Enhancing the probability of adoption and its intensity is not an easy task because there are numerous factors that affect producers’ adoption decision. Hence, the study was aimed to investigate the factors that affect adoption and intensity of adoption among malt barley producers in southern Ethiopia. Using random sampling technique, 251 smallholder malt barley producers were selected to collect primary data through semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and econometrics model (Tobit model) methods were used for data analysis. The study identified five major malt barley technology packages in the study area. Such practices are; improved seed, seeding rate, fertilizer rate, plowing frequency and row planting. Thus, non-adopter accounted for 7.5% of total sample, partial adopter (50.2%), fully adopter (42.3%) and intensity ranges from 0.12-0.84 for partially adopter and 0.85-0.96 for fully adopter. The results of Tobit model indicated that factors influencing adoption and its intensity are; education, family size, land size, access to credit, membership to cooperative, access to training, access to demonstration, total livestock unit and distance to nearest market. Which are affected farmers adoption decision and intensity of adoption significantly in one or another way. Therefore, government and any development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale.
Agriculture in Ethiopia yet bases on small scale farming is experiencing frequent drought. The study examines, does improved wheat seed adoption benefit farmer’s wheat yield or not in Ofla woreda, Tigrai? A primary data sources from a survey of random sample 300 small scale farm households were gathered. Of which 100 were certified wheat seed adoptor farmers and the remaining 200 were non users. In dealing with propensity score matching (PSM) was applied. The average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) result revealed that improved wheat seed adoptor household’s earn 35 to 54 quintal of wheat yield per hectare at a cost of plowing 9,400 Birr larger in a single production year compared to non adoptors earn below 18 quintal at a cost of Birr 7,000. Adoption of certified wheat seed complementary with other packages is more recommendable to enhance wheat yield at small scale level.
— The low productivity of the Ethiopian diary sector has been explained by the genetic potentials and management practices. Milk production and consumption largely rely on the indigenous cows. To enhance the contribution of dairy to household food security, nutrition and income, adoption of improved dairy breeds together with the component practices is indispensable. To study the adoption of the dairy technologies and the factors stimulating the choices, a cross-sectional household survey was conducted in the central and eastern Ethiopia. Results declare that the rate of adoption of improved breeds, artificial insemination and improved forage remained to be limited. The uptake of concentrate feeding is found to be relatively better. As the joint multivariate probit estimation confirmed, there is complementarity and interdependence in the uptake of improved breeds, artificial insemination, concentrate feeds and improved forages. Utilization of forage lagged behind to complement adoption of improved cows. Tobit model determination confirmed that the same factors are affecting the adoption decisions. The factors responsible for the joint adoptions, the number of cows owned and intensity of adoption include education status, household wealth, access to markets and district centers, contacts with extension and gender roles. Both the joint and individual analyses highlighted the need for strategies that could overcome the constraints and ensure better uptake of the technologies.
Technical Efficiency in Teff (Eragrostis teff) Production: The Case of Smallh...Premier Publishers
The aim of this study was to determine the level of technical efficiency of smallholder teff producers and identify factors affecting technical efficiency of smallholder farmers in teff production of Jamma district, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. A three-stage sampling technique was employed to select 149 sample farmers. A Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production analysis approach with the inefficiency effect model was used to estimate technical efficiency and identify the determinants of efficiency of teff producing farmers. The maximum likelihood parameter estimates showed that teff output was positively and significantly influenced by area, fertilizer, labor and number of oxen. The mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample farmers were about 78%. This shows that there exists a possibility to increase the level of teff output by 22% through efficiently utilizing the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, improved seed, training and credit were found to have negative and significant effect on technical inefficiency while farm size was found to have positive and significant effect on technical inefficiency of teff production. Hence, local government should provide necessary supports such as formal as well as informal education, training, credit, improved seed and timely supply of fertilizer.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
Agriculture in Ethiopia yet bases on small scale farming is experiencing frequent drought. The study examines, does improved wheat seed adoption benefit farmer’s wheat yield or not in Ofla woreda, Tigrai? A primary data sources from a survey of random sample 300 small scale farm households were gathered. Of which 100 were certified wheat seed adoptor farmers and the remaining 200 were non users. In dealing with propensity score matching (PSM) was applied. The average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) result revealed that improved wheat seed adoptor household’s earn 35 to 54 quintal of wheat yield per hectare at a cost of plowing 9,400 Birr larger in a single production year compared to non adoptors earn below 18 quintal at a cost of Birr 7,000. Adoption of certified wheat seed complementary with other packages is more recommendable to enhance wheat yield at small scale level.
— The low productivity of the Ethiopian diary sector has been explained by the genetic potentials and management practices. Milk production and consumption largely rely on the indigenous cows. To enhance the contribution of dairy to household food security, nutrition and income, adoption of improved dairy breeds together with the component practices is indispensable. To study the adoption of the dairy technologies and the factors stimulating the choices, a cross-sectional household survey was conducted in the central and eastern Ethiopia. Results declare that the rate of adoption of improved breeds, artificial insemination and improved forage remained to be limited. The uptake of concentrate feeding is found to be relatively better. As the joint multivariate probit estimation confirmed, there is complementarity and interdependence in the uptake of improved breeds, artificial insemination, concentrate feeds and improved forages. Utilization of forage lagged behind to complement adoption of improved cows. Tobit model determination confirmed that the same factors are affecting the adoption decisions. The factors responsible for the joint adoptions, the number of cows owned and intensity of adoption include education status, household wealth, access to markets and district centers, contacts with extension and gender roles. Both the joint and individual analyses highlighted the need for strategies that could overcome the constraints and ensure better uptake of the technologies.
Technical Efficiency in Teff (Eragrostis teff) Production: The Case of Smallh...Premier Publishers
The aim of this study was to determine the level of technical efficiency of smallholder teff producers and identify factors affecting technical efficiency of smallholder farmers in teff production of Jamma district, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. A three-stage sampling technique was employed to select 149 sample farmers. A Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production analysis approach with the inefficiency effect model was used to estimate technical efficiency and identify the determinants of efficiency of teff producing farmers. The maximum likelihood parameter estimates showed that teff output was positively and significantly influenced by area, fertilizer, labor and number of oxen. The mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample farmers were about 78%. This shows that there exists a possibility to increase the level of teff output by 22% through efficiently utilizing the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, improved seed, training and credit were found to have negative and significant effect on technical inefficiency while farm size was found to have positive and significant effect on technical inefficiency of teff production. Hence, local government should provide necessary supports such as formal as well as informal education, training, credit, improved seed and timely supply of fertilizer.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
Sources of Technical Inefficiency of Smallholder Farmers in Sorghum Productio...Premier Publishers
This study aims to estimate the technical efficiency and identify sources of technical inefficiency in sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, southern Ethiopia using data collected from a sample of 124 households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land, Urea, DAP, labour, oxen and chemicals found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The mean technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Negative coefficients of education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service and soil fertility indicates that improvement in these factors results in a significant decrease in the level of technical inefficiency. Akin, positive coefficients of age, livestock holding and plots distance were found to increase households’ technical inefficiency. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
Economic Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Harargh...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed at analyzing the economic efficiency of sorghum producing smallholders in West Hareghe zone. It was based on cross-sectional data of 200 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimation of stochastic frontier production function indicated that labor, DAP fertilizer, area, seed and oxen power affects sorghum yield positively. The estimated results showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 78.9%, 38.6% and 33.6% respectively which indicates the presence of inefficiency in sorghum production in the study area. Among factors hypothesized to determine the level of efficiencies, frequency of extension contact had positive relationship with technical efficiency and it was negatively related to both allocative and economic efficiencies, while soil fertility was also found to significantly influence technical efficiencies positively and experience has positive relationships with technical efficiency and allocative efficiency and slope significantly affects technical efficiency negatively. The result also indicated that cultivated land was among significant variables in determining technical efficiency and economic efficiency of farmers in the study area. Education was found to significantly determine allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers positively. The result indicated that there is a room to increase the efficiency of sorghum producers in the study area. Therefore, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using the best practices of relatively efficient farmers.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Commercialization of Smallholder Teff Producers in Ethiopia: Constraints and ...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to assess the smallholder farmers’ teff production and marketing constraints and opportunities in Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance result revealed that production constraints like high cost of fertilizer and delayed delivery, credit problem, shortage of land, unpredictable rainfall, limited improved seed acquisition, insufficient labor, loss of soil fertility and marketing constraints like poor road, limited alternative outlets, fluctuation of teff price, low bargaining power of farmers, inadequate market information and week farmers’ cooperative were pressing constraints of teff production and marketing in study area in order of their importance. The implication of this finding is that promotion of better access to communication facilities and institutional services may significantly contribute to promoting market participation and hence commercialization of teff producer smallholders.
This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
During the Africa Regional Planning Meetings held at Harare on 26, 27 April 2016 reviewed the overall programs and action plan and discussed on these objectives :Improved understanding of consumer demand for sorghum and millets in four ESA countries (Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda). Consumption disaggregated by rural/urban, income, and proximity to centres of productionTrends in cereal prices, price and income elasticities of consumption Set research priorities for CGIAR research program for Dryland Cereals
Profitability Analysis and Adoption of Improved Box Hive Technology by Small ...AI Publications
Beekeeping is common and one of the agricultural activities used as good source of off-farm income to farmers in Ethiopia in generally, and particularly in the study area. The objectives of the study are to identify determinant of adoption of improved box hive technology and profitability of smallholder farmers in study area. Multi-stage sampling was employed to identify sample respondents. The sample respondents were stratified into adopters and non-adopters of improved box hive. Out of 148 total sample respondents 30 adopters and 118 non-adopters were identified. The data were collected using structured interview schedule, key informant discussion and observation. Partial budgeting technique and econometric models were employed. Partial budgeting result reveals that the beekeepers get financial benefits by adopting improved box hive. The first hurdle result of adoption decision indicated that beekeeping experience, distance to woreda town, frequency of extension contact, sex, age, education status, access to input were significant factors. Further, the second hurdle result of intensity of adoption revealed that frequency of extension contact, livestock holding, age, sex, access to input, family size and labor force were found to be significant factors. Thus, the woreda office of agriculture and rural developments, NGO’s and concerned stockholders should give due attention to these significant variables in the study area to boost improved box hive adoption and its intensity use thereby increase profitability of small holder beekeepers.
Adoption of good agricultural practices for sustainable maize and cowpea prod...Premier Publishers
This paper presents a comparative evaluation of maize and cowpea grain yields of 24 farmers in the Forest-Savannah Transition (Atebubu-Amantin) and Guinea Savannah (West-Mamprusi) zones of Ghana for 2012 and 2014 respectively at the inception and completion of the sustainable intensification of crop-livestock integration project. While only 7 and 2 farmers planted maize in rows at project inception, 12 and 9 farmers were recorded at project completion in Atebubu–Amantin and West–Mamprusi districts respectively. During 2012 cropping season, when farmers had access to fertilizer in the form of subsidy, only a farmer in each district did not apply fertilizer. However, the reverse was observed in 2014 where there was no subsidy. Comparing 2012 and 2014 cropping season results, revealed a 25% and 27% increase in maize grain yield in Atebubu–Amantin and West–Mamprusi districts respectively. Economic analysis revealed a high benefit cost ratio in maize and cowpea production in 2014 than in 2012 for both locations. The study has demonstrated that, enabling environment that encourages access to tools and implements for row planting and fertilizer in the form of subsidy would complement good agronomic technology packages introduced to farmers in order to ensure sustainable cereal and legume production.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact o...Premier Publishers
The importance of agricultural technology in enhancing production and productivity can be realized when yield increasing and technologies are widely been used and diffused. Standing from this logical ground, this paper aimed at identifying the factors affecting agricultural technology adoption decision and examining the impact of adoption on household’s income in chiro district west Hararghe zone, Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data was used; primary data was collected through structured questionnaire administered on 97 randomly selected smallholder farmers and secondary data was collected from published and unpublished document related to this topic. For data analysis purpose both Probit and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression models were employed. From the total 97 respondents 80 of them were adopted improved agricultural Technology while the left were not adopted improved agricultural technology in the study area. The regression result revealed that agricultural technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on household income by which adopters are better-offs than non-adopters. The probit regression result revealed that gender of the household head; access to irrigation, credit service; extension service and income of the household head significantly affect adoption of improved agricultural technology in the study area. From these finding researchers recommend that government should encourage small scale irrigation, credit service and extension service in the study area.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Welfare impacts of improved chickpea adoption a pathway for rural development...Tropical Legumes III
Study on impact of improved chickpea adoption on welfare in Ethiopia using three rounds of panel data. The study found that increasing access to improved chickpea appears a promising pathway for rural development in Ethiopia’s chickpea growing regions. Published by Elsevier
Ltd. Open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Farmers’ constraints in rice production in South-East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states that constitute the South East Agro-ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the constraints in rice production through the development of extension training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Article Citation:
Emodi AI.
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South-East Nigeria.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 114-123.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0026.pdf
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South - East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the
socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the
rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by
questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states
that constitute the South East Agro
-
ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly
used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were
dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production
include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of
inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of
credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the
government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the
constraints in rice production through the development of extension
training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/
processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Value Chain Analysis of Banana in Mizan Aman Town of Benchi Maji Zone, Southw...AI Publications
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
Growth and Yield Response of Bread Wheat Variety Grown Under Varying Seed Rat...Premier Publishers
Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
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During the Africa Regional Planning Meetings held at Harare on 26, 27 April 2016 reviewed the overall programs and action plan and discussed on these objectives :Improved understanding of consumer demand for sorghum and millets in four ESA countries (Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda). Consumption disaggregated by rural/urban, income, and proximity to centres of productionTrends in cereal prices, price and income elasticities of consumption Set research priorities for CGIAR research program for Dryland Cereals
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This paper presents a comparative evaluation of maize and cowpea grain yields of 24 farmers in the Forest-Savannah Transition (Atebubu-Amantin) and Guinea Savannah (West-Mamprusi) zones of Ghana for 2012 and 2014 respectively at the inception and completion of the sustainable intensification of crop-livestock integration project. While only 7 and 2 farmers planted maize in rows at project inception, 12 and 9 farmers were recorded at project completion in Atebubu–Amantin and West–Mamprusi districts respectively. During 2012 cropping season, when farmers had access to fertilizer in the form of subsidy, only a farmer in each district did not apply fertilizer. However, the reverse was observed in 2014 where there was no subsidy. Comparing 2012 and 2014 cropping season results, revealed a 25% and 27% increase in maize grain yield in Atebubu–Amantin and West–Mamprusi districts respectively. Economic analysis revealed a high benefit cost ratio in maize and cowpea production in 2014 than in 2012 for both locations. The study has demonstrated that, enabling environment that encourages access to tools and implements for row planting and fertilizer in the form of subsidy would complement good agronomic technology packages introduced to farmers in order to ensure sustainable cereal and legume production.
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Ltd. Open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Farmers’ constraints in rice production in South-East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states that constitute the South East Agro-ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the constraints in rice production through the development of extension training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Article Citation:
Emodi AI.
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South-East Nigeria.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 114-123.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0026.pdf
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South - East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the
socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the
rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by
questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states
that constitute the South East Agro
-
ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly
used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were
dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production
include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of
inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of
credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the
government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the
constraints in rice production through the development of extension
training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/
processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
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This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
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Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
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2. Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia
Guye and Sori. 698
factory is not enough to substitute import from abroad and
alone couldn’t able to keep with expanded capacity
(Minale et al., 2011). The farmers are unable to supply
required amount of malt barley because of personal,
demographic, socio-economic, institutional and other
factors affecting their production and productivity. This
indicates that there is gap between malt barley demand
and supply which is unexploited opportunity for small scale
farmers to raise their income if their productivity increased.
In the study area, despite malt barley is cash crop which
helps small scale farmers to raise their income various
factors are constraining them from high productivity such
as lack of functional and viable seed system, low
productivity and impediments in malt grain marketing
(CASCAPE, 2012). To solve this problem new malt barley
technology package was introduced in different region of
the country by CASCAPE project.
In Malga Woreda of Sidama Zone adaptation and
demonstration of malt-barley was conducted in 2004 and
consequently since 2005 production of the crop was
started at farmers’ field (CASCAPE, 2013). With the
introduction of new crop varieties, Participatory varietal
selection, trial adaptation, training, demonstration,
promotion and adoption are the key sequential steps
foreseen by the Ethiopian agricultural research and
extension system. Even though new malt barley
technology package such as improved malt barley
seed/varieties, new planting techniques (row planting and
spacing) and new management practice (fertilizer
application rate, seeding rate, chemical application) were
introduced. The adoption and intensity of adoption of malt-
barely technology package has not been evaluated. All
farmers were not adopting the new technology package
because of different adoption behavior and other
exogenous factors. Many adoption studies have been
conducted in different parts of the country at different times
for various commodities and interventions. However,
adoption of malt-barley technology package adoption has
been less investigated than other crop these days at the
country level except some areas specific studied
conducted by both national and regional CASCAPE
project that is included in the extensive drivers of adoption
study (Komen et al., 2016).
Therefore, the aim of this study was analysis of personal,
demographic, socioeconomic and institutional factors
influencing adoption and intensity of adoption of malt
barley technology package. The result of this study can
help to develop improved technology diffusion strategies
which may play a great role for increasing adoption and
intensity of adoption in the study area.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Description of the study area
Malga Woreda is one of the 19 Woreda in Sidama Zone of
SNNP Regional State. The Woreda is divided in to 23
kebeles and 3 rural towns. The capital town of Malga
Woreda is Manicho which is located at 26 km away from
the regional capital, Hawassa and 299km from Addis
Ababa. The total land size of the Woreda is 32,651ha of
which the cultivated land is estimated to be 18,177 ha of
which 6,988 ha used for cereal and enset production
(WOA, 2013). Among the food crops, barley is the most
dominant crop followed by Irish potato production in the
area. Average annual temperature varies from 12.6-20oC.
It receives an average annual rainfall ranges from 1201
mm -1600 mm. The Woreda has two agro-ecological
zones, namely Dega (78.3%) and Woina Dega (21.7%).
Regarding to road accessibility 65.22% of the kebeles are
accessible throughout the year, 21.74% of kebeles are
accessible only during the dry season of the year while
13.04% of them are inaccessible throughout the year
(WOA, 2013). The altitude of the Woreda fall within 1501-
3000 mean above sea level. The Woreda has an estimated
total population of 109,793 persons, out of which of 55,676
were male while 54, 117 were female (CSA, 2007).
Fig 1. Map of the study area.
Source: SNNPR & Finance Bureau
Sampling technique and sample size
This study defines survey population at farm household
head level. After the researcher defined target population,
the next task was the question of taking representative
samples from the population. The research sample design
was non-experimental based on purposive for selecting
area of the study however random and systematic
sampling techniques were used for sample selection.
Malga Woreda was selected purposively among the malt-
barely producer Woreda and South CASCAPE project
intervention area in SNNPR due to its potential for malt-
barley production. An important decision that has to be
taken into consideration when adopting a sampling
technique is about the size of the sample. Appropriate
sample size depends on various factors relating to the
3. Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 699
subject under investigation like the time and cost aspect,
the degree of accuracy desired, etc. (Rangaswamy, 1995).
If sample is too small, it might be difficult to achieve
objective of inferences whereas when it is too large, it may
require excess resource to collect the necessary data.
Sample error occurs not because of studying the whole
population. However, during sampling period, it is common
to miss some helpful information about the population
(Levin and Richard, 1989). The higher the desired
precision or the level of confidence, the larger (more
costly) would be the sample requirement. Sampling theory
is of little help in arriving at a good estimate of the sample
size in any particular situation (Gupta, 2002).
Therefore, based on this concept two kebeles of Malga
Woreda were taken namely Guguma and Gomeshe Tulu
purposively since these two kebeles were considered as
potential kebeles and consists two malt barley seed
producer cooperative and malt barley producers
cooperative than the other kebeles in the Woreda. These
kebeles are known to supply malt barley to Assela brewery
factory based on information from South CASCAPE
project. Lastly, sample from total household head of two
kebeles were taken by using random sampling technique
based on Yamane’s formula from each kebeles at 8%
confidence interval.
𝑛 =
𝑁
1+𝑁(𝑒)2
………………………………….. (1)
Where n is sample size to be computed, N is the total size
of malt barley producers in the study area, and e is the
level of precision. The minimum level of precision is
acceptable at 10%. However, for this study 8% of precision
level was used.
Data source and method of data collection
Both quantitative and qualitative data gathered from both
primary and secondary sources were used for this study.
The interview schedule was administered on 251 sample
household heads, which were the main source of the data-
collection tool in the research work. Then using the
amended structured interview schedule, primary data were
collected by using personal interview technique from
sampled farmers. The interview schedule was
administered by using trained enumerators. In order to
increase the reliability of the survey data and to reduce
technical and linguistic problems at the farm level; the
researcher (the author) spent much time with enumerators
during all survey days. Besides primary source, secondary
data was taken from Sidama Zone Bureau of Agriculture,
SNNPR finance and economic development bureau and
other sources such as published and unpublished sources.
Methods of data analysis and model specification
To analyze data descriptive statistics, inferential statistics
analysis and Tobit econometric model were applied to
meet the objectives of the study. Descriptive statistics
applied were percentage, frequency and chi-square (cross
tabulation) for discrete variables while mean, standard
deviation and one-way ANOVA analysis for continuous
variables. The choice of this technique was informed by
(Adofu et al., 2007). To analyze determinants of farmers’
adoption behavior in malt-barley technology package in
study area Tobit econometric model applied. Tobit
econometric model is an extension of probit model and it
is one of the approaches dealing with the problem of
censored data (Johnston and Dandiro, 1997). Some
authors call such model limited dependent variable model,
because of the restrictions put on the values taken by the
regressand (Getahun Degu, 2004).
Many researchers have used Tobit model to identify
factors affecting adoption and intensity of adoption of
improved agricultural technologies. To mention some of
the researcher, for instance (Nkonya, 1997) used Tobit
model to identify factors affecting adoption of improved
maize seed and fertilizer in Northern Tanzania. He used
area planted with improved seed and area receiving
fertilizer as continuous dependent variables for running
Tobit model. In the same country (Kaliba et al., 1998) used
Tobit model to study factors affecting adoption of maize
production technologies particularly maize variety and
used proportion of area allocated to improved maize seed
as continuous dependent variable. Besides the adoption
studies from a broad there is also adoption studies
conducted in Ethiopia, (Legesse, 1992) used Probit and
Tobit model to identify factors affecting adoption of
improved varieties, fertilizer and herbicide. Both of them
used probit model to identify factors affecting adoption of
improved variety and Tobit model to identify factors
affecting intensity of fertilizer and herbicide use. On the
other hand (Techane, 2002) used Tobit model to identify
determinants of adoption and intensity of use of fertilizer in
Ethiopia. In the same line, (Endrias , 2003) and (Getahun,
2004) used Tobit model to assess factors affecting
adoption and intensity of adoption of sweet potato varieties
and wheat technologies respectively.
Model specification
The econometric model applied for analyzing factors
influencing adoption and intensity of adoption of malt
barley technology package was the Tobit model shown in
equation (Adofu et al., 2007). This model was chosen
because, it has an advantage over other adoption models
(LPM, Logistic, and Probit) in that, and it reveals both the
probability of adoption and intensity of use of malt barley
technology package. Following (Maddal, 1992; Amemiya,
1985; Johnston and Dandiro, 1997). Tobit model for the
continuous variable adoption index, can be defined as:
AIi * = β0 + βiXi + Ui
AIi=AIi * if β0 + βiXi +Ui>0.................................. (2)
=0 if β0 + βiXi +Ui ≤0
Where: AIi* = is the latent variable and the solution to utility
maximization problem of intensity of adoption subjected to
a set of constraints per household and conditional on being
4. Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia
Guye and Sori. 700
above certain limit, AIi= is adoption index for ith farmer, Xi
= Vector of factors affecting adoption and intensity of
adoption, βi= Vector of unknown parameters, and Ui= is
the error term which is normally distributed with mean 0
and variance σ2.
Intensity of Adoption
Analytical techniques
For multiple practices (package), there are two options of
measuring adoption; (i) adoption index: measures the
extent of adoption at the time of the survey or (ii) adoption
quotient: measures the degree or extent of use with
reference to the optimum possible without taking time into
consideration. In this study, the first option was employed.
Accordingly, adoption index which shows to what extent
the respondent farmer has adopted the whole set of
packages was calculated using the following formula. In
order to know the intensity of adoption of malt barley
technology package, adoption index of individual farmer
was calculated as follows.
Intensity of adoption of malt-barely technology package for
those of adopters can be computed using the following
formula considering five package components. The
adoption index of individual farmers can be computed:
𝐴𝐼𝑖 = ∑
(
𝐴𝑇𝑖
𝑅𝑇𝑖
)
𝑁𝑃
𝑛
𝑖=1
Where AIi= is adoption index of ith farmer
AT= is the level or quantity of input the farmer actually
applied
RT= is the recommended level or quantity of an input he
ought to apply
NP= is the number of practice
After summing up for all the elements of the package of
recommendations, a maximum obtainable adoption score
is fixed at 1 or 100%. Based on the above general formula,
the following specific formula was applied for this study:
𝐴𝐼𝑖 = ∑
(
𝑆𝐴
𝑆𝑅
+
𝐹𝐴
𝐹𝑅
+
𝑃𝐹𝐴
𝑃𝐹𝑅
+
𝑀𝑃𝐴
𝑀𝑃𝑅
+
𝐿𝐶𝐶𝑆
𝐿𝐶𝑇𝑆
)
𝑁𝑃
𝑛
𝑖=1
Where AIi = adoption index of the i
th farmer
I= 1, 2, 3….n; n is total number of farmers
SA =seed applied per hectare and SR=seed
recommended per hectare
FA= fertilizer applied per hectare and FR= fertilizer
recommended per hectare
PFA= plowing frequency applied and PFR= plowing
frequency recommended
MPA= Method of planting applied and MPR= Method of
planting Recommended
LCCS= land covered by improved seed and LCTS= land
covered by total seed
On the basis of adoption index respondent farmers were
classified into three categories, viz., non- adopter, partial
and full adopter. Adoption index is thus a continuous
dependent variable which is affected by different factors to
be investigated.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics
The result presented in Table 1 indicated that 95% of the
respondents were male-headed, and the rest 5% were
female-headed. This implies that male-household heads
have access of adopting malt barley technology package
than females who are in most cases restricted to home
chores. Similarly, the mean age of household heads was
40.68years, which implies most of the malt barley
producers had more experience in barley production.
Likewise, the mean family size and land size of households
were 6.80 in man day equivalent and 1.49ha, respectively.
Moreover, on average the total livestock holding in tropical
livestock unit was 0.28. This implies that households that
owned large livestock have two competing ends, livestock
production and crop production. Therefore, they will
classify their land for both cases and this may affect
adoption decision negatively and significantly. In addition,
the majority of respondents (17%) were illiterate.
Furthermore, most respondents had no off-/non-farm
income source (81%) and no credit source (65%)
(Table 1). On the other hand, mean distance to nearest
market is 1.63 and mean oxen in TLU is 0.28 while mean
labor in MDE is 1.72. Similarly, 65%, 61%, 50.2% and 50.6
has no access to credit, field day, training and
demonstration respectively.
Table 1. Mean and proportion of households’ characteristics
Continuous Variables Mean SD
Age in years 40.68 12.93
Family size in AE 6.80 2.171
Land size in ha 1.49 0.998
Livestock number in TLU 5.26 3.89
Distance in km 1.63 1.130
Experience in years 14.64 8.914
Oxen in TLU 0.28 0.642
Labor adult 1.73 1.19
Dummy variables Response Frequency Percent
Sex Male 239 95
Female 12 5
Education status Yes 43 83
No 208 17
Non-farm income Yes 47 19
No 204 81
Hired labor Yes 87 35
No 164 65
Access to credit Yes 78 39
No 153 61
Participation field day Yes 125 49.8
No 126 50.2
Participation training Yes 124 49.4
No 127 50.6
Participation
demonstration
Yes 73 71
No 178 29
5. Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 701
Determinants of malt barley technology adoption and
its intensity
In the study area, malt barley producer’s attempt to adopt
different technology package. However, there are various
factors that affect producers in selecting the appropriate
technology packages. The decision of producers to
adoption was determined by various demographic,
socioeconomic and institutional factors. The Wald Chi-
square statistic was used to test the overall significance of
variables. This result implied that the model was significant
at 1% level, and the explanatory power of the factors
included within the model is satisfactory. The results of
model revealed that among sixteen variables such as age,
family size, land size, livestock unit, distance, experience
,oxen, labor adult , Sex, education status, non-farm
income, hired labor, access to credit, participation in
training, demonstration and field visit included in the
model and eight variables such as education of household,
livestock unit family size, land size, distance, access to
credit, participation in training and demonstration were
found to have significant effects on adoption and intensity
of adoption (Table 2). The probability of adoption and its
intensity were affected by education, family size, land size,
participation on training, participation on demonstration
and credit access positively and significantly, while Total
livestock holding and distance to nearest market had a
negative and significant effect.
As expected in the beginning education level of household
head was affected the adoption decision and intensity of
adoption of farmer in the study area positively and
significantly at less than one percent significance level. As
participation in formal education/as level of education
increase the probability and intensity increased by 5.9 %
and 13.7 % respectively (citrus paribus). Our result
confirms with studies by (Nzomoi et al., 2007) education of
household head affects positively and significantly effects
on adoptions of production of horticultural export produce.
Also, the studies by (Ozor et al., 2005; Motuma et al., 2010
and Isaiah et al., 2007) confirmed similar results. Family
size expressed in adult-equivalent affects the adoption
decision of farmers of the study area positively and
significantly at 5% significance level. Increase in family
size increase adoption and intensity of adoption by 1.8%
and 19.5 % respectively (citrus paribus). The result is
consistent with the study on adoption of improved maize
seed by (Motuma, 2010). Land size of the household was
found to be one of the factors that positively influence malt
barley technology adoption and intensity of adoption. It
was statistically significant at 5% probability level. An
increase in land size increase the probability and intensity
of adoption of malt barley technology package by 4% and
8.8 % respectively (citrus paribus). Our finding is
consistent with earlier study of (Tesfaye et al., 2001). As
expected, tropical livestock unit affects the adoption level
of farmers negatively. Livestock possession decreases the
intensity of malt barley adoption and statistically significant
at 1% significance level. An increase in the tropical
livestock unit will decrease adoption and intensity of
adoption of malt barley technology package by 1.6 % and
15 % respectively (Citrus paribus). Livestock and crops
were the two competitive enterprises as a result an
increase in the land under malt barley production would
decreases land under livestock thereby decrease pasture
land which in turn decreases livestock holding. So in our
study as expected in the beginning it had negative effect
since farmers in the study area those who have large
number of livestock unit preferred allocating their land
partly or fully for grazing. The reason behind their
allocation for grazing is that in study area there is no
communal/range land. Our finding is inconsistent with the
study of (Solomon et al., 2011). According to his study
TLU affects adoption of agricultural technology positively
and significantly. The farmers who are near to markets
were better adopter than those who are far from the
nearest market. Increase in distance from nearest market
decrease the probability and intensity of adoption of malt
barley technology package by 2.9 % and 9 % respectively
(Citrus paribus). Our result agrees with the study by (Isaiah
et al., 2007). As the Tobit model result indicates, the
variable access to credit had positive and significant
influence on the likelihood of adoption of malt barley
technology package at less 1% significance level. From
this result it can be stated that those farmers who have
access to formal credit, from agricultural Office or from
cooperative and cooperative farmers (farmers who are
members of cooperative) are more probable to adopt malt
barley technology package than those who have no
access to formal credit. Increases in the probability of
adoption and intensity of adoption of malt barley
technology package resulting from having access to credit
is 12 % and 4.9 % respectively (citrus paribus). In the
study area, access to credit is determined by on
membership to cooperative to access credit from
cooperative and half amount of payment of inputs from the
total on hand to access from agricultural office. On the
other hand, farmers who are not member of the
cooperative cannot use the opportunity. The earlier studies
that agree with our result indicating that credit is one of
factors that affect the probability of adoption of improved
varieties and the quantity of fertilizer farmers apply
(Legesse, 1992; Tesfaye and Shiferew, 2001). The
attendance in training had positive and significant effect on
adoption and intensity of adoption. Since it is one of the
means through which farmers get information/knowledge
about new technologies. Result of the finding indicated
attendance in training was positively and significantly
related to adoption of malt barley production package at
10% significance level. An increase in attendance in
training increases probability of adoption and intensity of
use of malt barley production package by 7.2 % and 5 %
respectively (citrus paribus). The implication is that
emphasis has to be given to farmers’ training to enhance
adoption of malt barley production package. Our finding
confirms with the findings of (Tesfaye and Shiferew, 2001)
and he reported that participation in non-farm
demonstration and attendance of training contributed
6. Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia
Guye and Sori. 702
positively to farmers’ adoption decision. Similarly, as
expected attendance in demonstration had positive and
significant effect on adoption and intensity of adoption.
Since it is one of the techniques that extension agents
share their skill to farmers and farmers try by themselves.
Result of our finding indicated attendance in
demonstration was positively and significantly related to
adoption of malt barley production package at 5%
significance level. Attendance in demonstration increases
probability of adoption and intensity of adoption of malt
barley technology package by 7.2% and 3.4 %
respectively (citrus paribus). The implication is that
emphasis has to be given to farmers’ demonstration to
enhance adoption of malt barley production package. The
same findings (Yishak, 2005) in his study of determinants
of adoption of improved maize technology in Damote Gale
Woreda found that farmers’ participation in demonstration
had positive and significant relationship with adoption.
Table 2: Tobit model estimation for determinants of malt
barley technology package
Variables Change in
probability of
adoption
Change in
intensity of
adoption
Education of household .0597477*** .1372541***
Land size .0186395** .1952941**
Family size .0412838** .0888577**
Tropical livestock unit -.0163706*** -.0934921***
Distance -.0291361** .0493359**
Access to credit .1205538*** .0456386***
Participation to training .0721289** .0518717*
Participation to
demonstration
.0725387* .0348644**
Constant .2778153*** .3678254***
Log likelihood function= -13.392374
Observation summaries:
LR chi2 (19) = 167.30***
19- left censored observation at Adoption index=0
Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
232-uncensored observation
Pseudo R 2 = 0.8620
0 -right censored observation
Dependent variables are probability of adoption and
intensity; ***, ** and * are statistically significant at 1%, 5%
and 10% level of significance, respectively.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The role of malt barley in income generation and food
security for smallholder farmers is very high in highland
areas of Ethiopia. The production of malt barley among
Ethiopian farmers reduces government’s expenditures by
substituting import from abroad. Besides income, its straw
can serve as both animal feed and as raw material for
house construction. Adoption of the malt barley technology
packages increases farmers’ incomes and with that they
are able to improve their living conditions such as sending
their kids to school, improve their housing, diversify their
diets, and again invest more of their assets in increasing
their productivity even more. These statements were
common testimonies by the interviewed farmers, even
farmers who did not adopt the full package were clear
about the positive effects of the malt barley technology
package on their farms and families. Despite its positive
contribution, the emphasis given nationally to the malt
barley technology package adoption is relatively low
compared to other cereals such as wheat, teff and maize.
As a result of this, institutional support provided to this
sector, such as credit service, research and extension is
not to the expected level. These factors together with
several household personal, demographic and socio-
economic factors greatly affect the adoption of the malt
barley technology package and consequently production
and productivity of the sub-sector. Broadly speaking three
major areas that need policy interventions was identified if
the adoption and intensity of adoption of malt barley is to
be increased.
Depending on the result of the paper the following
recommendations were forwarded: Members have a
linkage with Assela malt factory; they have the opportunity
of accessing seed and fertilizer, while non-members
cannot access these inputs as easily. This may create
difference between adopters and non-adopters and even
in intensity of adoption among adopters. Again, access to
credit was related to membership to cooperatives in the
study area. There is no formal ways of obtaining credit
except via the microfinance institution. Microfinance
institution in the study area provides fertilizer for farmers.
It requires half amount of cash up front. But during the
production season most of the farmers were unable to
provide cash up front and they indicated this as one of the
main reasons to deviate from adopting malt barley
technology package fully. This shows that it is not
unwillingness among farmers, but limited access to inputs
which impedes adoption. Moreover, facilitating the use of
inputs in terms of establishing appropriate credit
mechanisms would also increase the likelihood of adoption
of the recommended seed varieties and fertilizer type and
recommendations. For this reason, increasing
membership to cooperative can open the way for farmers
to access input and credit.
ABBREVIATIONS
CASCAPE: Capacity building and scaling up for evidence
based- best agricultural practice in Ethiopia
CSA: Central Statistical Agency
e: error;
MDE: man day equivalent
n: sample size
N: target population
SNNPR: Southern nation, nationalities and peoples region
SD: standard deviation: SML: TLU: Tropical livestock unit
WoA: Woreda office agriculture
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
7. Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 703
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Ethiopian ministry of
education and Wageingen University for their financial
support for this research.
COMPETING INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
The authors want to declare that they can submit the data
at any time based on publisher’s request. The datasets
used and/or analyzed during the current study will be
available from the authors on reasonable request.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
ETHICAL APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO
PARTICIPATE
Ethical clearance letters were collected from Hawassa
University. During survey, official letters were written for
each district and kebele/villages/informed verbal consent
was obtained from each client, and confidentiality was
maintained by giving codes for each respondent rather
than recording their name. Study participants were
informed that clients have full rights to discontinue or
refuse to participate in the study. Hence, all participants
throughout the research, including survey households,
enumerators, the supervisors and key informants, were
fully informed of the objectives of the study. They were
approached friendly in free moods until the end of this
research.
FUNDING
The Wageingen University provided financial support to
complete this research successfully.
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