Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 3.1 Design principles
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 3.2 Equipment
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 2.1 Overview
An Overview to the most common Industrial Mass Transfer Operations & Process Separation Technologies
Course Description
In this course we will cover the most basic processes involved in Mass Transfer Operations. This is an overview of what type of processes, methods and units are used in the industry. This is mostly an introductory course which will allow you to learn, understand and know the approach towards separation processes involving mass transfer phenomena.
It is an excellent course before any Mass Transfer Process or Unit Operation Course such as Distillations, Extractions, Leaching, Membranes, Absorption, etc...
This course is extremely recommended if you will continue with the following:
Flash Distillation, Simple Distillation, Batch Distillation
Gas Absorption, Desorption & Stripping
Binary Distillation, Fractional Distillation
Scrubbers, Gas Treating
Sprayers / Spray Towers
Bubble Columns / Sparged Vessels
Agitation Vessels
Packed Towers, Tray Towers
Membranes
Liquid Extraction
Dryers / Humidifiers
Adsorbers
Evaporators/Sublimators
Crystallizers
Centrifugations
And many other Separation Technology!
At the end of the Course:
You will be able to understand the mass transfer operations concepts. You will be able to identify Mass Transfer Unit Operations. You will be also able to ensure the type of method of separation technology used.
You will be able to apply this theory in further Unit Operations.
Theory-Based Course
This is a very theoretical course, some calculations and exercises are present, but overall, expect mostly theoretical concepts.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 1.3 Rate and equilibrium
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 0.2 Introduction to distillation.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 3.2 Equipment
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 2.1 Overview
An Overview to the most common Industrial Mass Transfer Operations & Process Separation Technologies
Course Description
In this course we will cover the most basic processes involved in Mass Transfer Operations. This is an overview of what type of processes, methods and units are used in the industry. This is mostly an introductory course which will allow you to learn, understand and know the approach towards separation processes involving mass transfer phenomena.
It is an excellent course before any Mass Transfer Process or Unit Operation Course such as Distillations, Extractions, Leaching, Membranes, Absorption, etc...
This course is extremely recommended if you will continue with the following:
Flash Distillation, Simple Distillation, Batch Distillation
Gas Absorption, Desorption & Stripping
Binary Distillation, Fractional Distillation
Scrubbers, Gas Treating
Sprayers / Spray Towers
Bubble Columns / Sparged Vessels
Agitation Vessels
Packed Towers, Tray Towers
Membranes
Liquid Extraction
Dryers / Humidifiers
Adsorbers
Evaporators/Sublimators
Crystallizers
Centrifugations
And many other Separation Technology!
At the end of the Course:
You will be able to understand the mass transfer operations concepts. You will be able to identify Mass Transfer Unit Operations. You will be also able to ensure the type of method of separation technology used.
You will be able to apply this theory in further Unit Operations.
Theory-Based Course
This is a very theoretical course, some calculations and exercises are present, but overall, expect mostly theoretical concepts.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 1.3 Rate and equilibrium
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 0.2 Introduction to distillation.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 2.4 Interphase mass transfer
Current advancement in different gas liquid operationsSunny Chauhan
CURRENT ADVANCEMENT IN DIFFERENT GAS-LIQUID OPERATIONS,Gas Liquid operation equipment
,Extractive distillation
,Advances in Gas Absorption,High efficiency venturi scrubber
,Advances in Diffusion
,Advances in Stirred Tanks
,Advances in Distillation
,Advances in Venturi Scrubber
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Section: Distillation
Subject: 1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
COURSE LINK:
https://www.chemicalengineeringguy.com/courses/gas-absorption-stripping/
Introduction:
Gas Absorption is one of the very first Mass Transfer Unit Operations studied in early process engineering. It is very important in several Separation Processes, as it is used extensively in the Chemical industry.
Understanding the concept behind Gas-Gas and Gas-Liquid mass transfer interaction will allow you to understand and model Absorbers, Strippers, Scrubbers, Washers, Bubblers, etc…
We will cover:
- REVIEW: Of Mass Transfer Basics required
- GAS-LIQUID interaction in the molecular level, the two-film theory
- ABSORPTION Theory
- Application of Absorption in the Industry
- Counter-current & Co-current Operation
- Several equipment to carry Gas-Liquid Operations
- Bubble, Spray, Packed and Tray Column equipments
- Solvent Selection
- Design & Operation of Packed Towers
- Pressure drop due to packings
- Solvent Selection
- Design & Operation of Tray Columns
- Single Component Absorption
- Single Component Stripping/Desorption
- Diluted and Concentrated Absorption
- Basics: Multicomponent Absorption
- Software Simulation for Absorption/Stripping Operations (ASPEN PLUS/HYSYS)
----
Please show the love! LIKE, SHARE and SUBSCRIBE!
More likes, sharings, suscribers: MORE VIDEOS!
-----
CONTACT ME
Chemical.Engineering.Guy@Gmail.com
www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com
http://facebook.com/Chemical.Engineering.Guy
You speak spanish? Visit my spanish channel -www.youtube.com/ChemEngIQA
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 2.1 Material balances
An overview of distillation column design concepts and major design considerations. Explains distillation column design concepts, what you would provide to a professional distillation column designer, and what you can expect back from a distillation system design firm. To speak with an engineer about your distillation column project, call EPIC at 314-207-4250.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Subject: 2.4 Plate efficiencies.
Types of Distillation & column internalsBharat Kumar
More:- https://chemicalengineeringworld.com
Distillation is a method of separating the components of a solution which depends upon distribution of the substances between a gas and liquid phase, applied to cases where all components are present in both phases.
* What is distillation ?
* Types of Distillation
* Batch Distillation
* Azeotropic Distillation
* Flooding
* Priming
* Coning
* Weeping
* Dumping
* Packed Column
* Tray column
* Reflux Ratio
* Relative volatility
* Distillation column
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility (volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure.) of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction
basics of ponchon savrit method to calculate no. of trays in distillation column and this could be more feasible for those who are willing to study separation processes related to their chemical engineering fields. moreover, if you find difficulty in taking lectures on YouTube, you can just click on this link and just download the slides for its study. as every student in this world in willing to study the basics of chemical engineering, this could be more beneficial for those students. also if your teacher wants any presentation slides on this specific topic, you can just download these slides from the website and can present in a better way to proceed you knowledge and journey of your education.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 2.4 Interphase mass transfer
Current advancement in different gas liquid operationsSunny Chauhan
CURRENT ADVANCEMENT IN DIFFERENT GAS-LIQUID OPERATIONS,Gas Liquid operation equipment
,Extractive distillation
,Advances in Gas Absorption,High efficiency venturi scrubber
,Advances in Diffusion
,Advances in Stirred Tanks
,Advances in Distillation
,Advances in Venturi Scrubber
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Section: Distillation
Subject: 1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
COURSE LINK:
https://www.chemicalengineeringguy.com/courses/gas-absorption-stripping/
Introduction:
Gas Absorption is one of the very first Mass Transfer Unit Operations studied in early process engineering. It is very important in several Separation Processes, as it is used extensively in the Chemical industry.
Understanding the concept behind Gas-Gas and Gas-Liquid mass transfer interaction will allow you to understand and model Absorbers, Strippers, Scrubbers, Washers, Bubblers, etc…
We will cover:
- REVIEW: Of Mass Transfer Basics required
- GAS-LIQUID interaction in the molecular level, the two-film theory
- ABSORPTION Theory
- Application of Absorption in the Industry
- Counter-current & Co-current Operation
- Several equipment to carry Gas-Liquid Operations
- Bubble, Spray, Packed and Tray Column equipments
- Solvent Selection
- Design & Operation of Packed Towers
- Pressure drop due to packings
- Solvent Selection
- Design & Operation of Tray Columns
- Single Component Absorption
- Single Component Stripping/Desorption
- Diluted and Concentrated Absorption
- Basics: Multicomponent Absorption
- Software Simulation for Absorption/Stripping Operations (ASPEN PLUS/HYSYS)
----
Please show the love! LIKE, SHARE and SUBSCRIBE!
More likes, sharings, suscribers: MORE VIDEOS!
-----
CONTACT ME
Chemical.Engineering.Guy@Gmail.com
www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com
http://facebook.com/Chemical.Engineering.Guy
You speak spanish? Visit my spanish channel -www.youtube.com/ChemEngIQA
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 2.1 Material balances
An overview of distillation column design concepts and major design considerations. Explains distillation column design concepts, what you would provide to a professional distillation column designer, and what you can expect back from a distillation system design firm. To speak with an engineer about your distillation column project, call EPIC at 314-207-4250.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Subject: 2.4 Plate efficiencies.
Types of Distillation & column internalsBharat Kumar
More:- https://chemicalengineeringworld.com
Distillation is a method of separating the components of a solution which depends upon distribution of the substances between a gas and liquid phase, applied to cases where all components are present in both phases.
* What is distillation ?
* Types of Distillation
* Batch Distillation
* Azeotropic Distillation
* Flooding
* Priming
* Coning
* Weeping
* Dumping
* Packed Column
* Tray column
* Reflux Ratio
* Relative volatility
* Distillation column
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility (volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure.) of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction
basics of ponchon savrit method to calculate no. of trays in distillation column and this could be more feasible for those who are willing to study separation processes related to their chemical engineering fields. moreover, if you find difficulty in taking lectures on YouTube, you can just click on this link and just download the slides for its study. as every student in this world in willing to study the basics of chemical engineering, this could be more beneficial for those students. also if your teacher wants any presentation slides on this specific topic, you can just download these slides from the website and can present in a better way to proceed you knowledge and journey of your education.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer
Subject: 3.2 Equipment
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 0.1 Instructions for the distillation section
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer
Subject: 0.2 Instructions for the Mass transfer section
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 2.3 Enthalpy balances
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 0.2 Introduction to distillation.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 1.2 Flash distillation.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Section: Distillation
Subject: 0.3 Basic concepts of distillation
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Subject: Distillation
Subject: 0.2 Introduction to distillation.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 3.4 Economics and finance
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 3.3 Safety issues
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 2.2 Molecular diffusion
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Crystallization
Subject: 1.5 Phase equilibrium
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Crystallization
Subject: 1.4 Supersaturation
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Crystallization
Subject: 1.3 Methods
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Crystallization
Subject: 1.2 Uses and advantages
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
Design principles in mass transfer processes
1. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 869993.
Mass transfer
design
principles
2. Steady-state vs unsteady-state operations
• Mass transfer processes can be steady-state or unsteady state operations.
Steady-state operation Unsteady-state operation
No change in conditions (pressure,
temperature, composition, etc.) with
time at any given point in the system
Conditions vary with the passage of time
No change in rates of flow with time
at any given point in the system
Rate of flow is not steady with time
Continuous processes are often
steady-state operations
Batch processes are always unsteady-
state operations
Most industrial processes are
continuous steady-state operations
Many procedures carried out in laboratory
are unsteady-state operations
3. Batch processes
• In a batch process, there is no flow
into or out of the system. Given
quantity of matter is placed in a
container and the process is
carried out.
• For example, in batch distillation
the flow rates vary with time. At
first, the rate of distillate is low.
Then it increases and in the end of
the process, decreases again. The
temperature may also vary with
time.
Process flow diagram of batch distillation.
Picture: Body kumar2805 CC BY-SA 4.0
4. Continuous processes
• In a continuous process, materials are fed
continuously into the system.
• Flow rates and compositions do not vary
with time.
• For example, in continuous distillation, the
flow rate and composition of reflux stay
the same all the time. Also the feed has
stagnant values of composition,
temperature, pressure and the rate of flow.
• Most industrial processes are continuous
steady-state operations like this. Continuous binary distillation.
Picture: Sponk CC BY-SA 3.0
5. Flow patterns
• Mass transfer processes can be simplified with flow
patterns. They help to calculate material balances.
• There are some established practices for notations:
• L is the term for the flow of the liquid phase.
• The terms G and V are commonly used for the flow of
the gas phase. Unit is mole/time.
• Small x is for mole fraction of solute in liquid phase.
• Small y is for mole fraction of solute in gas phase.
• Different mass transfer operations have also some
specific notations. E.g. in distillation we use F for the
flow rate of the feed and z for the mole fraction of the
solute in the feed .
Simple single-stage
process.
y1, V1 x1, L1
y2, V2 x2, L2
6. Countercurrent, cocurrent and crosscurrent flow
• In countercurrent
process, the contacted
phases flow in
opposite directions.
y1, V1 x1, L1
y2, V2 x2, L2
y1, V1 x1, L1
y2, V2 x2, L2
• In cocurrent process,
the flows are parallel.
• In crosscurrent
process, the phases
flow at right angles
to each other.
y1, V1
x1, L1
y2, V2
x2, L2
7. Material balances
V1 + L2 = V2 + L1
y1V1 + x2L2 = y2V2 + x1L1
y1, V1 x1, L1
y2, V2 x2, L2
y1, V1
x1, L1
y2, V2
x2, L2
V1 + L1 = V2 + L2
y1V1 + x1L1 = y2V2 + x2L2
V1 + L1 = V2 + L2
y1V1 + x1L1 = y2V2 + x2L2
• Material balances can be used to monitor the process. At steady state, the
input flow = output flow. We can write an overall mass balances and
componential balances. Here are simple examples in different types of flow.
y1, V1 x1, L1
y2, V2 x2, L2
Counter-
current
flow
Cocurrent
flow
Cross-
current
flow
8. Operating line
• Operating line is a graphical representation of the material balance.
• Let’s assume an example of steady-state cocurrent operation where mass
transfer of a single component occurs from phase V (or G) to phase L.
• Then y1 > y2 and x1 < x2
• Let’s also assume that V1 = V2 and L1 = L2 and mark them as V and L.
y1
y2
x1 x2
Operating line
Slope = −L/V
Equilibrium
curve
y1, V1 x1, L1
y2, V2 x2, L2
Cocurrent
flow
y1V1 + x1L1 = y2V2 + x2L2
V1 = V2 = V and L1 = L2 = L
y1V + x1L = y2V + x2L
V(y1 − y2) = L(x2 − x1)
𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
=
𝐿
𝑉
⇒
𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
= −
𝐿
𝑉
9. Operating line in a countercurrent operation
• If we have a countercurrent operation, the slope of the operating line is L/V.
• Let’s assume that a single component transfers from phase V to phase L.
• Then y1 > y2 and x1 > x2
• If transfer would occur from liquid to gas phase, the operating line would be
located below the equilibrium line.
y1
y2
x2 x1
Operating line
Slope = L/V
Equilibrium
curve
y1V1 + x2L2 = y2V2 + x1L1
V1 = V2 = V and L1 = L2 = L
y1V + x1L = y2V + x2L
V(y1 − y2) = L(x1 − x2)
𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
=
𝐿
𝑉
y1, V1 x1, L1
y2, V2 x2, L2
Counter-
current
flow
10. Mole ratios in operating diagrams
• To reduce the curvature of the operating line, the mole ratios X and Y can be
used instead of mole fractions x and y.
• You can change the mole fractions into mole ratios by these equations:
• When we use mole ratios, the flows are expressed in a solute-free basis:
Ls and Vs (or Gs). (L’, V’ and G’ are also used.)
• Cocurrent operation: Vs(Y1 − Y2) = Ls(X2 − X1) Slope = −Ls/Vs
• Countercurrent operation: Vs(Y1 − Y2) = Ls(X1 − X2) Slope = Ls/Vs
• If we have dilute solutions, there is no big difference between mole ratios and
mole fractions.
𝑋𝑖 =
𝑥𝑖
1 − 𝑥𝑖
𝑌𝑖 =
𝑦𝑖
1 − 𝑦𝑖
11. Stagewise operations
• One typical class of mass transfer devices consists of
individual units, called stages, that are interconnected.
Materials pass through each stage (or tray) in turn.
• These multistage devices are called cascades or a
plate tower or a tray tower.
• In each stage the streams are brought into contact
countercurrently, mixed and then separated.
• The streams entering the stage must not be in
equilibrium, because departure from the equilibrium is
the driving force.
• Later in this course you will learn how to calculate the
number of stages needed in the process.
Binary distillation tower with trays.
Picture: Sponk CC BY-SA 3.0
12. Continuous operation
• There are also continuous-contact operations,
where the phases flow through the device in
continuous contact.
• Equilibrium between two phases is generally
never obtained at any position in the equipment.
• Transfer between the phases may continue
without interruption.
• These continuous columns can be designed for
countercurrent and cocurrent processes.
• Economics plays a significant role in choosing
the method.
Cocurrent flow in a packed tower.
Picture: Daniele Pugliesi CC BY-SA 4.0
13. Summary
• Most industrial mass transfer processes
are steady-state, continuous operations.
• Mass transfer operations can be
simplified by flow diagrams.They also
help in calculations of material balances.
• Operating line is a graphical
representation for material balance.
• There are two types of how the phases
are brought into contact in the column:
stagewise contact or continuous-contact.
Common notations in
calculations and diagrams:
L = liquid flow (mole/time)
G or V = gas flow (mole/time)
x = mole fraction of the solute
in liquid phase
y = mole fraction of the solute
in gas phase
X = mole ratio of the solute in
liquid phase
Y = mole ratio of the solute in
liquid phase
Ls and Vs or L’ and V’ for
flows in solute-free basis
14. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 869993.
References
Benitez, J. 2016. Principles and Modern Applications of Mass Transfer Operations. Wiley, pp. 179-
206.
Dutta, B. K. 2007. Principles of mass transfer and separation processes. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall,
pp. 143.
Theodore, L. & Ricci, F. 2010. Mass Transfer Operations for the Practicing Engineer. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc, pp. 107-117.
Videos:
• Binary flash distillation example: https://youtu.be/_fsFG3NspsE
• Operation of an absorption column: https://youtu.be/NhPqSWUrGsg