Global Adoption - In Precision Agriculture in Australia, Interest in Precision Agriculture (PA) has Increased Rapidly Within the Grain Growing Regions Over Recent Years (David et al., 2017). Many Farmers have Invested in Machinery Guidance Systems And Yield Monitors, But Few are using the Technology to Manage Spatial Variability Across Farming Zones.
In Argentina farmers in the province of Cordoba, Pampas and Bones Aires, often equip their combine harvesters with yield monitors (Bongiovanni and Lowenberg, 2015). Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is available from private companies for broadcasting information. In addition, Variable Rate Technologies are used for seeding and fertilizer application.
In Africa PA is being used in Kenya, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Ethiopia, and South Africa. In South Africa, farmers have reported that the costs saved while using variable rate fertilizer and irrigation are the major factors in adopting precision agriculture (Jacobs et al., 2018).
In the coming decades, world agriculture will need to under-go a major transformation to meet the future demands of a growing population. By 2050, the food industry will have to face the daunting challenge of feeding about 10 billion people by almost doubling its food supply in a sustainable way. Precision agriculture (PA) technology has proven effective in optimizing yield with minimum inputs and in reducing environmental pollution. The adoption of modern agricultural technologies remains to be a promising strategy to improve agricultural productivity, achieve food security and reduce poverty in Ethiopia. Despite the efforts to promote adoption in the country, the adoption rate has always been very low. So, it is essential to understand the determinants to the adoption of modern agricultural technologies. Thus, the main objective of this study is to determinants of adoption of PAT and to build a conceptual framework that consolidates the determinants of adoption of PAT by farmers. The level of adoption is variable in different countries as well as in different regions in a particular country. PA can be implemented in large and cluster farms as well as lowlands of Ethiopia particularly in irrigated fields. It can help to precisely level land, correct seeding, and application of the right amount of fertilizer, irrigation water, and pesticide based on the plant need. Despite its superior advantage, the high cost of machineries, software and skilled labor could scare the adoption of PA in Ethiopia. The adoption drivers of major influence are related to socio-economic, agro-ecological, institutional, technological and behavioural factors, in addition to the sources of information and perception of the farmer. At the individual level, factors promoting PA adoption included the technology’s relative advantages, observability, trialability, farmer experience in using technology, innovativeness, risk tolerance, education, and knowledge, whereas farmer age and technology complexity hindered PA adoption. Factors promoting PA adoption at the farm level included farm size, resource availability, and perceived need for technology characteristics, technology compatibility, social influence, competitive pressure, and government support. The study is based on an Ethiopian socio-economic survey of 2020/21 and a sample of 356 farm households is considered. The paper uses a multinomial Logit/Tobit model to assess the factors affecting the adoption decision of agricultural technology. The result shows that farmers with more educational level, family size, off-farm participation, extension service, credit access, advisory service, and farmers closer to plot, all-weather road, zonal town, and farmers with lower remittance income are more likely to adopt new or improved agricultural technology. Accordingly, the study provides crucial policy implications regarding the technology adoption in the agricultural sector for all regions of Ethiopia.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact o...Premier Publishers
The importance of agricultural technology in enhancing production and productivity can be realized when yield increasing and technologies are widely been used and diffused. Standing from this logical ground, this paper aimed at identifying the factors affecting agricultural technology adoption decision and examining the impact of adoption on household’s income in chiro district west Hararghe zone, Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data was used; primary data was collected through structured questionnaire administered on 97 randomly selected smallholder farmers and secondary data was collected from published and unpublished document related to this topic. For data analysis purpose both Probit and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression models were employed. From the total 97 respondents 80 of them were adopted improved agricultural Technology while the left were not adopted improved agricultural technology in the study area. The regression result revealed that agricultural technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on household income by which adopters are better-offs than non-adopters. The probit regression result revealed that gender of the household head; access to irrigation, credit service; extension service and income of the household head significantly affect adoption of improved agricultural technology in the study area. From these finding researchers recommend that government should encourage small scale irrigation, credit service and extension service in the study area.
This document summarizes an ex-ante evaluation of improved potato varieties for Sub-Saharan Africa conducted using the IMPACT agricultural sector simulation model. The evaluation found that introducing higher-yielding, disease-resistant potato varieties in 9 countries could have positive impacts including: increased potato production and consumption; reduced world market prices for potatoes and other crops; economic welfare gains of $10-70 million; and returns on investment of over 50% for the variety improvement program. However, impacts depend strongly on adoption levels of the new varieties by smallholder farmers.
All Presentation Slides
COUNTRY WORKSHOP
The Knowledge Lab on Climate Resilient Food Systems: An analytical support facility to achieve the SDGs
Co-Organized by IFPRI and AGRA
FEB 7, 2019 - 08:30 AM TO 05:55 PM EAT
Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) amo...Premier Publishers
The study examined factors influencing adoption of improved agricultural technologies (IATs) among smallholder farmers in rural communities of Kaduna State.The study was conducted in Giwa and Sabon-gari Local Government Areas. Three objectives guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the farming communities for the study. Two rural communities (Bassawa and Shika) were purposely selected out of 16 villages primarily because of their age-long agricultural technologies. The sample size of the study was 200 smallholder farmers made up of 100 farmers from each of the communities which were purposively selected. Primary data were collected using a structured interview schedule, focus group discussion and in-depth interview while the secondary data which relate to the objectives of the study were collected from the office of the Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project (ADP) and National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS), ABU, Zaria. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentages. Results from the findings of the study revealed a positive significant (p<0.05) influence on adoption of agricultural technology and farmers’ educational levels, gender and age also had a positive significant influence on the adoption of technology. Therefore, the following recommendations were made: there is need to increase farmers’ capital and credit facilities and make funds accessible to the farmers. Also, it is therefore imperative for Government to ensure that policies that support the adoption of improved agricultural technologies are put in place.
Adoption Of Improved Agricultural Technologies In Developing Countries Liter...Todd Turner
This document reviews literature on factors affecting the adoption of improved agricultural technologies in developing countries. It finds that economic, technological, socio-cultural, demographic, and institutional factors are the main determinants. Adoption is low due to imperfect information, risk, uncertainty, lack of infrastructure, and other constraints. To increase adoption, policymakers should strengthen research-extension links with farmers, improve access to credit and irrigation, provide more training, and ensure technologies meet farmers' needs. Overall, adopting improved technologies is key to boosting production, reducing poverty, and ensuring food security in developing nations.
- Three expected outputs of the meeting are: a regional action plan and roadmap, priority themes and partners for South-South cooperation, and regional themes addressing food security and nutrition constraints in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Biotechnologies can help increase crop production but adoption by smallholders faces challenges including understanding local contexts and barriers like risk. Ensuring technologies are profitable and have support systems may aid adoption.
- Physical technologies can speed biotechnology development and adoption, but non-biological factors also influence whether farmers benefit from new varieties.
Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non C...ijtsrd
This study examined the determinants of agricultural innovations adoption among cooperative and non cooperative farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. The research design used in this study is descriptive survey research design. The area of study was Imo State, and data were gotten from the three zones, namely, Orlu, Owerri and Okigwe. Data were generated from a total population of 1184 registered cooperatives and non cooperative farmers. Using Taro Yamane formula, a total of 464 respondents were selected from both cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Questionnaire was the instrument of data collection. Descriptive statistics and one way Analysis of Variance ANOVA were employed to address the research questions and to test the promulgated hypothesis. The findings revealed that important determinant of adoption include educational level, annual income, farm experience, frequency of contact, cooperative membership, price of the produce, type of media used, government policy, availability of success stories, frequency of training, attitude to novel ideas, household size, extent of livelihood diversification, availability of markets and parents occupation. Determinants of agricultural innovation adoption were also the same for cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Based on the findings made in the study, the study recommends that cooperative extension services need to be revolutionalized and given adequate attention. This can be achieved by developing new framework for cooperative extension and forging a common ground for both cooperative and agricultural extension work. Apart from recruitment and deployment of competent and well motivated staff, there is the need for provision of work gadget and work tools that are in tune with technological changes. Supervision and retraining of extension staff should also become a priority. Michael, Maureen Chinenye | Ojiagu, Nkechi Cordelia | Umebali, E. Emmanuel "Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30329.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30329/determinants-of-agricultural-innovations-adoption-among-cooperative-and-noncooperative-farmers-in-imo-state-nigeria/michael-maureen-chinenye
In the coming decades, world agriculture will need to under-go a major transformation to meet the future demands of a growing population. By 2050, the food industry will have to face the daunting challenge of feeding about 10 billion people by almost doubling its food supply in a sustainable way. Precision agriculture (PA) technology has proven effective in optimizing yield with minimum inputs and in reducing environmental pollution. The adoption of modern agricultural technologies remains to be a promising strategy to improve agricultural productivity, achieve food security and reduce poverty in Ethiopia. Despite the efforts to promote adoption in the country, the adoption rate has always been very low. So, it is essential to understand the determinants to the adoption of modern agricultural technologies. Thus, the main objective of this study is to determinants of adoption of PAT and to build a conceptual framework that consolidates the determinants of adoption of PAT by farmers. The level of adoption is variable in different countries as well as in different regions in a particular country. PA can be implemented in large and cluster farms as well as lowlands of Ethiopia particularly in irrigated fields. It can help to precisely level land, correct seeding, and application of the right amount of fertilizer, irrigation water, and pesticide based on the plant need. Despite its superior advantage, the high cost of machineries, software and skilled labor could scare the adoption of PA in Ethiopia. The adoption drivers of major influence are related to socio-economic, agro-ecological, institutional, technological and behavioural factors, in addition to the sources of information and perception of the farmer. At the individual level, factors promoting PA adoption included the technology’s relative advantages, observability, trialability, farmer experience in using technology, innovativeness, risk tolerance, education, and knowledge, whereas farmer age and technology complexity hindered PA adoption. Factors promoting PA adoption at the farm level included farm size, resource availability, and perceived need for technology characteristics, technology compatibility, social influence, competitive pressure, and government support. The study is based on an Ethiopian socio-economic survey of 2020/21 and a sample of 356 farm households is considered. The paper uses a multinomial Logit/Tobit model to assess the factors affecting the adoption decision of agricultural technology. The result shows that farmers with more educational level, family size, off-farm participation, extension service, credit access, advisory service, and farmers closer to plot, all-weather road, zonal town, and farmers with lower remittance income are more likely to adopt new or improved agricultural technology. Accordingly, the study provides crucial policy implications regarding the technology adoption in the agricultural sector for all regions of Ethiopia.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact o...Premier Publishers
The importance of agricultural technology in enhancing production and productivity can be realized when yield increasing and technologies are widely been used and diffused. Standing from this logical ground, this paper aimed at identifying the factors affecting agricultural technology adoption decision and examining the impact of adoption on household’s income in chiro district west Hararghe zone, Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data was used; primary data was collected through structured questionnaire administered on 97 randomly selected smallholder farmers and secondary data was collected from published and unpublished document related to this topic. For data analysis purpose both Probit and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression models were employed. From the total 97 respondents 80 of them were adopted improved agricultural Technology while the left were not adopted improved agricultural technology in the study area. The regression result revealed that agricultural technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on household income by which adopters are better-offs than non-adopters. The probit regression result revealed that gender of the household head; access to irrigation, credit service; extension service and income of the household head significantly affect adoption of improved agricultural technology in the study area. From these finding researchers recommend that government should encourage small scale irrigation, credit service and extension service in the study area.
This document summarizes an ex-ante evaluation of improved potato varieties for Sub-Saharan Africa conducted using the IMPACT agricultural sector simulation model. The evaluation found that introducing higher-yielding, disease-resistant potato varieties in 9 countries could have positive impacts including: increased potato production and consumption; reduced world market prices for potatoes and other crops; economic welfare gains of $10-70 million; and returns on investment of over 50% for the variety improvement program. However, impacts depend strongly on adoption levels of the new varieties by smallholder farmers.
All Presentation Slides
COUNTRY WORKSHOP
The Knowledge Lab on Climate Resilient Food Systems: An analytical support facility to achieve the SDGs
Co-Organized by IFPRI and AGRA
FEB 7, 2019 - 08:30 AM TO 05:55 PM EAT
Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) amo...Premier Publishers
The study examined factors influencing adoption of improved agricultural technologies (IATs) among smallholder farmers in rural communities of Kaduna State.The study was conducted in Giwa and Sabon-gari Local Government Areas. Three objectives guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the farming communities for the study. Two rural communities (Bassawa and Shika) were purposely selected out of 16 villages primarily because of their age-long agricultural technologies. The sample size of the study was 200 smallholder farmers made up of 100 farmers from each of the communities which were purposively selected. Primary data were collected using a structured interview schedule, focus group discussion and in-depth interview while the secondary data which relate to the objectives of the study were collected from the office of the Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project (ADP) and National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS), ABU, Zaria. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentages. Results from the findings of the study revealed a positive significant (p<0.05) influence on adoption of agricultural technology and farmers’ educational levels, gender and age also had a positive significant influence on the adoption of technology. Therefore, the following recommendations were made: there is need to increase farmers’ capital and credit facilities and make funds accessible to the farmers. Also, it is therefore imperative for Government to ensure that policies that support the adoption of improved agricultural technologies are put in place.
Adoption Of Improved Agricultural Technologies In Developing Countries Liter...Todd Turner
This document reviews literature on factors affecting the adoption of improved agricultural technologies in developing countries. It finds that economic, technological, socio-cultural, demographic, and institutional factors are the main determinants. Adoption is low due to imperfect information, risk, uncertainty, lack of infrastructure, and other constraints. To increase adoption, policymakers should strengthen research-extension links with farmers, improve access to credit and irrigation, provide more training, and ensure technologies meet farmers' needs. Overall, adopting improved technologies is key to boosting production, reducing poverty, and ensuring food security in developing nations.
- Three expected outputs of the meeting are: a regional action plan and roadmap, priority themes and partners for South-South cooperation, and regional themes addressing food security and nutrition constraints in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Biotechnologies can help increase crop production but adoption by smallholders faces challenges including understanding local contexts and barriers like risk. Ensuring technologies are profitable and have support systems may aid adoption.
- Physical technologies can speed biotechnology development and adoption, but non-biological factors also influence whether farmers benefit from new varieties.
Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non C...ijtsrd
This study examined the determinants of agricultural innovations adoption among cooperative and non cooperative farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. The research design used in this study is descriptive survey research design. The area of study was Imo State, and data were gotten from the three zones, namely, Orlu, Owerri and Okigwe. Data were generated from a total population of 1184 registered cooperatives and non cooperative farmers. Using Taro Yamane formula, a total of 464 respondents were selected from both cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Questionnaire was the instrument of data collection. Descriptive statistics and one way Analysis of Variance ANOVA were employed to address the research questions and to test the promulgated hypothesis. The findings revealed that important determinant of adoption include educational level, annual income, farm experience, frequency of contact, cooperative membership, price of the produce, type of media used, government policy, availability of success stories, frequency of training, attitude to novel ideas, household size, extent of livelihood diversification, availability of markets and parents occupation. Determinants of agricultural innovation adoption were also the same for cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Based on the findings made in the study, the study recommends that cooperative extension services need to be revolutionalized and given adequate attention. This can be achieved by developing new framework for cooperative extension and forging a common ground for both cooperative and agricultural extension work. Apart from recruitment and deployment of competent and well motivated staff, there is the need for provision of work gadget and work tools that are in tune with technological changes. Supervision and retraining of extension staff should also become a priority. Michael, Maureen Chinenye | Ojiagu, Nkechi Cordelia | Umebali, E. Emmanuel "Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30329.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30329/determinants-of-agricultural-innovations-adoption-among-cooperative-and-noncooperative-farmers-in-imo-state-nigeria/michael-maureen-chinenye
This document outlines the research component of the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Farming Systems in Zambia (SIFAZ) project. The project will conduct adaptive research on sustainable intensification practices to increase yields without environmental degradation. It will focus on agronomic practices like diversification, cover crops, and climate-smart combinations. It will also research mechanization to reduce labor demands and promote youth employment. Socio-economic research will analyze adoption patterns, gender impacts, and approaches for promoting technologies. The project aims to work with partners to conduct integrated biophysical and socio-economic research and promote scaling of sustainable intensification practices to smallholders in Zambia.
The study examines the influence of contact farmers on the adoption of improved cassava
varieties in Epe, Lagos state. Data for the study were generated from a field survey of cassava farmers selected
by random sampling technique among contact and non-contact farmers in Epe, Lagos state. Descriptive
statistics,Fourt and Woodlock Model, Mansfeild Model and Bass Diffusion Model were employed for the
analyses. The descriptive statistics was used to analyse social economics of the selected farmers, while Fourt
and Woodlock Model, Mansfeild Model and Bass Diffusion Model were required in analysing the diffusion
process and prediction of adopters of improved cassava varieties.The results show that 2.4% are below 30 years
of age 36.3% fall within the age bracket of 30 – 40years, 40.0% falls within 41-50years and 21.3% were above
50 year. In all, about 78% of the farmers are below the age of 50 years, which is regarded as young or youthful
age, dynamic enough to adopt improved crop varieties. The coefficient of imitation q is 0.795. This is a positive
value, and implies that the diffusion process is high. The coefficient of innovation influence p is estimated as
0.005. This also is positive, meaning that the use of external influences on potential adopters has very little
effect on the adoption decision. The decision to adopt was mainly through the word of mouth recommendation.
It was shown that, the diffusion process could be predicted by applying the Bass model, Fourt and Woodlock
model and the Mansfield model.
The state and contributions of extension services to agricultural productivityessp2
The document discusses Ethiopia's agricultural knowledge systems, including extension services and research. It notes that Ethiopia has made major investments in extension through programs like the Agricultural Development Led Industrialization strategy. However, extension agents spend significant time on input distribution and face challenges like a lack of training and resources. While research capacity is growing in Ethiopia, spending on agricultural research and development remains low compared to other countries in Africa.
Sustainable Intensification of Maize-Legume Cropping Systems for Food Securit...FMNR Hub
SIMLESA is a project aimed at sustainably intensifying maize and legume production in Eastern and Southern Africa through conservation agriculture practices and improved varieties. Over its first 5 years, SIMLESA worked with national agricultural research partners in 5 countries to test promising cropping systems, increase the availability of improved seeds, and build regional innovation systems. Key lessons included the need to link smallholder farms to domestic and international value chains, engage agribusiness, and integrate value chain, technology, capacity building and policy work through innovation platforms. Sustainable intensification requires systems research, innovation systems bridging research and scaling, attention to policies and partnerships, and strong monitoring and evaluation of impact.
The document summarizes discussions from a stakeholder meeting regarding collecting user requirements for utilizing earth observation data to improve global food security. Key points discussed include: identifying requirements for yield modeling, food security monitoring, and cross-border land monitoring; generating new requirements around assessing ecosystem risks, insurance services, and crop health monitoring; outlining challenges to realizing requirements like lack of funding and infrastructure; and recommending increased coordination and support for capacity building in developing countries.
This document summarizes discussions from a stakeholder meeting on using earth observation (EO) data to improve global food security. Key points include: 1) EU food security depends on security in other regions, which face risks from climate change and resource scarcity; 2) The EO4AGRI project works with non-EU countries to understand how to apply EO-based practices to improve agriculture; 3) Recommendations will be made to policymakers on integrating EO data into food security policy and practice globally.
Opportunities for research to help smallholders engage with biotechnology. m...ExternalEvents
This document discusses opportunities for biotechnology research to help smallholder farmers. It defines biotechnology broadly as any application using biological systems or organisms to develop products or processes. While biotechnology is often associated with genetics and GMOs, it also includes techniques like artificial insemination and biofertilizers that have been used for a long time. The document outlines new biotechnologies being developed for crops, livestock, fish and other sectors in Asia and the Pacific to meet growing demands. It also discusses challenges for smallholder adoption, like complex risks, and recommends research focus on understanding local contexts, identifying policy barriers, and ensuring technologies are profitable and low risk for poor farmers and consumers.
Improved access and use of mechanization in the tef value chainessp2
International Food Policy Research Institute/ Ethiopia Strategy Support Program (IFPRI/ ESSP)and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) Coordinated a conference with Agriculutral Transformation Agency (ATA) and Ministry of Agriculutrue (MoA) on Teff Value Chain at Hilton Hotel Addis Ababa on October 10, 2013.
Determinants of Farmers’ Adoption of Agricultural Development Programme Exten...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study analyzed the determinants of farmers’ adoption of Agricultural Development Programme (ADP)
extension technology packages in Ivo L.G.A of Ebonyi State. Multistage sampling procedure was employed
to select 80 farmers and eight extension agents who formed the respondents for the study. Data were
collected through the aid of questionnaire and interview schedule whereas the analysis was done using
descriptive and inferential statistics suiting each specific objective. The result showed that most of the
farmers (82.50%) and extension agents (75%) were males, respectively. Evidence showed that the mean age
of the farmers was 37 years while the mean age of the extension agents was 44 years. It was obvious that
67.50% and 75% of the farmers and extension agents were, respectively, married. The mean annual income
of the farmers and extension agents was ₦98,070 and ₦504,200, respectively. The result showed further
that about 81.9% change in the dependent variable (adoption of extension technology packages) was caused
by variations of socio-economic characteristics included in the regression model. The following were the
research recommendations; educational facilities should be made available for rural farmers to enhance
easy adoption of ADP extension technology packages to enhance production; government and NGOs should
endeavor to subsidize the cost of ADP extension technology packages to enhance easy adoption by rural
farmers; and credit institutions are advised to give farmers loans to enhance their accessibility of ADP
extension technology packages in the area
The document discusses how geo-spatial technologies like remote sensing, GPS, and GIS can help address challenges in the agriculture sector by enabling climate-smart agriculture and precision farming. It provides examples of how these technologies are being used in New Zealand and Malawi to improve crop yields, reduce input costs, and evaluate climate-smart interventions. While India has capabilities in geo-spatial technologies, the document notes there remains scope to increase their application in agriculture to boost productivity and sustainability.
Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Packag...Premier Publishers
Enhancing the probability of adoption and its intensity is not an easy task because there are numerous factors that affect producers’ adoption decision. Hence, the study was aimed to investigate the factors that affect adoption and intensity of adoption among malt barley producers in southern Ethiopia. Using random sampling technique, 251 smallholder malt barley producers were selected to collect primary data through semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and econometrics model (Tobit model) methods were used for data analysis. The study identified five major malt barley technology packages in the study area. Such practices are; improved seed, seeding rate, fertilizer rate, plowing frequency and row planting. Thus, non-adopter accounted for 7.5% of total sample, partial adopter (50.2%), fully adopter (42.3%) and intensity ranges from 0.12-0.84 for partially adopter and 0.85-0.96 for fully adopter. The results of Tobit model indicated that factors influencing adoption and its intensity are; education, family size, land size, access to credit, membership to cooperative, access to training, access to demonstration, total livestock unit and distance to nearest market. Which are affected farmers adoption decision and intensity of adoption significantly in one or another way. Therefore, government and any development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale.
Biosafety policies and food security issues in Africa can be enhanced through several measures:
1) Widespread adoption of improved seeds, fertilizers, crop protection chemicals, irrigation equipment and farmer training to boost agricultural productivity.
2) Establishing well-functioning markets, infrastructure, and policies to incentivize investment and enable trade.
3) Developing proactive, science-based biosafety regulations and addressing capacity issues to facilitate adoption of genetically modified crops, which modeling shows could provide large economic benefits for countries like Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ghana.
4) Addressing challenges including limited regulatory expertise, complex decision-making processes, and lack of funding for long-term regulatory
Diran Makinde presented on biosafety policies and food security issues in Africa. He discussed how Africa spends $30-50 billion annually importing food that could be used for infrastructure and development. Key threats to African food security include low soil fertility, poor crop management, pests and diseases. Transforming African agriculture will require improved seeds, fertilizers, markets, policy reforms and building regulatory capacity for crops improved through biotechnology. Challenges include balancing risks and benefits, building human and institutional capacity, and operationalizing complex regulatory frameworks. Sustainable adoption of biotech crops in Africa requires appropriate regulation, research, extension services, and addressing unfair trade issues.
Farmers Agricultural Information system (FAIS) is a web-based system developed by Group 15-29 to address difficulties East African farmers face in accessing agricultural information. The system provides a discussion forum, SMS functionality, weather updates, and information on pests, diseases, soils. It was tested and validated with farmers in Uganda. While mostly successful, limitations included time constraints and irregular internet access. The system aims to improve over traditional information dissemination and boost agricultural performance and yields in Uganda.
Sustainable intensification and climate change: An EARS-CGIAR Mega-program in...ILRI
Presented by Barry Shapiro (ILRI) at a Consultative Meeting on Strengthening CGIAR - EARS partnerships for effective agricultural transformation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 4–5 December 2014
This document discusses policy options for regulating stacked trait biotech crops in Ethiopia. It provides background on Ethiopia's Ministry of Innovation and Technology, science and technology policy, and biotechnology sector. Gene stacking technology combines two or more genes of interest in a single plant to provide multiple traits. Regulatory approaches for gene stacking differ globally, with the US/Canada requiring no additional approval for hybrid stacks of approved events, while the EU requires separate approval. For Ethiopia, gene stacking could help address multiple agricultural stresses at once and overcome challenges like drought, pests and low soil fertility. The recommendations are to consider a less expensive regulatory system and build capacity for evaluating and developing stacked trait crops.
Presentation given at the workshop 'Integrating genetic diversity considerations into national climate change adaptation plans - Development of guidelines', Rome, 8-9 April organized by the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. It was presented by Michael Halewood, Policy Theme Leader at Bioversity International, on behalf of the CGIAR Research Progam on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)
The definitions by some of the leading management thinkers and practitioners are given below:
Management is the coordination of all resources through the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling in order to attain stated objectives. —Henry L. Sisk.
(2) Management is the art of knowing what you want to do and then seeing that it is done in the best and cheapest way. —F.W. Taylor
(3) Management is the creation and maintenance of an internal environment in an enterprise where individuals, working in groups, can perform efficiently and effectively towards the attainment of group goals.—Harold Koontz and Cyril O’Donnell
The term management has been interpreted in several ways; some of which are given below:
Management as an Activity—As an activity management has been defined as the art of getting things done through the efforts of other people.
Management as a Process---The management process includes planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling functions.
Management as a Economic Resource-----Like land, labor and capital, Management is important factor of production.
Management as a Team---who have the responsibility of guiding and coordinating the efforts of other persons. These persons are called as managers who operate at different levels of authority (top, middle, operating).
Management as a Academic Discipline--- Management has emerged as a specialized branch of knowledge.
Project Scheduling Planning, Scheduling, and Control
Project Scheduling and Control Techniques
Gantt Chart
Critical Path Method (CPM)
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
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This document outlines the research component of the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Farming Systems in Zambia (SIFAZ) project. The project will conduct adaptive research on sustainable intensification practices to increase yields without environmental degradation. It will focus on agronomic practices like diversification, cover crops, and climate-smart combinations. It will also research mechanization to reduce labor demands and promote youth employment. Socio-economic research will analyze adoption patterns, gender impacts, and approaches for promoting technologies. The project aims to work with partners to conduct integrated biophysical and socio-economic research and promote scaling of sustainable intensification practices to smallholders in Zambia.
The study examines the influence of contact farmers on the adoption of improved cassava
varieties in Epe, Lagos state. Data for the study were generated from a field survey of cassava farmers selected
by random sampling technique among contact and non-contact farmers in Epe, Lagos state. Descriptive
statistics,Fourt and Woodlock Model, Mansfeild Model and Bass Diffusion Model were employed for the
analyses. The descriptive statistics was used to analyse social economics of the selected farmers, while Fourt
and Woodlock Model, Mansfeild Model and Bass Diffusion Model were required in analysing the diffusion
process and prediction of adopters of improved cassava varieties.The results show that 2.4% are below 30 years
of age 36.3% fall within the age bracket of 30 – 40years, 40.0% falls within 41-50years and 21.3% were above
50 year. In all, about 78% of the farmers are below the age of 50 years, which is regarded as young or youthful
age, dynamic enough to adopt improved crop varieties. The coefficient of imitation q is 0.795. This is a positive
value, and implies that the diffusion process is high. The coefficient of innovation influence p is estimated as
0.005. This also is positive, meaning that the use of external influences on potential adopters has very little
effect on the adoption decision. The decision to adopt was mainly through the word of mouth recommendation.
It was shown that, the diffusion process could be predicted by applying the Bass model, Fourt and Woodlock
model and the Mansfield model.
The state and contributions of extension services to agricultural productivityessp2
The document discusses Ethiopia's agricultural knowledge systems, including extension services and research. It notes that Ethiopia has made major investments in extension through programs like the Agricultural Development Led Industrialization strategy. However, extension agents spend significant time on input distribution and face challenges like a lack of training and resources. While research capacity is growing in Ethiopia, spending on agricultural research and development remains low compared to other countries in Africa.
Sustainable Intensification of Maize-Legume Cropping Systems for Food Securit...FMNR Hub
SIMLESA is a project aimed at sustainably intensifying maize and legume production in Eastern and Southern Africa through conservation agriculture practices and improved varieties. Over its first 5 years, SIMLESA worked with national agricultural research partners in 5 countries to test promising cropping systems, increase the availability of improved seeds, and build regional innovation systems. Key lessons included the need to link smallholder farms to domestic and international value chains, engage agribusiness, and integrate value chain, technology, capacity building and policy work through innovation platforms. Sustainable intensification requires systems research, innovation systems bridging research and scaling, attention to policies and partnerships, and strong monitoring and evaluation of impact.
The document summarizes discussions from a stakeholder meeting regarding collecting user requirements for utilizing earth observation data to improve global food security. Key points discussed include: identifying requirements for yield modeling, food security monitoring, and cross-border land monitoring; generating new requirements around assessing ecosystem risks, insurance services, and crop health monitoring; outlining challenges to realizing requirements like lack of funding and infrastructure; and recommending increased coordination and support for capacity building in developing countries.
This document summarizes discussions from a stakeholder meeting on using earth observation (EO) data to improve global food security. Key points include: 1) EU food security depends on security in other regions, which face risks from climate change and resource scarcity; 2) The EO4AGRI project works with non-EU countries to understand how to apply EO-based practices to improve agriculture; 3) Recommendations will be made to policymakers on integrating EO data into food security policy and practice globally.
Opportunities for research to help smallholders engage with biotechnology. m...ExternalEvents
This document discusses opportunities for biotechnology research to help smallholder farmers. It defines biotechnology broadly as any application using biological systems or organisms to develop products or processes. While biotechnology is often associated with genetics and GMOs, it also includes techniques like artificial insemination and biofertilizers that have been used for a long time. The document outlines new biotechnologies being developed for crops, livestock, fish and other sectors in Asia and the Pacific to meet growing demands. It also discusses challenges for smallholder adoption, like complex risks, and recommends research focus on understanding local contexts, identifying policy barriers, and ensuring technologies are profitable and low risk for poor farmers and consumers.
Improved access and use of mechanization in the tef value chainessp2
International Food Policy Research Institute/ Ethiopia Strategy Support Program (IFPRI/ ESSP)and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) Coordinated a conference with Agriculutral Transformation Agency (ATA) and Ministry of Agriculutrue (MoA) on Teff Value Chain at Hilton Hotel Addis Ababa on October 10, 2013.
Determinants of Farmers’ Adoption of Agricultural Development Programme Exten...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study analyzed the determinants of farmers’ adoption of Agricultural Development Programme (ADP)
extension technology packages in Ivo L.G.A of Ebonyi State. Multistage sampling procedure was employed
to select 80 farmers and eight extension agents who formed the respondents for the study. Data were
collected through the aid of questionnaire and interview schedule whereas the analysis was done using
descriptive and inferential statistics suiting each specific objective. The result showed that most of the
farmers (82.50%) and extension agents (75%) were males, respectively. Evidence showed that the mean age
of the farmers was 37 years while the mean age of the extension agents was 44 years. It was obvious that
67.50% and 75% of the farmers and extension agents were, respectively, married. The mean annual income
of the farmers and extension agents was ₦98,070 and ₦504,200, respectively. The result showed further
that about 81.9% change in the dependent variable (adoption of extension technology packages) was caused
by variations of socio-economic characteristics included in the regression model. The following were the
research recommendations; educational facilities should be made available for rural farmers to enhance
easy adoption of ADP extension technology packages to enhance production; government and NGOs should
endeavor to subsidize the cost of ADP extension technology packages to enhance easy adoption by rural
farmers; and credit institutions are advised to give farmers loans to enhance their accessibility of ADP
extension technology packages in the area
The document discusses how geo-spatial technologies like remote sensing, GPS, and GIS can help address challenges in the agriculture sector by enabling climate-smart agriculture and precision farming. It provides examples of how these technologies are being used in New Zealand and Malawi to improve crop yields, reduce input costs, and evaluate climate-smart interventions. While India has capabilities in geo-spatial technologies, the document notes there remains scope to increase their application in agriculture to boost productivity and sustainability.
Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Packag...Premier Publishers
Enhancing the probability of adoption and its intensity is not an easy task because there are numerous factors that affect producers’ adoption decision. Hence, the study was aimed to investigate the factors that affect adoption and intensity of adoption among malt barley producers in southern Ethiopia. Using random sampling technique, 251 smallholder malt barley producers were selected to collect primary data through semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and econometrics model (Tobit model) methods were used for data analysis. The study identified five major malt barley technology packages in the study area. Such practices are; improved seed, seeding rate, fertilizer rate, plowing frequency and row planting. Thus, non-adopter accounted for 7.5% of total sample, partial adopter (50.2%), fully adopter (42.3%) and intensity ranges from 0.12-0.84 for partially adopter and 0.85-0.96 for fully adopter. The results of Tobit model indicated that factors influencing adoption and its intensity are; education, family size, land size, access to credit, membership to cooperative, access to training, access to demonstration, total livestock unit and distance to nearest market. Which are affected farmers adoption decision and intensity of adoption significantly in one or another way. Therefore, government and any development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale.
Biosafety policies and food security issues in Africa can be enhanced through several measures:
1) Widespread adoption of improved seeds, fertilizers, crop protection chemicals, irrigation equipment and farmer training to boost agricultural productivity.
2) Establishing well-functioning markets, infrastructure, and policies to incentivize investment and enable trade.
3) Developing proactive, science-based biosafety regulations and addressing capacity issues to facilitate adoption of genetically modified crops, which modeling shows could provide large economic benefits for countries like Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ghana.
4) Addressing challenges including limited regulatory expertise, complex decision-making processes, and lack of funding for long-term regulatory
Diran Makinde presented on biosafety policies and food security issues in Africa. He discussed how Africa spends $30-50 billion annually importing food that could be used for infrastructure and development. Key threats to African food security include low soil fertility, poor crop management, pests and diseases. Transforming African agriculture will require improved seeds, fertilizers, markets, policy reforms and building regulatory capacity for crops improved through biotechnology. Challenges include balancing risks and benefits, building human and institutional capacity, and operationalizing complex regulatory frameworks. Sustainable adoption of biotech crops in Africa requires appropriate regulation, research, extension services, and addressing unfair trade issues.
Farmers Agricultural Information system (FAIS) is a web-based system developed by Group 15-29 to address difficulties East African farmers face in accessing agricultural information. The system provides a discussion forum, SMS functionality, weather updates, and information on pests, diseases, soils. It was tested and validated with farmers in Uganda. While mostly successful, limitations included time constraints and irregular internet access. The system aims to improve over traditional information dissemination and boost agricultural performance and yields in Uganda.
Sustainable intensification and climate change: An EARS-CGIAR Mega-program in...ILRI
Presented by Barry Shapiro (ILRI) at a Consultative Meeting on Strengthening CGIAR - EARS partnerships for effective agricultural transformation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 4–5 December 2014
This document discusses policy options for regulating stacked trait biotech crops in Ethiopia. It provides background on Ethiopia's Ministry of Innovation and Technology, science and technology policy, and biotechnology sector. Gene stacking technology combines two or more genes of interest in a single plant to provide multiple traits. Regulatory approaches for gene stacking differ globally, with the US/Canada requiring no additional approval for hybrid stacks of approved events, while the EU requires separate approval. For Ethiopia, gene stacking could help address multiple agricultural stresses at once and overcome challenges like drought, pests and low soil fertility. The recommendations are to consider a less expensive regulatory system and build capacity for evaluating and developing stacked trait crops.
Presentation given at the workshop 'Integrating genetic diversity considerations into national climate change adaptation plans - Development of guidelines', Rome, 8-9 April organized by the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. It was presented by Michael Halewood, Policy Theme Leader at Bioversity International, on behalf of the CGIAR Research Progam on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)
The definitions by some of the leading management thinkers and practitioners are given below:
Management is the coordination of all resources through the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling in order to attain stated objectives. —Henry L. Sisk.
(2) Management is the art of knowing what you want to do and then seeing that it is done in the best and cheapest way. —F.W. Taylor
(3) Management is the creation and maintenance of an internal environment in an enterprise where individuals, working in groups, can perform efficiently and effectively towards the attainment of group goals.—Harold Koontz and Cyril O’Donnell
The term management has been interpreted in several ways; some of which are given below:
Management as an Activity—As an activity management has been defined as the art of getting things done through the efforts of other people.
Management as a Process---The management process includes planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling functions.
Management as a Economic Resource-----Like land, labor and capital, Management is important factor of production.
Management as a Team---who have the responsibility of guiding and coordinating the efforts of other persons. These persons are called as managers who operate at different levels of authority (top, middle, operating).
Management as a Academic Discipline--- Management has emerged as a specialized branch of knowledge.
Project Scheduling Planning, Scheduling, and Control
Project Scheduling and Control Techniques
Gantt Chart
Critical Path Method (CPM)
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
Project – a [temporary] sequence of unique, complex, and connected activities having one goal or purpose and that must be completed by specific time, within budget, and according to specification.
Project management – the process of scoping, planning, staffing, organizing, directing, and controlling the development of an acceptable system at a minimum cost within a specified time frame.
Process management – the activity of documenting, managing, and continually improving the process of systems development.
Any project involves planning, scheduling and controlling a number of interrelated activities with use of limited resources, namely, men, machines, materials, money and time.
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service.
It is
performed by people
constrained by limited resources
planned, executed and controlled
It is required that managers must have a dynamic planning and scheduling system to produce the best possible results and also to react immediately to the changing conditions and make necessary changes in the plan and schedule.
Projects differ in size, scope, cost and time, but all have the following characteristics:
solves a real and existing problem, has well-defined start and end points.
A life cycle involving a series of phases in between the beginning and end
A budget, Specific goals and conditions, Defined responsibilities
A set of activities which are sequential, unique and non-repetitive
Use of resources which may require coordinating
Unique: All projects are unique in themselves, no two projects are exactly similar.
Defined roles and relationships for participants in the project
Fixed set of objectives: A project has a set of objectives or a mission. Once the objectives are achieved the project is treated as completed.
Tenure: Project is never a continuous activity, it has to come to an end. Its life span is fixed.
Team work: : Project is a team work and it normally consists of diverse areas. It needs a team to accomplish various activities.
Chain drives are commonly used to transmit power in agricultural machinery. They consist of linked metal plates connected by pins in an endless loop. This allows for flexibility while enabling large tensile forces to be transmitted. Key advantages of chain drives are their ability to transmit power at slower speeds and their durability in operating in harsh environments. Proper lubrication and maintenance is required. Gears are another type of positive drive that transmit motion between two rotating shafts via toothed wheels. They can be used to increase or decrease speed depending on the relative sizes of the input and output gears. Standard gear types include spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm gears.
Discussion Map
Gears are toothed, cylindrical wheels used for transmitting motion and power from one rotating shaft to another.
Most gear drives cause a change in the speed of the output gear relative to the input gear.
Some of the most common types of gears are spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm/worm gear sets.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on machine elements and the design of power transmission devices in farm machinery. It discusses various machine elements like belts, chains, gears, clutches, and brakes that are used to transmit power from one rotating component to another. The document describes the kinematics and design considerations for belt drives, chain drives, and different types of gears. It also discusses lubrication methods for chains. The seminar aims to help understand the selection and design of common power transmission elements in agricultural machinery.
The main sources of power for agricultural machines, i.e., the diesel engine for self-propelled machines and the electrical motor for many stationary machines used on the farmstead.
Pull-type machines must receive propulsion and rotary power from the tractor.
Power is transmitted from the tractor to the machine by means of traction, power-take-off drives (PTO), and/or by fluid power.
Rotary power is also transmitted by means of belts and chains.
Topics related to rotary power transmission are presented here.
1) Management Functions and introduction of construction 2)project planning and scheduling
Construction scheduling techniques
3)Preparation and usage of bar charts
4)Preparation and usage of the Critical Path Method (CPM)
5)Preparation and usage of Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)
6)Issues relating to determination of activity duration
7)Contractual provisions relating to project schedules
8)Resource leveling and constraining
9)Time cost tradeoff
10)Schedule monitoring and updating.
11)Communicating schedule
12) Project control and earned value Control
13) claims, Safety and Quality control
More from Haramaya Institute of Technology, & Adama Science and Technology University, Eth (8)
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Bed Making ( Introduction, Purpose, Types, Articles, Scientific principles, N...
Adoption of Precision Agriculture Technologies in Ethiopia
1. Adama, Ethiopia
Biniam Zewdie G/Kidan *
•Haramaya Institute of University
P.O.Box:138; Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
•Mobile: +251910408218/+25191582832
•E-mail: nzg2001nzg@gmail.com/zewdienico@gmail.com
2. 10/29/2022
2
Background & Justification
Statement of Problems
Hypothesis/Seminar Questions
Objectives Of Seminar
Significance of Seminar
Scope of Seminar
Agricultural Technology Adoption
Conceptual Framework of Adoption of PA
Technologies
3. • Global Adoption - In Precision Agriculture in Australia, Interest in Precision
Agriculture (PA) has Increased Rapidly Within the Grain Growing Regions
Over Recent Years (David et al., 2017). Many Farmers have Invested in
Machinery Guidance Systems And Yield Monitors, But Few are using the
Technology to Manage Spatial Variability Across Farming Zones.
• In Argentina farmers in the province of Cordoba, Pampas and Bones Aires,
often equip their combine harvesters with yield monitors (Bongiovanni and
Lowenberg, 2015). Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is available
from private companies for broadcasting information. In addition, Variable
Rate Technologies are used for seeding and fertilizer application.
• In Africa PA is being used in Kenya, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Ethiopia, and
South Africa. In South Africa, farmers have reported that the costs saved
while using variable rate fertilizer and irrigation are the major factors in
4. • Ncube et al. (2018) suggested that African farmers could benefit from PA in
terms of increase in water and nutrient efficiency and timely carrying
activities such as weeding. Benefit from precision agriculture include soil
preparation, fertilization, irrigation, and weed management.
• In General, It Appears that Countries Such as USA, Australia, Canada, and
Argentina Are Likely to use Wide Spread use of Precision Agriculture Due To
Financial, Farm Size And Education Level (Jenson 2018).
• The Ethiopian land holding is less than one hectare in the highlands and a bit
more in Afar, Gambelia, and Somali Regions. Hence, adoption of precision
farming may be difficult, as the technology requires large farms of at least
60 hectares. However, the current system of cluster based farming for a
single commodity (several hundred farmers clustered to grow a single crop
5. • The high cost of initial investment on machineries, soft wares and the
skilled labour that can use it may scare adoption of precision farming.
However, studies (David et al. 2017, Hamouz et al. 2013, Jenson 2018) have
shown that the benefit out weights the investment cost.
• On The Other Hand, There Is Vast Fertile Land Suitable For Irrigation In
Awash, Omo, Wabe Shebelle, And Dawa Genale Valleys. These Valleys Are
Suitable For Irrigated Wheat, Rice, Maize, Pulses, and Horticultural Crops
Production.
• Ethiopia Is Importing 30% of Wheat, 70% of Sugar and Rice, and 85% of the
Vegetable Oil Annual Demand From Abroad. This has Brought A Huge
Burden For The Economy Which Otherwise Would Have Been Used For
Development. Hence The Government Of Ethiopia has A Project to Intensify
the Productivity of Wheat in the Highlands and Increase the Area of Wheat
6. • In Ethiopia, since large- and small-scale farmers are using furrow
(Agegnehu et al., 2015) and flood irrigation that resulted (Zeleke et al.,
2010) Ethiopia has been one of the countries affected by soil sanity in
the world (IFPRI, 2010).
• Precision farming, which provides a holistic approach, helps farmers to
manage the spatial and temporal crop and soil variability within a field
in order to increase profitability, optimize yield and quality, and reduce
costs (Paustian and Theuvsen, 2017).
• Precision agriculture (PA) is considered as a paradigm shift in the
management of variability within agricultural sector (Whelan and
McBratney, 2010).
7. According to Sileshi B., (2016)
• Precision Farming Technology Can Be Introduced In Large Farms Such As
Sugar Estates, Cotton, and Cereals Farms In The Low Lands And Fits Well
With The Cluster Approach Of Farming In The High And Mid Altitudes.
• The Technology Enables Correct Tillage, Land Levelling and Seeding
Resulting In Uniform Crop Stand Establishment and Maturity That Maximizes
Product Quality and Minimizes Loss.
• Precision Farming Saves Irrigation Water, Energy, Reduces the Cost of
Herbicides, and Assists the Correct Application Of Fertilizer.
• Ethiopia Has Vast Fertile Lands Suitable For Irrigation, However, The Current
Method Of Furrow Irrigation Promotes Salt Affected Soils, Wastes Water and
Energy, Hence Precision Irrigation Using Center Pivots Can Sustain Soil Health
8. HYPOTHESIS/SEMINAR QUESTIONS
• What is the Influence of Socioeconomic Factors, Agroecological Factors,
Factors, Institutional Factors, Information Sources, Farmer Perception,
Perception, Behavioral and Technological Factors in The Adoption of PAT
PAT By Farmers?
• Based On Systematic Literature Review, Is it Possible to Build A Conceptual
Conceptual Model that Reflects and Consolidates the Determinants of Pat
of Pat Adoption By Farmers?
9. OBJECTIVES OF SEMINAR
• The Main Objective of this Seminar is to Perform A
Systematic Literature Review of Studies On Determinants of
Adoption of PAT and To Build A Conceptual Framework That
Consolidates The Determinants of Adoption Of PAT By
Ethiopian Farmers.
10. SCOPES OF SEMINAR
• The Use Of Precision Agriculture Technologies (PAT) and
the Adoption of Innovations in Agriculture are Crucial For
Establishing The Production Patterns and to Mitigate
Specific Risks Associated to Agriculture. In this Scopes,
performed a systematic review of literature related to the
determinants of adoption of PAT, compiling the results of
ex-post researches.
11. • Methodological Aspects - in this Seminar; Literature was Collected On the
Adoption Rate of Precision Agriculture (PA) Technologies in Ethiopia and other
different Countries.
• A Literature Search was Conducted through the Web Of Science (Apps. Web of
knowledge. Com, Google Scholar (Scholar. Google. Com), AGRIS (Agris. Fao.
Org), Research Gate (Https://Www.Researchgate.Net), Ethiopian Journal Of
Agricultural Sciences, The Ethiopian Society Of Soil Science (Www. Esss. Org.
Et), and Libraries Of The Ethiopian Institute Of Agricultural Research and
National Soils Research Center.
• We Searched The Literature Published Up To 2021, Using “Precision
Agriculture”, “Precision Farming”, “Smart Agriculture”, and “Variable Nutrient
Management” As Key Terms. Several Publications That Provide Empirical
12. • The Seminar Was Grouped With Respect to their Seminar Objectives and
Hypothesis, and Categorized Into Studies Focusing On Precision Agriculture, Smart
Agriculture, and Precision Farming. Scientific Articles, Reports, Books and Relevant
Web Pages Found After The Review Process Were Studied and Information On the
Adoption Of PA Technologies In Different Countries Was Compiled.
• The Countries are Divided Into two Groups as Developed Countries and Developing
Countries Based On United Nations Classification (UN, 2014).
• The Data are Summarized In Tables to Make the Data More Readable and
Comparable. The Adoption Of PAT Technologies is Studied in Ex-ante and Ex-post
Approaches.
• Ex-post Studies Demonstrate The Reasons and Conditions That Influenced And
Still Influence The Decisions About Adoption Of PAT Technologies. Now, Ex-ante
Studies Allow Analyzing The Acceptance Of A New Technology Prior To Its Market
13. • The Adoption Of Improved Agricultural Technologies Is Very Important Means For
Poverty Alleviation and to Bring Assure Food Security In Developing Country.
Making A Decision About A Particular Innovation Goes Through Five Steps, Which
are Called The Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT) [Rogers, E. M. (2003)].
• The First Stage is When the Individual Gets to Know the Innovation and How A
New Technology Functions, Its Purpose and The Need For It.
• The Second Stage Occurs When the Individual Likes or Dislikes this New
Technology.
• The Third Stage is The Decision Made by Individuals to Accept or Reject the
Technology.
• The Fourth Stage is the Implementation of this New Technology and
14. 1) Relative Advantage: Answers “Is the New Technology is Better than Existing
Technology?’’
2) Compatibility: The Degree to Which an Innovation is Seen as Consistent With
Existing Experiences, Needs, and Beliefs of Adopters;
3) Complexity: The Degree of How Difficult the Innovation is to Understand and
Use;
4) Trialability: The Degree to Which The Innovation May be Used on a Limited
Basis;
There are Five Attributes that Encourage an Individual to Like A New
Technology and Affect Their Decision As [Rogers, E. M. (2003)] Identified
- Second Stage
15. According to the definition of [Loevinsohn M, Sumberg J, Diagne A.
(2012)],
• Adoption is the integration of a new technology (Loevinsohn et al.,
2013) into existing practice and is usually proceeded by a period of
“trying” and some degree of adaptation.
• [Bonabana-Wabbi J. (2012)] defines adoption as a mental process an
individual pass from first hearing about an innovation to final utilization
of it.
• It has two categories: rate of adoption and intensity of adoption. The
former is the relative speed with which farmers adopt an innovation, has
as one of its pillars, the element of time.
• While, Intensity of Adoption Refers to the Level of Use of A Given
16. 2.2. DETERMINING FACTORS OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
ADOPTION
• This Paper Deeply Reviews The Major Determining Factors Which
Influences Agricultural Technology Adoption In Five Parts, i.e., Economic,
Technological, Demographic, Socio-cultural, and Institutional Factors.
1. Economic Factors
• Many Authors Have Analyzed Farm Size As One Of Important Determinant Factors
Influencing Technology Adoption.
• The Cost Of Adopting Agricultural Technology Is Also The Critical Factors For
Technology Adoption.
2. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS
• Cultural Differences/Traits Enter Into The Agricultural Technological Adoption Process
Through Network Formation, Indirect Effects Such As Imitation, Peer Effects, and
17. 2. Technological factors
• The farmers’ decision of whether or not to adopt a given new
technology is based on a careful evaluation of many factors.
• If the technology is very complex and difficult to operate, it cannot
attract the farmers to adopt it.
3. Demographic factors
• Farmers’ age, gender and educational status are likely influence
the probability of farmers’ adoption of new technology [Mamudu. A.,
Emelia. Guo., Samuel, K. (2012).
• Many studies revealed that being women headed negatively
influencing technology adoption decisions.
• Due to social and cultural values and norms, males have the
freedom to mobility, to attend in different training, meetings and
workshops.
18. 5. Institutional Factors
• Access to extension service helps to spread information and farmers to get updated
information regarding agricultural technologies which helps them to adopt the new
technologies easily.
• Access to credit is very critical factor to adoption of agricultural technology by the
smallholders.
• Information access about a new technology is another factor that determines
technology adoption.
• Access to road, distance to the nearest market and farmers training center is an
important factor which determine the technology adoption.
• Access to irrigation is also the main factor which likely influences the adoption of
agricultural technologies. many studies reported the significant influence of irrigation
water access to the agricultural technology adoption.
19. Determinants of PAT adoption – Adapted de Souza Filho et al. (2011), Tey e Brindal (2012) e Pierpaolia et
al. (2013), based on Table 1.
20. 2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF ADOPTION OF IMPROVED NEW
TECHNOLOGIES
• The Most Important Variables Included In This Review is Farm Size, Family
Size, Off-farm Income, Gender, Educational Status, Access to Extension,
Access to Irrigation, Access to Market and Social and Cultural Traits. Some
Variables Affect The Probability Of Adopting The Technologies More Than
Other Factors In Specific Areas And On Specific Technologies.
• If The Technology Is Very Complex and Difficult to Operate and Apply, The
Farmers Cannot Be Voluntary to Easily Accept it Rather they Prefer Divisible
Technologies Like High Yielding Varieties And Fertilizer [Mignouna, B.,
Manyong, M., Rusike, J., Mutabazi, S., & Senkondo, M. (2011).
• The Farmers With Large Farms are Likely to Adopt A New Technology As they
Can Afford to Devote Part of Their Land to Try New Technology Than The
Farmers Who has Small Land [Solomon Y, Endrias O. (2018)]. Also, Farmers
Who Live Around Farmers Training Center Are Likely to Adopt the Technology
than Who Lives Far From The Center [Yanggen, D., Kelly, V., Reardon, T., &
22. FIGURE 2 - INTEGRATED MODEL OF ADOPTION OF PRECISION
AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES BY FARMERS.
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Of
Venkatesh And Bala (2018)
23. KEY BENEFITS OF ADOPTION OF PAT
1. Decision Accuracy-information Technology Is Very Useful For Farmers, Researchers And
Other People To Make Decisions Regarding Their Agricultural Activities And Marketing. The
Varieties Of Different Sensors With Generated Data Enables Better Understanding Of An
Interaction Of Dynamic Crop, Soil And Weather Conditions While Machinery Data Leading
To More Accurate And Fast Decision Making.
2. Agriculture Advancement- With The Development Of New Technologies Like Improved
Varieties and Hybrids, Fertilizers, Irrigation Technologies Like Drip Or Sprinkler System,
Weeding Technologies Insecticides, Pesticides With Their Optimum Dose And Their
Application On Optimum Time In The Agriculture Field Helps In Sustainable Production.
3. Suitable Planning-information Technology Has Provided Farming Software Which Can Keep
Better Track Of Agriculture and Predict Yields. Farmers Can Efficiently Improve Their
Agriculture Production With Superior Utilization Of Modern Farming Technology And
Methodology.
4. Prediction Of Weather–weather Prediction Becomes Also Possible With This Improved
Technology. This Weather Data Aware The Farmers Regarding Weather Conditions Like
Rainfall, Drought, Hailstorms Etc. and Help Them To Plan Accordingly.
24. • Adoption of improved agricultural technologies is the foremost tools from the
review, it was obtained that technological, socio-cultural, demographic, economic
and institutional factors are the main determinant factors which hinders the rate and
intensity of technology adoption.
• The farmers’ perception toward the nature/characteristics of the technology is a pre-
condition for their decision. Individual decision whether to adopt the technology or
not depends on five attributes; relative importance of the new technology over the
existing one, the degree of compatibility, the degree of complexity, trialability, and
observability.
• As the review revealed that, the effect of the variable varies depending on the nature
and cost of technologies, educational status of the individual and its exposures to
different accesses.
• Knowing the determinant factors of agricultural technology adoption and
incorporating farmers preference criteria and need is very crucial points for policy
25. • This paper performed a systematic literature review of studies of the
drivers of adoption of precision agriculture technologies (PAT), featuring
the main technologies used and the factors of major influence in the
adoption of PAT. furthermore, we analyzed the influence over factors as
socioeconomic, agroecological, behavioral, information sources, perception
by the farmer and technological in the adoption of PAT.
Based on the studies analyzed we were able to build up some propositions
relating the determinants identified in the studies analyzed with the
probability of farmers adopt or not PAT, which may indicate pathways for
development of future studies. the assumptions are as below:
• Producers that have larger farms are more likely to adopt PAT, since the
adoption can generate economies of scale.
• Producers with higher level of education are more likely to adopt PAT, since
they have more knowledge about best production practices.
26. The Assumptions Continues…
• The age of the producers can be a limiting factor in the PAT adoption: as
older farmers are more resistant there are in adopting new technologies.
• Farmers who have other sources of income besides agriculture are more
likely to adopt PAT, because the risk of failure of adoption is less impactful in
income than those who rely exclusively on agriculture.
• Producers with greater availability of financing sources for funding the
production and financing of machinery are more likely to adopt PAT, since
the access to these sources can encourage the purchase of new machinery
and modern inputs.
• Farmers who participate in associations and cooperatives have more experience
changes with other producers and this aspect influence the adoption of PAT
27. • Producers who have more access to sources of information about PAT are
more likely to adopt new technologies because they get awareness about the
impact of adoption on the farm business.
• Producers who have better management of rural business are more likely to
adopt PAT because this vision creates more chances of identifying
opportunities for investment in PAT, affecting profitability in the long term.
• Producers who have a positive perception regarding the use of pat are more
likely to adopt these technologies because they are more willing to
experiment and innovate.
• The opportunity to experiment the technology on a smaller scale before its
adoption in the entire area provides a greater chance of adoption of PAT,
because producers can evaluate the results and impacts of the adoption in
their business before exposing themselves to the risk of adopting in the full
area.
The Assumptions Continues…
28. • Negative past experiences and difficulties in adopting certain technology
negatively influence the adoption of PAT by the producer, because the
negative history of adoption can create barriers in adopting new
technologies.
• The type of technology to be adopted influences adoption of new
technologies. PAT perceived as simpler are more likely to be adopted than
technologies that are more complex.
• The crop type influences the adoption of precision agriculture. producers of
row crops (soybeans, corn, cotton) are more likely to adopt the PAT that
crops such as vegetables, fruits and minor crops.
• More sensitive and risky crops require more technology to operationalize the
production, which demands greater adoption of precision agriculture by
producers. we expect that this work contributed to the construction of future
studies relating the adoption of precision agriculture worldwide
The Assumptions Continues…
29. • As a Recommendation, we Propose Good Capacity
Building and Youth Empowerment to Champion
Technology Adoption and Utilization In The Ethiopia. It Is
Further Recommended That Farmers are Capacitated to
Change their Orientation about the Effect of Climate
Change and the Best Practice to Adopt in Compliance
With he Three Pillars (GPS, GIS, RS) of 5R’s PAT.