This document describes the design, construction, and performance evaluation of an electric powered egg incubator. Key details include:
- Materials used to build the incubator including plywood, fan, thermostat, heating element, and others.
- Design calculations performed to determine incubator specifications like capacity, air volume, heat requirements, ventilation needs, and more.
- The incubator was tested and showed a 33% hatchability rate for 25 eggs, indicating potential for improvement and household adoption.
Ratio of Driving Tension for Flat Belts | Mechanical EngineeringTransweb Global Inc
The belts are flexible machine elements that are used to transmit power. The transmission of power between the two pulleys that are mounted to shafts that may be parallel or perpendicular or inclined at certain angle. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Ratio of Driving Tension for Flat Belts:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/mechanical-engineering/friction/ratio-of-driving-tension-for-flat-belts.aspx
Ratio of Driving Tension for Flat Belts | Mechanical EngineeringTransweb Global Inc
The belts are flexible machine elements that are used to transmit power. The transmission of power between the two pulleys that are mounted to shafts that may be parallel or perpendicular or inclined at certain angle. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Ratio of Driving Tension for Flat Belts:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/mechanical-engineering/friction/ratio-of-driving-tension-for-flat-belts.aspx
This power point was prepared for the course named as Chemical Engineering Apparatus Design. Target group was 4th year chemical engineering Students for the first semester
This power point was prepared for the course named as Chemical Engineering Apparatus Design. Target group was 4th year chemical engineering Students for the first semester
Coworking, Incubators, & Accelerators - What's the Difference?Paul O'Brien
As our experience with acquiring working capital evolves, from the comfort with risk on the part of VCs in your town shifting over time to the introduction of Crowdfunding as a serious source of capital, entrepreneurs everywhere are trying to understand not just how to connect, network, and collaborate, but how to develop relationships with the right investors. Incubators, accelerators, and coworking spaces are the place to start.
Finding the right fit for you as a person, your team, and your passion, is critical. To wit, the initial Boston operation of Y Combinator was closed out of frustration with New England’s typical investment style; making it difficult for Y Combinator’s consumer, web-based ventures to to receive funding.
Suggesting that where, precisely, matters more than if you get in, no?
To know where and how you fit, you have to explore your community from the 30,000 foot view and first ask why such resources exist. What role do coworking spaces, incubators, and accelerators play in your community? How do they benefit you? And why should you get involved?
Slides giving an overview on pH and its measurement.
Contains information about pH meters, its calibration, maintenance , types of ph electrode and modern definition of pH
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Development of Computer Models for Simulating the Optimum Design Parameters o...IJAEMSJORNAL
Brooding refers to early periods of growth when chicks require supplementary heat to maintain their normal body temperature. Generally, chicks kept in environmental temperatures outside their comfort zone suffer low growth and high mortality rates. Solar energy has a regular daily and annual cycle, and is unavailable during periods of bad weather. Hence requires special storage and distribution of the energy different from the utilization of conventional energy sources. In this study computer models were developed for simulating internal brooder envelope brooding Temperatures and ammonia gas concentration in ppm. Further, analysis was carried out to determine the influence of trombe wall thickness on the variation of hourly internal brooder temperatures for various months of the year. The trombe wall thickness were set at 100,150, 200, 250 and 300mm and hourly temperatures simulated using Matlab computer program. The wall thickness of 100mm and 150 mm yielded maximum brooding space temperature of 36.50C and 35.30C respectively. The resultant brooder temperatures were above the optimal brooding temperature range of 340C for day one and 21 to 240C for the 28th day of brooding. However, the lowest brooder temperatures attained for 100mm and 150mm wall thickness were 29.50C and 30.80C respectively. The wall thickness of 300mm yielded temperature range of 25.70C to 280C.From this study it is deduced that the wall thickness of 100 and 150mm are suitable for development of a chicks’ brooder. Though, supplementary source of heat will be required to keep the birds comfortable for the first one week of brooding period. The brooder pH was set at 10 and the ammonia concentration simulated for 28 days at brooding floor temperatures of 14.80C, 18.70C, 22.60C and 27.40C.The results were that the ammonia concentration increased exponentially from day one to the 28th day of brooding for all the floor temperatures. The highest emission of ammonia was recorded at the temperature of 14.80C for the first fifteen days; but after the 15th day the temperature of 18.70C recorded the highest emission of ammonia. Conversely, the temperature of 27.40C yielded the lowest ammonia emission. Therefore, it is essential in the design of brooders to have provision for facilitating removal of birds’ droppings to minimize emission of the ammonia gas from the floor of the brooder.
Use of Biogas Energy in Poultry Farming Heatingtheijes
Energy shortage is a global issue that is more severe in Jordan. One of the solutions to this problem in rural areas is the use of biogas energy either in heating applications or for electricity generation. The paper discusses the feasibility of using biogas produced from the fermentation of cow dung for the purpose of heating a standard poultry house, located around Queen Alia airport in the middle of Jordan. This work includes gathering information of a real poultry house and approximating some of its specifications; to calculate the required heating load of it throughout a whole year, which reached a maximum of (62.39 kW) in January. The next step is to find how much local traditional type of fuels, LPG and Diesel, are needed for the heating of this house. After that, through some calculations, the amount of biogas required and the amount of cow dung needed for its production is found. Finally, a financial analysis is applied to confirm the feasibility of this approach, which showed a payback period of about 15 months for the biogas system compared traditional heating fuel systems.
Determination of thin layer solar drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca)eSAT Journals
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the thin-layer drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca) using a solar dryer. To achieve this, an integral type forced convection solar dryer, equipped with rock storage, was developed. Drying kinetics of tapioca were determined using the solar dryer. The treatments in the experiment comprise of air flow velocities (V) of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m/s; and drying layer thicknesses (B) of 0.48 and 0.72 cm. Tapioca samples were dried from an average initial moisture content of 297% (dry basis) to 9.8% (dry basis). Control experiments in the form of open air sun drying of similar quantity of tapioca were also set up and monitored. Graphical plots of moisture content versus drying time, exhibited the characteristic moisture desorption curve, characterized by initial high rate of moisture removal, followed by a slower rate of moisture removal. It was observed from drying rate curves plotted using the drying data, that the drying of the tapioca took place entirely in the falling rate period. The drying rate of the tapioca varied with the different combinations of velocity and drying layer thickness. The drying rate of the tapioca increased with increase in the air flow velocity until velocity of 2.5 m/s; beyond this velocity the drying rate reduced slightly. Also the drying rate of tapioca decreased with increase in drying layer thickness. A maximum drying rate of 39.2%/hr was obtained during the experiment. The maximum system drying efficiency of the dryer was determined as 47.14%, while the maximum dryer pick-up efficiency of 50% was determined during the drying test.
Determination of thin layer solar drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca)eSAT Journals
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the thin-layer drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca) using a solar dryer. To achieve this, an integral type forced convection solar dryer, equipped with rock storage, was developed. Drying kinetics of tapioca were determined using the solar dryer. The treatments in the experiment comprise of air flow velocities (V) of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m/s; and drying layer thicknesses (B) of 0.48 and 0.72 cm. Tapioca samples were dried from an average initial moisture content of 297% (dry basis) to 9.8% (dry basis). Control experiments in the form of open air sun drying of similar quantity of tapioca were also set up and monitored. Graphical plots of moisture content versus drying time, exhibited the characteristic moisture desorption curve, characterized by initial high rate of moisture removal, followed by a slower rate of moisture removal. It was observed from drying rate curves plotted using the drying data, that the drying of the tapioca took place entirely in the falling rate period. The drying rate of the tapioca varied with the different combinations of velocity and drying layer thickness. The drying rate of the tapioca increased with increase in the air flow velocity until velocity of 2.5 m/s; beyond this velocity the drying rate reduced slightly. Also the drying rate of tapioca decreased with increase in drying layer thickness. A maximum drying rate of 39.2%/hr was obtained during the experiment. The maximum system drying efficiency of the dryer was determined as 47.14%, while the maximum dryer pick-up efficiency of 50% was determined during the drying test.
Keywords: Air Flow Velocity, Drying Rate, Forced Convection, Layer Thickness, Moisture Content, Solar Dryer
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The purpose of this paper is to calculate the cooling load in frozen shrimp cold
storage, calculate the performance of the vapor compression cycle including mass flow
rate, compressor power, and COP. This study uses a theoretical design method. The
design of cold storage for shrimp commodity, with the capacity of one container, will be
calculated how much cooling should be given so that the maximum cold storage efficiency
is obtained. Design data obtained from observations in the field. When the research was
conducted in April 2015. The calculation results show that the Refrigerant used is
Refrigerant 12 (R-12), Cooling load = 14.3022 TR = 50.254 kW, Shrimp product = 12
tons = 12,000 kg, Cold storage temperature: 10 ° C, Superheated: 5 ° C, Sub cooled: 5 °
C, refrigerant temperature in the condenser: 35 ° C, refrigerant temperature in the
evaporator: 5 ° C, condenser pressure: 0.80 MPa Pressure in the evaporator: 0.40 Bar
and COP: 4.76.
Energy Audit and Heat Recovery on the Rotary Kiln of the Cement Plant in Ethi...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study deals with the energy audit and heat recovery on the rotary kiln taking a cement factory in Ethiopia as a case study.The system is a dry type rotary kiln equipped with a five stage cyclone type preheater, pre-calciner and grate cooler. The kiln has a capacity of 2,000 tons/day.Mass and energy balance has been performed for energy auditing. The energy lost from the kiln shell is about 4.3 MW. By using secondary shell on the rotary kiln about 3.5MW could be recovered safely.This energy saving reduces fuel consumption (almost 9%) of the kiln system, and increases the overall system efficiency by approximately 2–3%.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Design, construction and performance evaluation of an electric powered egg incubator
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 521
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN
ELECTRIC POWERED EGG INCUBATOR
Gbabo Agidi1
, J.T Liberty2
, O.N Gunre3
, G.J Owa4
1
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State
2
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
3
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State
4
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State
Abstract
Poultry production is a lucrative business in Nigeria but inadequate hatchery machines limit the expansion and make poultry products
for instance day old chicks more expensive. At the moment, few commercially owned poultry hatcheries in Nigeria are located
distance far away in the western and Eastern parts of the country. Majority of these hatcheries have little or no access to the national
grid system but operate at about 60 per cent below the installation capacity. Generally, environmental pollution, unreliability and
lack of access to grid power supply and low performance efficiency characterize the condition of the poultry hatchery business
powered by conventional energy supply in Nigeria. These hamper and adversely affect the establishment of medium to large scale
poultry production outfits in the rural areas of the country. But with the advent of electric powered egg incubator technology in
poultry production, poultry farmers in Nigeria are likely to incubate and hatch poultry eggs and breed day-old chicks under a
sustained power supply in a clean environment. Therefore, this study was aimed at the design, developed and tested in order to
provide a favourable environment for eggs hatching. The developed machine was tested to assess its performance. The results from
the test showed that out of the total 25 eggs, 5 eggs hatched after operating the machine. This gives 33% hatchability. The results
showed that with further improvements, the developed machine can adequately be adopted at the household level instead of rearing
chickens for the sole purpose of incubating eggs.
Keywords: Automatic, egg turning incubator, favourable environment, hatchability
----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
In poultry egg incubation, sustainable energy supply is
necessary for efficient performance, operation and
profitability. This involves the management of fertilized
poultry eggs to a satisfactory development level that leads to
normal chicks (Oluyemi, 1979). It includes the control of the
extrinsic environmental factors of the surrounding.
The mother hen naturally performs this function but at low
efficiency (French, 1997). And artificially, an incubator, a
special system that simulates the environmental conditions
required for such operation is usually employed by poultry
farmers to do the same operation within specified temperature
and relative humidity range. The ranges are usually between
temperature and relative humidity of between 36 – 390C and
50 – 70% respectively. To maintain this temperature range
sustained heat supply is paramount. In the most developing
countries, the vast majority of poultry farmers in the rural
communities operate their farms on small scale and/or even
subsistence level. They often use a collection of bush lamps
and kerosene stoves to achieve the heating requirements of the
small hatcheries and brooders for day-old chicks (Okonkwo,
1989). The problems with these systems are enormous ranging
from environmental pollution and fire outbreak. Use of fossil
fuel is known to produce toxic gases which are harmful to
eggs and poultry attendants. However, an electric egg
incubator will produce clean energy without harmful effects
on the environment. Therefore, this study aimed at the design,
construction and performance evaluation of an electric egg
incubator is timely as it will encourage and facilitate poultry
egg production in the country.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following materials were used in the development of the
egg incubator: plywood, fan, thermostat, heating element, wet
and dry bulb thermometer, relays, piece of glass, wires, shaft,
top bond glue, electric motor, paint, bolts and nuts,
transformer, and bearings.
2.1 Design Calculations
The incubator design calculations were based on the
conditions required for the machine to work effectively. Some
of the conditions were the temperature of the incubator which
was to be maintained, relative humidity and the turning
mechanism which turns the eggs at-least three times a day. It
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 522
was also based on design considerations such as materials
selection, standards and required parameters.
2.2 Capacity of the Incubator Egg Tray
Major diameter of an egg = 60mm
Minor diameter = 46mm
Border end = 24mm
Volume of the egg tray can be estimated;
4
2
xHxnxD
Where,
V = volume of the egg tay (m3
)
D = minor diameter = 0.046m
H = height of the egg tray or minor diameter = 0.06m
n = number of eggs on an egg tray = 25
3
22
0025.0
4
00997.0
4
06.0002116.025
4
06.0046.025
4
m
xxx
xxxxHxDnx
V
The egg tray was rectangular in shape with a height of 60mm.
the volume of the tray can be calculated as;
LxBxHV Where,
L = length of the egg tray (m)
B = breadth and H = height=0.06m
Let the length of the two trays be twice breadth of egg tray of
the incubator;
LxBxHVxBL ,2
Substituting for L in the equation
12.0
0025.0
06.02
0025.0
2
22
2
2
xxH
V
B
xHxBxBxBxHV
mB 144.00208.0
Therefore, mxxBL 288.0144.022
The dimension of the tray was 0.288x0.144x0.06m
2.3 Volume of Air in the Incubator
Thickness of plywood = 15mm
LxBxHV Where,
V = volume of the incubator cabinet (m3
)
L = length of the incubator = 0.41m
B = breadth = 0.32m, height = 0.60m
3
0787.060.032.041.0 mxxV
The volume of air in the incubator = 0.0787m3
2.4 Determination of the Mass of Air (Ma)
V
ma
a
Where
ρa = density of air = 1.23kg/m3
(Rajput, 1998)
Ma = mass of air (kg)
V = volume of air in the incubator cabinet = 0.0787m3
kgxxVM
V
M
aa
a
a 097.00787.023.1,
The required mass of air was 0.097kg
2.5 Determination of the Amount of Heat Energy in
the Incubator
This calculation was done in order to determine the quantity of
electric heat energy suitable to incubate the required number
of eggs. This is the sum of the expected heat loss through the
walls of the incubator, insulator and the actual heat required
for incubation. It was based on the temperature ranges needed
by the incubator (37-390
C). It was therefore calculated by the
difference between the room temperature (250
C) and optimum
temperature of the incubator 939(0
C).
)( 12 TTxxCMxCMQ paappp
Where
Q = heat required by the incubator (J)
Mp = mass of plywood=42.50kg
Cpp= specific heat capacity of the plywood = 1210J/kgk
Ma = mass of air = 0.097kg
Cpa = specific capacity of air = 1005J/kgk (Eastop, 1993)
T1 = room temperature = 250
C
T2 = optimum temperature of the incubator = 390
C
J
xxxxQ
86.721314)4(49.9751425
)2539(1005097.012105.42
2.6 Power Requirement by the Incubator
The power supply by the heating element was determined for
a period of 24 hours.
t
Q
PPxtQ ;
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 523
Where
Q = heat energy required by the incubator = 721314.86J
P = electric power to be supplied by the heating element (W)
t = time = 24 x 60 x 60
WW
xx
P 0.835.8
86400
86.721314
606024
86.721314
The power to be supplied by the heating element everyday
was 8W for the incubator temperature to be maintained at
390
C
2.7 Design of the Ventilation Holes
The ventilation heat loss to the environment of the incubator
was given by;
)(
);(
12
12
TTCx
Q
VTTxCxVQ v
eev
Where
Qv = heat loss per hour = 8.35J/s
C = specific heat capacity of air = 1300J/kg0
C (Eastop, 1993)
Ve = ventilation rate (m3
/s)
T1 = room temperature = 250
C
T2 = optimum temperature of the incubator = 390
C (Wilson,
2002)
sm
xx
Ve /00046.0
18200
35.8
141300
35.8
25391300
35.8 3
The ventilation rate was 0.0046m3
/s
S
V
AAxSV e
e ; Where
Ve =ventilation rate (flow rate) = 0.0046m3
/s
A = area of the hole (m2
)
S = air velocity = 2m/s
2
00023.0
2
00046.0
mA
The area of the ventilation hole = 2.3cm2
2.8 Area of the Egg Tray
LxBA
Where
A = area of the tray (m2
)
L = length of the egg tray = 0.288m
B = breadth of the egg tray = 0.144m
2
0415.0144.0288.0 mxA
2.9 Design of the Egg Turning Mechanism
Regular turning of eggs an angle of 450
C was crucial or
successful hatching of the eggs. Turning prevents embryo
from sticking to the shell membranes.
360
2 xrxx
L
Where
L = length of an arc (m)
θ = angle of turn = 450
C
r = radius of the egg tray = m07.0
2
144.0
m
xxxxx
L 05.0
360
79.19
360
07.090
360
07.0245
2.10 Heat Loss at Opposite Sides of the Incubator
The heat loss at opposite sides of the incubator could be
calculated because of their equal surface areas and also made
up of the same material (plywood).
2
28.035.08.0 mxLxBAArea
W
xx
L
TTAxKx
q
12.29
015.0
4368.0
015.0
29831112.028.012
But it was two opposite surfaces;
Wxq 24.58212.29
2.11 Heat Loss at the Top and Bottom Surfaces of the
Incubator
The top and bottom surfaces of the incubator were equal and
opposite made of the same material.
2
154.035.044.0, mxLxBAArea
Since there were two equal surfaces,
2
154.02 mxA
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 524
Then,
W
xx
xx
L
TTAxKx
q
03.32
015.0
48048.0
015.0
1312.0308.0
015.0
29831112.0308.012
2.12 Heat Loss at the Front and Back of the
Incubator
2
352.044.08.0, mxLxBAArea
W
xx
xx
L
TTAxKx
q
61.36
015.0
054912.0
015.0
1312.0352.0
015.0
29831112.0352.012
The area of the incubator front made of plywood was equal to
the surface area of the incubator front minus the area covered
by glass (Ag)
2
04.010.040.0 mxxBL gg
g
gg
q
L
TTxxKA
q
22
Where
qg = rate of heat loss by glass (W)
Kg = thermal conductivity of the glass = 0.096W/k
T2 = temperature of the incubator = 273+38=311k
T1 = room temperature = 273+25 = 298k
Lg = thickness of the glass = 0.015m
W
xxxx
q
28.33
015.0
4992.0
015.0
1396.004.0
015.0
29831196.004.0
The area of the incubator front
LxBAT
Where AT = area of the front (m2
)
L = length of the front surface = 0.80m
B = breadth of the front surface = 0.44m
2
352.044.08.0 mxLxBAT
The area of plywood
2
312.004.0352.0 mAAA gT
W
xx
xx
L
TTAxKx
q
45.32
015.0
48672.0
015.0
1312.0312.0
015.0
29831112.0312.012
Heat loss is the summation of all calculated heat around the
incubator.
Total heat loss at both sides opposite sides of the incubator =
58.24W
Total heat loss at the top and bottom surfaces of the incubator
= 32.03
Heat loss at the back of the incubator = 36.61W
Heat loss from glass at the front = 32.28W
Heat loss from plywood at the front = 32.45W
Therefore, heat losses = 58.24+32.03+36.61+33.28+32.45 =
192.61W
Fig1: Isometric view of the egg incubator
Fig 2: Orthographic view of the Egg Incubator
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 525
Fig3: The Constructed Egg Incubator
Fig 4: Interior view of Egg Incubator
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100x
incubatortheineggsofNumber
eggsfertileofNumber
fertilityPercentage
%60
25
1500
25
10015
x
100x
eggsfertileofNumber
outhatchedthateggsofNumber
tyhatchabiliPercentage
%33
15
500
15
1005
x
Twenty five eggs were kept inside the incubator over a period
of 21 days. The relative humidity, temperature and turning of
eggs were maintained throughout the incubation period. The
following were the observations recorded;
Number of fertile eggs = 15
Number of eggs that hatched out = 5
4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
This work focused which on the design, construction and
performance evaluation of an automatic turning mechanism
egg incubator was of less energy consuming and does not
require continual presence of the operator. The machine will
boost poultry farming in the country and beyond. The
percentage hatchability of the incubator was 33%. The
incubator functioned as expected. However, the following
recommendations are worthy of note for further research:
i. Incubator for other eggs such as turkey egg should be
worked on so as to provide compressive
information’s for the design of incubators.
ii. Motor with lower rating should be used to avoid high
turning speed.
iii. There’s need for a constant supply of electricity to
enable unobstructed operation of the incubator.
REFERENCES
[1]. J. A Oluyemi and F. A. Roberts. Poultry Production in
Warm Climates The Macmillan Publishers Limited, London
and Basingstoke. 1979.
[2]. N. A. French. Modeling Incubation Temperature: The
Effect of Incubator Design, Embryonic Development, and Egg
Size Poult Sci. 1997, 76:124–133
[3]. W. I. Okonkwo. Design of solar Energy Egg Incubator
Unplished undergraduate project, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
1989
BIOGRAPHIES:
Dr. Gbabo Agidi, a native of Korokorosei,
Bayelsa State, Nigeria, obtained a B.Eng
degree from University of Science and
Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State,
Nigeria in 1987, M.Eng and PhD degree
from University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 1991
and 2002 respectively. His major area of
specialization is Farm Power and Machinery. He is presently
an Assistant Director and Head, Agric. Engineering and
Mechanization, National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi
and also Senior Lecturer (visiting), Federal University of
Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. Some of his other
administrative responsibilities include; Department Head of
Agricultural Mechanization Task Force for Africa in Nigeria,
Principal Investigator for the Korea Africa Food and
Agriculture Corporation Initiative (KAFACI) Project on
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 526
Development of a modified Rice Processing set of Machinery
to enhance Rice Productivity in Nigeria, Member of the Task
Force Team of the West Africa Agricultural Productivity
Project (WAAPP) in Nigeria on Agricultural Mechanization in
West Africa. He is a member of the Nigerian Society of
Engineers, American Society of Agricultural Engineers
(AMASAE), Nigerian Soya-bean Association (MNSA),
International Association of Professionals in Sugar and
Integrated Technologies IAPSIT and Society for Sugar
Research and promotion, India.
Jacob Tizhe Liberty hails from Michika
Local Government Area of Adamawa
State, Nigeria. He holds a B.Eng degree in
Agricultural and Environmental
Resources Engineering from University of
Maiduguri, Borno State in the year 2010
and M.Eng degree in Food and Bioprocess Engineering from
University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.