, which is in
conformity. In term of household asset, 58per cent of the
household keep poultry, a greater proportion (61.7%) keep
sheep and goats. A sizeable proportion of the respondents
(42%) also indicated that they rear cattle and only 6.5per
cent specified that they keep other livestock such as
camel, duck, turkey etc. The baseline livelihood survey
shows that no single household keeps pigs in the study
area. This was attributed to the religion (Muslims) of the
respondents.
Improved Agricultural Technologies Adopted by
Farmers
Table 2: Improved Agricultural Technologies Adopted by
Farmers in the study area
Improved Agricultural Technologies Percentage
Improved seeds 88.6
Spraying of herbicide 79.5
Pesticide use/Pest control 77.3
Fertilizer application 75.8
Water management/irrigation 69.1
Crop rotation 66.5
Cover crops 50.2
Compost and Green Manure 49.7
Spacing 38.6
Mulching 35.2
Source: Survey 2018; Farmers n =200
Improved Agricultural Technologies Adopted by
Farmers
Data in Table 2 revealed the level of adoption of improved
agricultural technologies (IATs) among smallholders. The
IATs selected as appropriate for the local communities and
study area includes; improved seeds, spraying of
herbicide, pesticide control, fertilizer application, water
management/irrigation, crop rotation, cover crops,
compost and green manure, spacing and mulching.
A total of 200 questionnaires were used to obtain
information from the respondents, farmers were requested
to indicate their level of awareness and level of adoption
of improved technologies by using a three-point Likert
rating scale. The scale was as follows: High = 3, Medium
= 2 and Low = 1. The level of adoption was determined
using Spearman rank correlation. The results in Table 2
show that six agricultural technologies were highly
adopted by farmers, these includes improved seeds
(88.6%), spraying of herbicide (79.5%), pesticide control
(77.3%), fertilizer application (75.8%), water
management/irrigation (69.1%), crop rotation (66.6).
However, cover crops (50.2%), compost and green
manure (49.7%) were categorised under medium level of
adoption.
Factors Influencing Adoption of IATs Technologies
Various factors relating to the adoption of improved
agricultural technologies and farmer characteristics were
also tested using Spearman rank influence. Table 3 below
reveals a significant influence between IATs adoption and
socio-demographic variables. The results reveal that age,
gender, education attainment and farming experience had
a positive significant (P<0.05) influence on the adoption of
IATs. The findings of the study are in line with most
adoption studies such as Keelan et al. (2014); Mwangi and
Kariuki (2015) who found that farmers’ socio-economic
characteristics had an influence on the adoption of
technologies. However, the present study found that
farmers’ marital status, household size, indigenous
knowledge and household assets were not significant.
These factors are discussed in more detail in the following
sub-sections.
Table 3: Spearman rank influence of factors influencing
adoption of improved agricultural technologies among
smallholder farmers
Variable Spearman rank P-value
Age 0.641 0.001**
Gender 0.502 0.000**
Marital status 0.740 0.081
Social participation 0.342 0.000**
Household Size 0.360 0.001**
Cultural/Religious 0.497 0.001**
Education level 0.690 0.000**
Farming experiences (Year) 0.081 0.002**
Farm Size 0.062 0.001**
Weather condition -0.226 0.620
Pest and disease control 0.529 0.110
GAP participatory training 0.650 0.000**
Indigenous knowledge -0.407 0.328
Source: Survey 2017; P < 0.05 is significant
6. Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) among Smallholder Farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Sennuga et al. 387
i. Impact of Age on Adoption of Technologies
The findings reveal a positive statistically significant
relationship between age (0.001) and technology adoption
(Table 3). Age has been considered to be a major
underlying characteristic in the adoption decisions made
by smallholders (Adesina and Baidu-Forson 1995). Age
was also found to positively influence the adoption of
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) on peanuts in Georgia
(McNamara et al., 1991) and sorghum in Burkina Faso
(Adesina and Baidu-Forson 1995) among older farmers.
However, there is a debate on the direction of the effect of
age in adoption, the older farmers find it extremely difficult
to take the risks which may result in low technology uptake
(Caswell et al. 2001).
The results of this study are supported by Mwangi and
Kariuki (2015) who found that the active age group are
characteristically less risk-averse and are keener to try
new technologies than older farmers. Furthermore,
younger farmers still have the potency to take a risk, grow
more crops and search for new agricultural innovations.
For instance, in India, Alexander and Van Mellor (2005)
established that the adoption of genetically modified maize
increased with age for the active age group farmers as
they gained experience and increased their stock of
human capital, but declined with age for older farmers
closer to retirement.
ii. The Role of Gender in the Adoption of Technologies
The study results revealed that the gender of the
respondents had positive and statistically significant
(0.05%) level influence on the adoption of IATs
technologies. This implies that male farmers are more
likely to adopt modern agricultural technologies than their
female counterparts. The reason for this is that men are
the people in the study area who make the production
decisions and also control the productive resources such
as land, labour and capital which are critical for the
adoption of new technology. However, gender issues in
agricultural production and technology adoption have been
investigated for a long time and most studies have
reported mixed evidence regarding the different roles men
and women play in technology adoption (Bonabana-
Wabbi, 2002).
However, the present study results disagree with Morris
and Doss (1999) who found no significant influence
between gender and the adoption of improved maize
technology in Ghana. The study concluded that
agricultural technology adoption decisions depend largely
on access to resources only, rather than gender. They
explained further that if adoption of improved maize
depends on access to land, labour, or other resources, and
if in particular context men tend to have better access to
these resources than women, then, they are more likely to
adopt new technologies than women. In comparison,
Lavison (2013) indicated that male farmers were more
likely to adopt organic fertiliser than their female
counterparts. This finding corroborates with that of Mwangi
and Kariuki (2015) who found that male-led households
are more likely to embrace agricultural technology,
because of their leading role; facilitating the planning and
operation of the farm to improve productivity and maintain
the well-being of the family. In Nigeria, a survey conducted
by Obisesan (2014) found that male farmers had a
significant and positive influence on the adoption of
improved cassava production techniques. Accordingly,
men are more likely to seek and adopt new knowledge and
technologies due to their access to resources (Asfaw and
Admassie, 2004; Buyinza and Wambede, 2008). This is
consistent with the results of the present study, which
found that male-led households adopted almost all the
recommended IATs technologies.
iii. Impact of Cultural/Religious on the Adoption of
Technologies
The results of spearman rank influence revealed in Table
3 show a significant influence between cultural/religious
and adoption of IATs technologies in the study area.
Cultural norms and value, religion and tribal background
may influence adoption of agricultural technology. The
belief, habits and rituals attached to religion and culture
are so deeply rooted and many influence how smallholder
farmers embrace improved technology. For instance, due
to the religion affiliations in the study area no single farmer
keep/rear pigs. Consequently, the cultural/religion affect
the ownership of certain type of livestock by the
households and may also play a significant role in the
adoption process.
iii. Impact of Education and Training on the Adoption
of Technologies
The study results presented in Table 3illustrate a
significant relationship between level of education and the
adoption of IATs technologies. According to Sennuga, et
al. (2020) it is expected that more knowledgeable farmers
will adopt more improved technologies than those less
knowledgeable. This relationship has been established by
previous studies (Caswell et al., 2001, Mwangi and Kariuki
2015). According to Deressa et al. (2011), involvement of
the educated population in farming activities is thought to
create a favourable mental attitude towards the
acceptance of new agricultural technologies especially of
information and management-intensive technologies.
Additionally, Croppensted et al. (2003) reported that more
highly educated farmers (a minimum of primary level) and
those from large households were more likely to adopt new
technologies than the less educated and those from
smaller families due to their greater exposure to new
knowledge and technologies, and having more labour
resources to carry out farming activities. Therefore, the
effect of the educational level was found to increase the
7. Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) among Smallholder Farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 388
probability of a smallholders’ adoption of new
technologies. Moreover, Doss and Morris (2001) and Daku
(2002) found that education positively affected the
adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
technologies among smallholder farmers in Kenya and
Nepal. This implies that the level of education is a powerful
tool in the hands of smallholder farmers enabling them to
read the labels on fertilizer bags, for example, or follow
directions on the operation of machines, tools and other
items.
Educational levels increase the ability to obtain, process
and use information relevant to the adoption of a new
technology (Mignounal, et al., 2011; Lavison, 2013). For
example, in a recent study by Mwangi and Kariuki (2015)
on the adoption of new technologies by fish farmers, and
Keelan et al. (2014) on the adoption of organic fertilisers,
it was found that education levels had a positive and
statistically significant influence on the adoption of the
related technology. The reason for this is that higher
education levels influence respondents’ attitudes, making
farmers more open, rational and able to analyse the
benefits of the new technology (Waller et al. 1998). Other
studies that have also reported a positive relationship
between education and technology adoption as cited by
Mwangi and Kariuki (2015) include; Mishra, et al. (2009)
on forward pricing methods, Putler and Zilberman (1988)
on the adoption of microcomputers in agriculture, Mishra
and Park (2005); on the use of the internet, Rahm and
Huffman (1984) on reduced tillage, Roberts et al. (2004)
on precision farming and Traoreb et al. (1998) on the on-
farm adoption of conservation tillage.
iv. The Role of Farming Experience in the Adoption of
Technologies
As reported in Table3, the level of farming experience is a
significant factor influencing the adoption of GAP
technologies in the study area. According to Petros
(2010), longer farming experience implies accumulated
farming knowledge and technical know-how and skills, all
of which contribute to technology adoption. In a study by
Melaku (2005), farming experience was found to be
positively and significantly related to adoption. Similarly,
Yishak (2005) found the difference between the mean
level of farming experience of adopters and the non-
adopters was statistically significant.
v. Impact of Household Size in the Adoption of
Technologies
The findings reveal a positive and significant relationship
between household size and technology adoption.
Household size is simply used as a measure of labour
availability for farmers with large families (Mwangi and
Kariuki, 2015). It determines the adoption process in that,
larger households have the capacity to relax labour
constraints during the introduction of new technologies
(Mignouna, et al., 2011). This implies that farmers with
large families will certainly generate more income through
large-scale production of improved technologies using
family labour. Hence, the bigger the family size, the more
economically stable the family (Mwangi and Kariuki, 2015).
vi. Impact of Farm Size on the Adoption of
Technologies
As noted from Table 3, farm size had a negative significant
influence on technology adoption. These results show that
farm size does not have an effect on the IATs adoption.
The reason may be because the respondents are small-
scale farmers who operate on small farmlands. A similar
finding was reported by Parvan (2011) who established
that farm size does not always affect adoption; rather the
literature finds that the effects of farm size vary depending
on the type of technology being introduced, and the
institutional setting of the rural community. However, in a
study undertaken by Akudugu et al. (2012), farm size was
found to have a positive relationship with the probability of
adoption of modern agricultural production technologies
among commercial farmers. This finding is consistent with
previous studies that have found that large-scale farmers
are more likely to adopt new technologies than small scale
farmers (Kasenge, 1998).In analysing the diffusion of
conservation tillage technologies, integrated pest
management (IPM) activities and soil fertiliser testing
among American farmers, Fuglie and Kascak (2003)
began with the traditional explanatory factors, including
farm size (Moser and Barrett, 2008; Parvan, 2011). They
reported that larger farms were more likely to adopt the
technology bundles sooner than small farmers (Parvan,
2011).
This presents a serious challenge to policy makers and the
government of Nigeria in promoting the adoption of
modern agricultural production technologies in the study
area. This is because an overwhelming majority of farmers
in the Kaduna state and Nigeria as a whole operate on a
small scale with the average farm sizes hardly exceeding
three hectares (Sennuga, 2019).
Sources of agricultural information on adoption of
technologies by smallholder farmers
Information has become a critical factor to increase
smallholders' production and productivity. As a result, the
most preferred sources of information by smallholder
farmers were investigated and respondents were
requested to rank the sources of agricultural information
used. As presented in figure 1a-b, revealed that
smallholder farmers preferred traditional ICT, mainly radio
(36%) as their main source of accessing agricultural
information followed by mobile phones (28%) for Shika
community, while (39 %) and (31%) of smallholder farmers
from Bassawa community indicated that they prefer radio
and mobile phone respectively.
8. Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) among Smallholder Farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Sennuga et al. 389
The study results further indicate that agricultural
extension agents, personal sources and social media were
not considered as significance in obtaining agricultural
information by the respondents. The findings of the study
show that radio and mobile phones were relevant
agricultural information which helps farmers to make
informed decisions about what crops to plant and where to
purchase affordable farm inputs and which market to sell
their produce. In this regard, the need and choice of the
sources of information on improved agricultural
technology, and how the timely and relevant information is
disseminated to the targeted smallholder farmers should
be of paramount concern to both agricultural development
practitioners and agricultural extension workers. However,
the spearman rank influence shows that there were no
statistically significant differences between the farmer's
present sources of agricultural information.
Figure 1a-b: sources of agricultural information on adoption of technologies by smallholder farmers
Source: Survey; Shika n=100% Bassawa n=100Scale: %
CONCLUSION
The essence of this study is to dig into the various factors
affecting the adoption of improved agricultural
technologies by smallholder farmers in Nigeria rural
communities. The study had revealed factors affecting
smallholder farmers’ decision to adopt agricultural
technologies. Findings from this study had shown that
adoption of agricultural technology depends on a range of
factors which include among others: human factors, social
factor, cultural/religious factor, economic factor, education
levels, household size, access to information, utilization of
social networks and so on.
The outcome of the study revealed that smallholder
farmers in Nigeria rural communities had positive a
significant influence between age and technology adoption
of improved agricultural technology. This implies that the
older a farmer get the higher the rate of improved
agricultural technology adoption. Results also indicated a
positive significant influence between level of education
and adoption of technologies among smallholder farmers.
This means that the level of education of small holder
farmers could result to higher rate of agricultural
technology adoption.
There was a positive influence between availability of
agricultural information devices such as radio and mobile
phones and adoption of agricultural technology, which
could help farmers to make informed decisions about what
crops to plant and where to purchase affordable farm
inputs and which market to sell their produce. In
conclusion, some fundamental policy implications can be
drawn from this study in order provide managerial and
technical skills on improved agricultural technology
adoption.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations were made based on the
findings and the conclusions of the study:
1. There is a need for Government to increase farmers’
capital and credit facilities and make these services
accessible to the farmers.
2. There is need for farmers to be trained on yield-raising
technologies and other technologies that can positively
contribute to high productivity among farmers. This will
increase awareness on the availability and usefulness
of improved agricultural technologies.
3. It is imperative for policy makers to ensure that a wider
spectrum of smallholders farmers are able to have
access to credit in order to improve their adoption level
of agricultural technology. Developers of new
agricultural technology should try to understand the
farmers need as well as their ability to adopt technology
in order to develop technology that will suit them.
1
2
7
9
18
28
36
0 10 20 30 40
Attending Village
meeting
Social Media
Personally
Extension workers
Family and friends
Mobile phone
Radio
Shika
1
1
4
8
16
31
39
0 10 20 30 40 50
Attending Village meeting
Social Media
Personally
Extension workers
Family and friends
Mobile phone
Radio
Bassawa
9. Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) among Smallholder Farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 390
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