Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the thin-layer drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca) using a solar dryer. To achieve this, an integral type forced convection solar dryer, equipped with rock storage, was developed. Drying kinetics of tapioca were determined using the solar dryer. The treatments in the experiment comprise of air flow velocities (V) of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m/s; and drying layer thicknesses (B) of 0.48 and 0.72 cm. Tapioca samples were dried from an average initial moisture content of 297% (dry basis) to 9.8% (dry basis). Control experiments in the form of open air sun drying of similar quantity of tapioca were also set up and monitored. Graphical plots of moisture content versus drying time, exhibited the characteristic moisture desorption curve, characterized by initial high rate of moisture removal, followed by a slower rate of moisture removal. It was observed from drying rate curves plotted using the drying data, that the drying of the tapioca took place entirely in the falling rate period. The drying rate of the tapioca varied with the different combinations of velocity and drying layer thickness. The drying rate of the tapioca increased with increase in the air flow velocity until velocity of 2.5 m/s; beyond this velocity the drying rate reduced slightly. Also the drying rate of tapioca decreased with increase in drying layer thickness. A maximum drying rate of 39.2%/hr was obtained during the experiment. The maximum system drying efficiency of the dryer was determined as 47.14%, while the maximum dryer pick-up efficiency of 50% was determined during the drying test.
Experimental studies of effects of geometry on drying rate and properties of ...Alexander Decker
This document describes an experimental study that tested the effects of geometry and drying methods on ginger. A hybrid solar-biomass dryer was designed and constructed with a drying capacity of 3kg. Ginger samples were dried using different geometries (cylindrical and rectangular shapes) and methods (open air, solar dryer, hybrid dryer). Drying times, moisture levels, essential oil retention and properties were compared between treatments. The hybrid dryer incorporating solar and biomass heating was found to better retain essential oils compared to open air drying, with cylindrical shapes performing better than rectangular shapes.
IRJET- Design & Construction of Solar Dryer for Mango SlicesIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and construction of a solar cabinet dryer for drying mango slices in India. Key features of the dryer include a tilted glass top at a 37 degree angle, adjustable air vents for airflow control, and four movable mesh trays inside the drying chamber. Design calculations were performed to determine the required drying time, energy needs, and dryer size based on initial mango moisture content of 85% down to a final storage content of 6%. A prototype dryer was successfully constructed locally and tested for drying 1 kg of mango slices within 10 hours.
IRJET- Electric Cloths Dryer and DehydratorIRJET Journal
1. The document describes the design of an electric machine that combines a clothes dryer and food dehydrator into a single unit.
2. It details the components of the machine including heating coils, fans, temperature sensors to control drying temperatures for clothes and food.
3. Testing showed the clothes dryer could dry clothes in 20-25 minutes and the food dehydrator could dehydrate various foods like carrots and potatoes within 2-4 hours, depending on the food type and thickness.
Experiment Analysis of Open, Simple and Modified Greenhouse Dryers for Drying...RSIS International
The use of solar energy in open sun drying in
traditional way of drying crops, fruits, vegetables etc. The
greenhouse drying is one of the techniques which overcome the
problems associated with open sun drying. In the present work,
an effort is made to improve the drying rate of traditional
greenhouse dryer. An experimental investigation using tomato
flakes has been done to compare the drying rates of both
traditional as well as modified greenhouse dryers. Better drying
conditions- high temperature & low relative humidity are found
out to be for modified greenhouse dryer. Experiments were
performed in October 2016.
Development of a Solar Drier for Domestic ApplicationsIJAEMSJORNAL
The solar drying system utilizes solar energy to heat up air and to dry small scale domestic produce like grain, omena, vegetables etc. This is beneficial in reducing wastage and hence preservation of agricultural products as well as increasing affordability by the local population who naturally cannot afford the higher cost of mechanical driers. This study presents the design, construction and performance of solar grain dryer. In the dryer, the heated air from a separate solar collector is passed through a grain bed, and at the same time, the drying cabinet absorbs solar energy directly through the transparent walls and roof. Tests carried out on the drier showed that the temperatures inside the dryer and the solar collector were much higher than the ambient temperature during most hours of the daylight. The temperature rise inside drying cabinet was up to 24oC (74%) for about three hours immediately after 12.00h (noon). This indicates better performance compared to open sun drying.
Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of an Indirect Solar Dryer for...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of an indirect solar dryer for drying agricultural products. The dryer consists of a solar air collector to heat air, a drying cabinet, and a centrifugal blower. The collector uses baffles to increase the heating time of air as it passes through. Heated air is blown into the drying chamber where agricultural products like apple slices are dried. The dryer was tested and found to be effective at drying products using solar energy in a sustainable way without fossil fuels.
Influence of Blanching on the Drying Characteristics of Convective Hot Air Dr...ijtsrd
This document discusses a study on the drying characteristics of aerial yam using convectional hot air drying. Samples of raw unblanched and blanched aerial yam were dried at varying temperatures, air speeds, and slice thicknesses. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze functional groups and surface morphology. Results showed that drying at 40-70°C did not alter nutrient components. Blanching improved drying rate compared to unblanched samples. Thinner slices and higher temperatures/air speeds increased drying rate, while thicker slices decreased drying rate. After 90 minutes, drying rates ranged from 0.169-0.353 g/g.min depending on conditions. Therefore, blanching can
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a natural convection dryer for thin layer paddy drying. The dryer uses biomass as a heat source and was tested by drying different amounts of paddy (10kg, 15kg, 20kg, 25kg) in batches. On average, the moisture content of paddy was reduced from 30.5% to 14.69% within 6 hours. Drying time and efficiency varied depending on the thickness of the paddy layer. Experimental results showed the dryer was effective at reducing moisture content and could be useful for small farmers for drying agricultural products using biomass.
Experimental studies of effects of geometry on drying rate and properties of ...Alexander Decker
This document describes an experimental study that tested the effects of geometry and drying methods on ginger. A hybrid solar-biomass dryer was designed and constructed with a drying capacity of 3kg. Ginger samples were dried using different geometries (cylindrical and rectangular shapes) and methods (open air, solar dryer, hybrid dryer). Drying times, moisture levels, essential oil retention and properties were compared between treatments. The hybrid dryer incorporating solar and biomass heating was found to better retain essential oils compared to open air drying, with cylindrical shapes performing better than rectangular shapes.
IRJET- Design & Construction of Solar Dryer for Mango SlicesIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and construction of a solar cabinet dryer for drying mango slices in India. Key features of the dryer include a tilted glass top at a 37 degree angle, adjustable air vents for airflow control, and four movable mesh trays inside the drying chamber. Design calculations were performed to determine the required drying time, energy needs, and dryer size based on initial mango moisture content of 85% down to a final storage content of 6%. A prototype dryer was successfully constructed locally and tested for drying 1 kg of mango slices within 10 hours.
IRJET- Electric Cloths Dryer and DehydratorIRJET Journal
1. The document describes the design of an electric machine that combines a clothes dryer and food dehydrator into a single unit.
2. It details the components of the machine including heating coils, fans, temperature sensors to control drying temperatures for clothes and food.
3. Testing showed the clothes dryer could dry clothes in 20-25 minutes and the food dehydrator could dehydrate various foods like carrots and potatoes within 2-4 hours, depending on the food type and thickness.
Experiment Analysis of Open, Simple and Modified Greenhouse Dryers for Drying...RSIS International
The use of solar energy in open sun drying in
traditional way of drying crops, fruits, vegetables etc. The
greenhouse drying is one of the techniques which overcome the
problems associated with open sun drying. In the present work,
an effort is made to improve the drying rate of traditional
greenhouse dryer. An experimental investigation using tomato
flakes has been done to compare the drying rates of both
traditional as well as modified greenhouse dryers. Better drying
conditions- high temperature & low relative humidity are found
out to be for modified greenhouse dryer. Experiments were
performed in October 2016.
Development of a Solar Drier for Domestic ApplicationsIJAEMSJORNAL
The solar drying system utilizes solar energy to heat up air and to dry small scale domestic produce like grain, omena, vegetables etc. This is beneficial in reducing wastage and hence preservation of agricultural products as well as increasing affordability by the local population who naturally cannot afford the higher cost of mechanical driers. This study presents the design, construction and performance of solar grain dryer. In the dryer, the heated air from a separate solar collector is passed through a grain bed, and at the same time, the drying cabinet absorbs solar energy directly through the transparent walls and roof. Tests carried out on the drier showed that the temperatures inside the dryer and the solar collector were much higher than the ambient temperature during most hours of the daylight. The temperature rise inside drying cabinet was up to 24oC (74%) for about three hours immediately after 12.00h (noon). This indicates better performance compared to open sun drying.
Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of an Indirect Solar Dryer for...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of an indirect solar dryer for drying agricultural products. The dryer consists of a solar air collector to heat air, a drying cabinet, and a centrifugal blower. The collector uses baffles to increase the heating time of air as it passes through. Heated air is blown into the drying chamber where agricultural products like apple slices are dried. The dryer was tested and found to be effective at drying products using solar energy in a sustainable way without fossil fuels.
Influence of Blanching on the Drying Characteristics of Convective Hot Air Dr...ijtsrd
This document discusses a study on the drying characteristics of aerial yam using convectional hot air drying. Samples of raw unblanched and blanched aerial yam were dried at varying temperatures, air speeds, and slice thicknesses. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze functional groups and surface morphology. Results showed that drying at 40-70°C did not alter nutrient components. Blanching improved drying rate compared to unblanched samples. Thinner slices and higher temperatures/air speeds increased drying rate, while thicker slices decreased drying rate. After 90 minutes, drying rates ranged from 0.169-0.353 g/g.min depending on conditions. Therefore, blanching can
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a natural convection dryer for thin layer paddy drying. The dryer uses biomass as a heat source and was tested by drying different amounts of paddy (10kg, 15kg, 20kg, 25kg) in batches. On average, the moisture content of paddy was reduced from 30.5% to 14.69% within 6 hours. Drying time and efficiency varied depending on the thickness of the paddy layer. Experimental results showed the dryer was effective at reducing moisture content and could be useful for small farmers for drying agricultural products using biomass.
This research was aimed at investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of
drying moisture and cyanide contents of cassava chips using oven drying process.
Five varieties of raw cassava (Manihot Esculenta, Crantz) namely TMS 98/0510, TME
419, TMS 97/2205, NR 87184 and TMS 96/1632 were harvested at twelve (12) months
after planting (MAP) from the experimental plots of the Enugu State College of
Agriculture and Agro-Entrepreneurship Iwollo-Ezeagu Enugu, Nigeria. For each of
the varieties 2kg of tubers were processed. The results from the research showed that
processing of the cassava tubers into dried cassava chips using oven process resulted
in an acceptable level of moisture and cyanide contents which were in conformity
This document presents information on a greenhouse dryer. It discusses how greenhouse dryers work on the principle of the greenhouse effect to dry materials using solar thermal energy inside a greenhouse structure. The document categorizes greenhouse dryers based on air flow, covering material, structure, and floor type. It then describes a case study of a large parabolic roof greenhouse dryer that was able to dry 300kg of chili from 75% moisture content to 15% in 3 days, compared to sun drying which only achieved 42% moisture reduction in the same time. The greenhouse dryer provided higher drying rates and quality than natural sun drying.
Effect of Poultry Manure Rates on the Growth and Yield of Turmeric (Curcuma L...iosrjce
The assessment of different rates of poultry manure on the growth and yield of turmeric (Curcuma
longa L.) was conducted at Imo State Polytechnic Teaching and Research Farm. The area is in a humid tropical
agro-ecological zone. The objective was to evaluate yields under different poultry manure rates. The study was
laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated four (4) times. Each replicate was made up
of six (6) plots. Treatments include poultry manure of rates of 0, 4, 8t/ha and turmeric rhizome seeds.
Evaluations of growth parameters were made at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks after planting (WAP) on plant height,
No of leaves/plant, leaf area, No of days to 50% flowering on each plots while yield values were determined at
harvest at thirty six weeks after planting. Analysis of variance result (ANOVA) indicate that application of
poultry manure at 8t/ha increased rhizome yield 2185.7kg/ha, dry matter 33.50kg/ha, plant height, No of
leaves/plant & leaf area significantly (P < 0.05) and enhance flowering to 151.50days. The post-harvest
physcio-chemical analysis of the experimental site indicates that the application of poultry manure decreased
soil bulk density (from 1.23 to 0.98), increased pH (from 5.25 to 6.27). It was concluded that poultry manure application at 8t/ha is optimum for improved performance of turmeric.
Production of bio gas from flowers and vegetable wastes using anaerobic diges...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Drying removes moisture from agricultural products to allow for safe storage. There are two main drying periods - a constant rate period where drying is dependent on conditions like temperature/humidity differences, and a falling rate period where moisture moves more slowly within the product. Drying curves plot moisture content or drying rate over time/moisture content. Thermal properties like specific heat and thermal conductivity also impact drying. Drying can occur in thin layers, with full air exposure, or in deep beds with changing internal conditions.
The document discusses various methods for drying grains, including conduction drying, convection drying, radiation drying, and others. Conduction drying involves heat transfer through direct contact with a heated surface. Convection drying uses hot gases to transfer heat and remove moisture. Radiation drying uses solar or infrared radiation as the heat source. Other methods mentioned are dielectric, chemical, sack drying, freeze drying, and solar drying techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of different drying methods are provided for natural air drying, supplemental heat drying, and heated air drying.
IRJET - Termigradation: Use of Termites in Solid Waste ManagementIRJET Journal
This document discusses using termites to degrade solid waste materials through a process called termigradation. It describes an experiment where various solid wastes were placed in termite reactors to study how effectively termites could degrade them. Termites were able to degrade over 50% of materials like sugarcane baggase, mango twigs, paper waste, wood scrap and sawdust within 60 days. Even materials resistant to other degradation processes like coconut husks and cardboard were degraded up to 40-50% by termites. The study provides evidence that termites can effectively degrade lignocellulosic and other solid wastes, demonstrating their potential for use in solid waste management.
This document discusses various types of commercial grain dryers, including deep bed dryers, flat bed dryers, recirculatory dryers, tray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, and solar dryers. It provides details on the design and operation of each type of dryer, including recommended air flow rates, drying temperatures, capacities, and advantages/disadvantages. The Louisiana State University (LSU) dryer is discussed in depth as a popular continuous flow-mixing dryer used in India and the US.
The document describes the development and performance evaluation of a melon shelling and separating machine. The machine uses an attrition shelling method with a hopper, shelling chamber, and separating chamber. The shelling chamber contains an impeller with vanes that rub melons against fixed rods to remove the husks. A blower then separates the chaff from the shelled seeds. Testing showed that moisture content significantly affected shelling and cleaning efficiency, while impeller speed mainly influenced shelling efficiency. The optimal performance was 39.1% shelling efficiency and 70.3% cleaning efficiency at 3.79% moisture and 1200 rpm impeller speed.
As per the provisions of Bio-medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, waste falling in most of the categories can be treated in systems based on non-burn technologies. Such waste account for about 90% of the total waste streams in a healthcare unit. In the brain storming session held during the workshop at Hyderabad (February 25-26, 2003), it was unanimously decided that the CBWTF should emphasize more on non-burn technologies. It is mandatory to impart incineration/deep burial (depending upon the population of town) to anatomical and other types of waste falling under categories 1 and 2. Therefore, an incinerator of adequate capacity to cater only categories 1 and 2 waste shall be installed. (If secured landfill is not available, category 5 may also be incinerated.) The wastes falling under category 5 i.e. discarded medicines, cytotoxic drugs and category 10 i.e. chemical wastes (solids) can be disposed in a secured landfill.A Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF) shall have following treatment facilities
Nanotechnology in recycling of agricultural wasteskumuthan MS
Nanotechnology can help improve recycling of agricultural wastes. It is being applied in areas like synthesizing nanosilica from rice husk, producing cellulose nanofibers from banana pseudostem, and immobilizing enzymes for biofuel production. Rice husk and banana pseudostem are important agricultural wastes that can be converted to high value products using nanotechnology. Nanosilica synthesized from rice husk and cellulose nanofibers derived from banana pseudostem have been characterized using techniques like TEM, SEM and chemical analysis. Nanocatalysts and immobilized enzymes are also facilitating sustainable biofuel production from agricultural waste feedstocks. Overall, nanotechnology provides low cost and effective methods for converting
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and Experimentation of Collector based Solar Dryer with Recirculation ...IJERA Editor
Sun drying system is very common method of preserving agricultural product. Solar energy is used for heating
of air and to dry food substance. In open sun drying food is unprotected from rain, wind-borne dirt and dust,
infestation by insects, rodents and other animal. This process is practically attractive and environmentally sound.
Shell life of agricultural product is improve by drying. This paper present design and construction of active solar
dryer with recirculation technique. It consists of solar collector, drying chamber with netted trays and
recirculation arrangement. Air is allowed through inlet and it is heated up in collector. Then it is circulated in
drying chamber where it is utilize for drying. The design based on geographical location Wardha and
meteorological data were obtained for proper design specification. Locally available materials were used for
construction such as polyurethane glass, mild steel metal sheet, plywood sheet and insulating material.
Isolation, characterization of aspergillus fumigatus and optimization of cult...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil samples were collected from different depths of paddy and sugarcane fields. The samples were primarily screened for isolation of amylase producing fungi. Among the isolated fungi, amylase producing isolates were identified by growing on starch agar media. The isolate (15F) which form the maximum zone of clearance on starch agar media by iodine was identified and it was subcultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The isolate (15F) was morphologically characterized by performing cotton blue staining and scanning electron microscopic observations under required magnifications. Molecular characterization of isolate (15F) was performed by ITS/5.8S rRNA and β-tubulin gene sequence analysis and it was confirmed as Aspergillus fumigatus (MTCC Acc No 11399). Optimization of cultural conditions for maximum production of amylase was carried out by different cereal flours, incubation periods, temperatures, nitrogen sources and with different phosphate concentrations. Aspergillus fumigatus showed maximum amylase activity (230±0.7U/mg protein) when cultured in finger millet at 350C for 72hrs of incubation period. Keywords: Amylase, Aspergillus fumigatus, cereal flour, submerged fermentation
“Bangladesh is an Agricultural country. Agriculture is the backbone of our country” went the saying so far. But do you know that “Textile can be the backbone of Agriculture?” A textile fabric has a long history of application in agriculture. The word "agro textiles" now is used to classify the woven, nonwovens and knitted fabrics applied for agricultural & horticultural uses.
The document provides an introduction to technical textiles, which are textile materials manufactured for their technical performance properties rather than aesthetic qualities. It defines technical textiles and lists some common examples, including materials used in construction, agriculture, transportation, healthcare, and more. The document also outlines the major types of technical textiles according to end use and provides statistics on global fiber consumption, production regions, and market segmentation in India.
The Effect of Moisture Content on Some Physical and Engineering Properties of...theijes
Locust bean is a perennial edible crop and important source of food that must be processed for preservation and availability throughout the year. Physical and mechanical properties of locust beans are necessary for the design of equipment to handle, transport, process and store the crop. The properties were evaluated as a function of moisture content of locust beans. The locust seeds were tested for size and shape, true density, bulk density, porosity, sphericity, static coefficient of friction on plywood, aluminium and stainless, angle of repose and specific heat atmoisture conten to franging from 10.50 and 20.76 % (dry basis). The average length, width, thickness and geometric mean diameter of the locust beans were 12.04, 8.36, 5.04 and 7.50 mm respectively, while the true density, bulk density, porosity, surface area and sphere city were, 1166.09 kg/m3 ,729.90 kg/m3 , 37.37 %, 204.25 mm2 and 0.67, respectively. The respective values of static coefficient of friction for plywood, stainless and aluminium were 0.56, 0.51 and 0.48 while the angle of repose was 40.17o .The higher friction of coefficient was observed on plywood and the lowest on aluminium. The specific heat was observed to be 3.8 kJ/kg/Kat moisture content of 10.50 %.The information provided in this study will be useful for locust bean seed processing machine design and fabrication as well as industrial processing and structural design of storage bin of the seed.
Effect of pretreatments on convective and vacuum drying characteristics and q...Vinod Sahu
This document presents research on drying methods for shrimp. The objectives are to study the effect of pretreatments like hot water blanching, steam blanching, and microwave blanching on convective and vacuum drying of shrimp. Materials and methods describe using a convective tray dryer and vacuum dryer to dry shrimp at different temperatures and air velocities. Results on drying rate, shrinkage, rehydration ratio, water activity, and color are presented and discussed to optimize drying conditions for shrimp.
An Experimental Study on Drying Kinetics of Guava Fruit (Psidium Guajava L) B...iosrjce
The thin layer drying behavior of Psidium guajava L (guava fruit) cultivar Rayalaseema area AP,
India, were studied experimentally to examine the influence of drying air temperature, slice thickness, and air
velocity on the drying curves. Drying operation was carried out at 55oC, 60oC and 65oC temperatures, at slice
thickness of 2.5 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm at 1 and 1.5 m/sec velocities. The predominant falling rate drying regime
was observed. The analysis reveals that, the drying temperature and slice thickness has a significant effect and
velocity has a least effect on moisture removal. Drying rate is found to increase with the increase in air
temperature and thus reduced the drying time. Drying time increases with increase in slice thickness. The
various drying models in defining the suitability of drying behavior were examined by statistical analysis. The
analysis reveals, that the Henderson and Pabis model is better model that explains the drying behavior of
Guava Fruit (R2=0.993).
This document discusses diversity management and social capital in Pakistan. It proposes that applying Jinnah's principles of diversity management, which include democratization, an egalitarian version of Islam, strict rule of law, and protective measures for minorities and women, can help create social capital. It presents a model showing how Jinnah's principles can mediate between diversity variables like caste, religion, age and gender, and the formation of social capital in organizations operating in Pakistan.
Food Australia Feb/Mar 2016: Airborne ultrasound for drying intensification o...Andreas Kahl
Recent CSIRO research demonstrates the effectiveness of the application of airborne ultrasound to enhance the convective drying process of food materials.
This research was aimed at investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of
drying moisture and cyanide contents of cassava chips using oven drying process.
Five varieties of raw cassava (Manihot Esculenta, Crantz) namely TMS 98/0510, TME
419, TMS 97/2205, NR 87184 and TMS 96/1632 were harvested at twelve (12) months
after planting (MAP) from the experimental plots of the Enugu State College of
Agriculture and Agro-Entrepreneurship Iwollo-Ezeagu Enugu, Nigeria. For each of
the varieties 2kg of tubers were processed. The results from the research showed that
processing of the cassava tubers into dried cassava chips using oven process resulted
in an acceptable level of moisture and cyanide contents which were in conformity
This document presents information on a greenhouse dryer. It discusses how greenhouse dryers work on the principle of the greenhouse effect to dry materials using solar thermal energy inside a greenhouse structure. The document categorizes greenhouse dryers based on air flow, covering material, structure, and floor type. It then describes a case study of a large parabolic roof greenhouse dryer that was able to dry 300kg of chili from 75% moisture content to 15% in 3 days, compared to sun drying which only achieved 42% moisture reduction in the same time. The greenhouse dryer provided higher drying rates and quality than natural sun drying.
Effect of Poultry Manure Rates on the Growth and Yield of Turmeric (Curcuma L...iosrjce
The assessment of different rates of poultry manure on the growth and yield of turmeric (Curcuma
longa L.) was conducted at Imo State Polytechnic Teaching and Research Farm. The area is in a humid tropical
agro-ecological zone. The objective was to evaluate yields under different poultry manure rates. The study was
laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated four (4) times. Each replicate was made up
of six (6) plots. Treatments include poultry manure of rates of 0, 4, 8t/ha and turmeric rhizome seeds.
Evaluations of growth parameters were made at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks after planting (WAP) on plant height,
No of leaves/plant, leaf area, No of days to 50% flowering on each plots while yield values were determined at
harvest at thirty six weeks after planting. Analysis of variance result (ANOVA) indicate that application of
poultry manure at 8t/ha increased rhizome yield 2185.7kg/ha, dry matter 33.50kg/ha, plant height, No of
leaves/plant & leaf area significantly (P < 0.05) and enhance flowering to 151.50days. The post-harvest
physcio-chemical analysis of the experimental site indicates that the application of poultry manure decreased
soil bulk density (from 1.23 to 0.98), increased pH (from 5.25 to 6.27). It was concluded that poultry manure application at 8t/ha is optimum for improved performance of turmeric.
Production of bio gas from flowers and vegetable wastes using anaerobic diges...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Drying removes moisture from agricultural products to allow for safe storage. There are two main drying periods - a constant rate period where drying is dependent on conditions like temperature/humidity differences, and a falling rate period where moisture moves more slowly within the product. Drying curves plot moisture content or drying rate over time/moisture content. Thermal properties like specific heat and thermal conductivity also impact drying. Drying can occur in thin layers, with full air exposure, or in deep beds with changing internal conditions.
The document discusses various methods for drying grains, including conduction drying, convection drying, radiation drying, and others. Conduction drying involves heat transfer through direct contact with a heated surface. Convection drying uses hot gases to transfer heat and remove moisture. Radiation drying uses solar or infrared radiation as the heat source. Other methods mentioned are dielectric, chemical, sack drying, freeze drying, and solar drying techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of different drying methods are provided for natural air drying, supplemental heat drying, and heated air drying.
IRJET - Termigradation: Use of Termites in Solid Waste ManagementIRJET Journal
This document discusses using termites to degrade solid waste materials through a process called termigradation. It describes an experiment where various solid wastes were placed in termite reactors to study how effectively termites could degrade them. Termites were able to degrade over 50% of materials like sugarcane baggase, mango twigs, paper waste, wood scrap and sawdust within 60 days. Even materials resistant to other degradation processes like coconut husks and cardboard were degraded up to 40-50% by termites. The study provides evidence that termites can effectively degrade lignocellulosic and other solid wastes, demonstrating their potential for use in solid waste management.
This document discusses various types of commercial grain dryers, including deep bed dryers, flat bed dryers, recirculatory dryers, tray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, and solar dryers. It provides details on the design and operation of each type of dryer, including recommended air flow rates, drying temperatures, capacities, and advantages/disadvantages. The Louisiana State University (LSU) dryer is discussed in depth as a popular continuous flow-mixing dryer used in India and the US.
The document describes the development and performance evaluation of a melon shelling and separating machine. The machine uses an attrition shelling method with a hopper, shelling chamber, and separating chamber. The shelling chamber contains an impeller with vanes that rub melons against fixed rods to remove the husks. A blower then separates the chaff from the shelled seeds. Testing showed that moisture content significantly affected shelling and cleaning efficiency, while impeller speed mainly influenced shelling efficiency. The optimal performance was 39.1% shelling efficiency and 70.3% cleaning efficiency at 3.79% moisture and 1200 rpm impeller speed.
As per the provisions of Bio-medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, waste falling in most of the categories can be treated in systems based on non-burn technologies. Such waste account for about 90% of the total waste streams in a healthcare unit. In the brain storming session held during the workshop at Hyderabad (February 25-26, 2003), it was unanimously decided that the CBWTF should emphasize more on non-burn technologies. It is mandatory to impart incineration/deep burial (depending upon the population of town) to anatomical and other types of waste falling under categories 1 and 2. Therefore, an incinerator of adequate capacity to cater only categories 1 and 2 waste shall be installed. (If secured landfill is not available, category 5 may also be incinerated.) The wastes falling under category 5 i.e. discarded medicines, cytotoxic drugs and category 10 i.e. chemical wastes (solids) can be disposed in a secured landfill.A Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF) shall have following treatment facilities
Nanotechnology in recycling of agricultural wasteskumuthan MS
Nanotechnology can help improve recycling of agricultural wastes. It is being applied in areas like synthesizing nanosilica from rice husk, producing cellulose nanofibers from banana pseudostem, and immobilizing enzymes for biofuel production. Rice husk and banana pseudostem are important agricultural wastes that can be converted to high value products using nanotechnology. Nanosilica synthesized from rice husk and cellulose nanofibers derived from banana pseudostem have been characterized using techniques like TEM, SEM and chemical analysis. Nanocatalysts and immobilized enzymes are also facilitating sustainable biofuel production from agricultural waste feedstocks. Overall, nanotechnology provides low cost and effective methods for converting
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and Experimentation of Collector based Solar Dryer with Recirculation ...IJERA Editor
Sun drying system is very common method of preserving agricultural product. Solar energy is used for heating
of air and to dry food substance. In open sun drying food is unprotected from rain, wind-borne dirt and dust,
infestation by insects, rodents and other animal. This process is practically attractive and environmentally sound.
Shell life of agricultural product is improve by drying. This paper present design and construction of active solar
dryer with recirculation technique. It consists of solar collector, drying chamber with netted trays and
recirculation arrangement. Air is allowed through inlet and it is heated up in collector. Then it is circulated in
drying chamber where it is utilize for drying. The design based on geographical location Wardha and
meteorological data were obtained for proper design specification. Locally available materials were used for
construction such as polyurethane glass, mild steel metal sheet, plywood sheet and insulating material.
Isolation, characterization of aspergillus fumigatus and optimization of cult...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil samples were collected from different depths of paddy and sugarcane fields. The samples were primarily screened for isolation of amylase producing fungi. Among the isolated fungi, amylase producing isolates were identified by growing on starch agar media. The isolate (15F) which form the maximum zone of clearance on starch agar media by iodine was identified and it was subcultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The isolate (15F) was morphologically characterized by performing cotton blue staining and scanning electron microscopic observations under required magnifications. Molecular characterization of isolate (15F) was performed by ITS/5.8S rRNA and β-tubulin gene sequence analysis and it was confirmed as Aspergillus fumigatus (MTCC Acc No 11399). Optimization of cultural conditions for maximum production of amylase was carried out by different cereal flours, incubation periods, temperatures, nitrogen sources and with different phosphate concentrations. Aspergillus fumigatus showed maximum amylase activity (230±0.7U/mg protein) when cultured in finger millet at 350C for 72hrs of incubation period. Keywords: Amylase, Aspergillus fumigatus, cereal flour, submerged fermentation
“Bangladesh is an Agricultural country. Agriculture is the backbone of our country” went the saying so far. But do you know that “Textile can be the backbone of Agriculture?” A textile fabric has a long history of application in agriculture. The word "agro textiles" now is used to classify the woven, nonwovens and knitted fabrics applied for agricultural & horticultural uses.
The document provides an introduction to technical textiles, which are textile materials manufactured for their technical performance properties rather than aesthetic qualities. It defines technical textiles and lists some common examples, including materials used in construction, agriculture, transportation, healthcare, and more. The document also outlines the major types of technical textiles according to end use and provides statistics on global fiber consumption, production regions, and market segmentation in India.
The Effect of Moisture Content on Some Physical and Engineering Properties of...theijes
Locust bean is a perennial edible crop and important source of food that must be processed for preservation and availability throughout the year. Physical and mechanical properties of locust beans are necessary for the design of equipment to handle, transport, process and store the crop. The properties were evaluated as a function of moisture content of locust beans. The locust seeds were tested for size and shape, true density, bulk density, porosity, sphericity, static coefficient of friction on plywood, aluminium and stainless, angle of repose and specific heat atmoisture conten to franging from 10.50 and 20.76 % (dry basis). The average length, width, thickness and geometric mean diameter of the locust beans were 12.04, 8.36, 5.04 and 7.50 mm respectively, while the true density, bulk density, porosity, surface area and sphere city were, 1166.09 kg/m3 ,729.90 kg/m3 , 37.37 %, 204.25 mm2 and 0.67, respectively. The respective values of static coefficient of friction for plywood, stainless and aluminium were 0.56, 0.51 and 0.48 while the angle of repose was 40.17o .The higher friction of coefficient was observed on plywood and the lowest on aluminium. The specific heat was observed to be 3.8 kJ/kg/Kat moisture content of 10.50 %.The information provided in this study will be useful for locust bean seed processing machine design and fabrication as well as industrial processing and structural design of storage bin of the seed.
Effect of pretreatments on convective and vacuum drying characteristics and q...Vinod Sahu
This document presents research on drying methods for shrimp. The objectives are to study the effect of pretreatments like hot water blanching, steam blanching, and microwave blanching on convective and vacuum drying of shrimp. Materials and methods describe using a convective tray dryer and vacuum dryer to dry shrimp at different temperatures and air velocities. Results on drying rate, shrinkage, rehydration ratio, water activity, and color are presented and discussed to optimize drying conditions for shrimp.
An Experimental Study on Drying Kinetics of Guava Fruit (Psidium Guajava L) B...iosrjce
The thin layer drying behavior of Psidium guajava L (guava fruit) cultivar Rayalaseema area AP,
India, were studied experimentally to examine the influence of drying air temperature, slice thickness, and air
velocity on the drying curves. Drying operation was carried out at 55oC, 60oC and 65oC temperatures, at slice
thickness of 2.5 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm at 1 and 1.5 m/sec velocities. The predominant falling rate drying regime
was observed. The analysis reveals that, the drying temperature and slice thickness has a significant effect and
velocity has a least effect on moisture removal. Drying rate is found to increase with the increase in air
temperature and thus reduced the drying time. Drying time increases with increase in slice thickness. The
various drying models in defining the suitability of drying behavior were examined by statistical analysis. The
analysis reveals, that the Henderson and Pabis model is better model that explains the drying behavior of
Guava Fruit (R2=0.993).
This document discusses diversity management and social capital in Pakistan. It proposes that applying Jinnah's principles of diversity management, which include democratization, an egalitarian version of Islam, strict rule of law, and protective measures for minorities and women, can help create social capital. It presents a model showing how Jinnah's principles can mediate between diversity variables like caste, religion, age and gender, and the formation of social capital in organizations operating in Pakistan.
Food Australia Feb/Mar 2016: Airborne ultrasound for drying intensification o...Andreas Kahl
Recent CSIRO research demonstrates the effectiveness of the application of airborne ultrasound to enhance the convective drying process of food materials.
Dehydration or drying is defined as the application of heat under controlled conditions to remove the majority of water from foods through evaporation. Drying fruits and vegetables helps reduce moisture content and water activity, which helps maintain quality by decreasing enzyme activity and microbial growth. Common drying techniques include spray drying, freeze drying, and tray drying. Spray drying is often used to produce fruit juice powders by spraying fruit juice into a heated chamber where it is dried into a powder form. Proper drying helps preserve fruits and vegetables for later use.
This document provides information on various drying methods for food, including thermal drying, tray drying, flash drying, drum drying, foam mat drying, freeze drying, vacuum drying, and fluidized bed drying. It describes the basic mechanisms and processes, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of each drying technique. Key points covered include how each method removes moisture from foods using heat, reduced pressure, or other means to preserve and process agricultural products.
This document provides information on various drying methods and concepts related to drying pharmaceutical materials. It discusses convective drying methods like tray drying and fluidized bed drying. It also covers drum drying, spray drying, vacuum drying, and microwave drying. Key points covered include heat and mass transfer principles in drying, factors that influence drying rate, types of moisture in materials, and terminology used in drying like equilibrium moisture content. Advantages and disadvantages of different drying methods are also summarized.
This document discusses various types of drying equipment and processes used to remove moisture from foods and other materials. It describes batch and continuous dryers and provides details on rotary drum, rotary louver, fluidized bed, cabinet tray, tunnel, screw conveyor, spray, and pneumatic dryers. Characteristics such as operating temperatures and air velocities are outlined. Diagrams illustrate the set ups and working of different dryer types.
This document discusses various drying methods used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It defines drying as removing liquid from a material through heat transfer and evaporation. Several dryer types are described, including drum dryers, spray dryers, tray dryers, tunnel dryers, rotary dryers, fluidized bed dryers, vacuum dryers, and freeze dryers. Each method is explained along with its advantages and disadvantages. Freeze drying and vacuum drying allow heat-sensitive materials to be dried at low temperatures. Larger dryers like spray dryers and rotary dryers provide continuous high-volume drying.
This document discusses different types of dryers and drying processes. It describes spray dryers, oven dryers, freeze dryers, vacuum dryers, rotary dryers, and drum dryers. For each type of dryer it provides a definition, describes the drying process, and lists some common applications. The key information provided includes how each dryer works by removing moisture from materials using methods like applying heat, reducing pressure, or rotating materials to facilitate drying.
This document discusses drying in pharmaceutical technology. It defines drying as the final removal of water from materials, usually by heat. Drying is important for stability, properties, cost, and handling of materials. The main difference between drying and evaporation is that drying involves removing small amounts of water from solids while evaporation removes larger amounts from liquids. Common drying equipment includes drum dryers, spray dryers, freeze dryers, tray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, and vacuum dryers. Each type of equipment is then briefly described.
This document provides an overview of drying as an important unit operation in the pharmaceutical industry. It discusses the purposes of drying, different periods of drying, and classifications of dryers. It also describes several types of dryers commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry, including tray dryers, rotary dryers, fluidized bed dryers, freeze dryers, and dryers for slurries and suspensions. Special dryers like microwave and radio frequency dryers are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses various topics related to drying of solids, including the classification of dryers, principles of drying, temperature patterns in dryers, heat transfer during drying, phase equilibria, and the drying curve. It describes different types of dryers such as adiabatic dryers, non-adiabatic dryers, and cross-circulation dryers. It also discusses factors that influence the drying process such as the nature of the solid, methods of contacting the solid and gas, and how drying occurs in three phases - initial, constant rate, and falling rate periods.
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryerijtsrd
Post harvest losses in developing countries have contributed to the unavailability of foodstuff. Estimation of these losses is generally cited to be of the order of 4 but under very adverse conditions, it is estimated as high as 100 . A significant percentage of these losses are related to improper and or untimely preservation of foodstuffs. This research work is therefore aimed at developing a multipurpose solar dryer. The solar dryer consists mainly of solar collector and dryer chamber compartment. The materials used in this research work include based frame, transparent fiberglass cover, an absorber oven baked Aluminium , thermometer, wire gauze, etc. The frame was constructed from a wood bars with a dimension of 900 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm. The dryer chamber is a truncated rectangle and it comprises of a double walls made up of a plain ply board measuring 800 mm x 800 mm x by 500 mm with a transparent fiberglass cover inclined at an angle of 15o. Three different samples namely sample A sliced plantains , sample B sliced yams , and sample C fish were used for test performance evaluation of the developed multipurpose solar dryer. The results obtained reveal that overall heat energy transfer coefficient of 4.91w m0C, dryer chamber rate of 0.654 kg hr., and dryer chamber area of 0.659 m2 were required by the solar dryer. Besides, the solar dryer dried the three samples used in this research work within duration of 8 hours i.e., 9am 5pm . The maximum solar chamber dryer temperature and ambient temperature were recorded as 55.00 oC and 35.46 oC respectively. Besides, the minimum lower temperature values recorded were obtained as 40.45 oC for solar chamber dryer temperature and 29.02 oC for ambient temperature. The improved results obtained with the multipurpose solar dryer were due to improved temperature obtained with the solar dryer chamber. Orhorhoro EK | Aregbe O | Tamuno RI "Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31195.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31195/performance-evaluation-of-a-developed-multipurpose-solar-dryer/orhorhoro-ek
Comparative Study of Experimental Investigation and Theoretical Verification ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that modified a solar dryer design to more effectively dry mango pulp. The authors presented a solar dryer design with a spiral convection tube to improve heating rates. This design inducts radiation from the sun and emits radiant energy from within to increase heating by 22-27%. The study investigated the modified dryer experimentally and theoretically. Key parameters like temperature, efficiency, air flow, and materials were considered in the design and testing of the solar dryer for drying mango pulp.
Development of a laboratory tunnel dryer Impact Index 4.37 httpssites.google....Adeladun Ajala
The document describes the development and testing of a small tunnel dryer to dry cassava chips. Key points:
- A 3-truck, 12-tray tunnel dryer was constructed with electric heating and fan circulation. Drying efficiency was tested at 60, 70, and 80°C.
- Drying efficiency increased from 66.7% at 60°C to 75% at 70°C and 80% at 80°C. The dryer could process 6kg of chips per batch.
- The dryer was designed to overcome issues with conventional sun drying of cassava chips in Nigeria, such as poor quality, and provide an efficient alternative for small scale processors.
IRJET- Artificial Lightning in Solar Tunnel Dryer for Curry LeavesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using an artificial lighting system in a solar tunnel dryer to dry curry leaves. The system uses high-wattage incandescent lamps inside the drying chamber to internally heat the leaves and remove water when solar energy is unavailable. Tests show the artificially lit drying unit reduces drying time compared to conventional methods. The system controls temperature and other parameters using sensors connected to an Arduino board. Results found the minimum temperature was 31.8°C and maximum humidity was 35% when drying curry leaves overnight using the artificial lighting system.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
A review on “Electric dryer for areca nut”.IRJET Journal
This document reviews an electric dryer designed for drying areca nuts. It begins with an abstract that outlines the need for an electric dryer due to extended drying times of areca nuts using natural or conventional drying methods during rainy seasons. It then provides details on the components of the dryer, which includes a drying chamber, blower unit, and heating chamber. The methodology section explains the drying process, which involves loading boiled areca nuts into the chamber, preheating the chamber, blowing heated air through the nuts using a blower and furnace, then monitoring moisture levels until drying is complete. The dryer is able to control temperature and airflow to reduce drying time while improving quality compared to traditional drying methods.
IRJET- Automatically Controlled Solar Tunnel Dryer using Arduino for Curry Le...IRJET Journal
This document describes an automatically controlled solar tunnel dryer developed for drying curry leaves using Arduino. The dryer uses solar energy to heat and dry curry leaves inside a closed chamber. Temperature, humidity, and fan speed are controlled using an Arduino board and sensors to maintain optimal drying conditions. Testing showed the automatic dryer reduced the initial moisture content of 65.39% in curry leaves down to 4.12% within one day, consuming less time than conventional drying methods. The controlled environment and automation allows for improved quality and productivity in small-scale agricultural drying compared to traditional sun drying.
This article summarizes an evaluation of an electric dryer used for drying cassava in Cameroon. Tests found the dryer had high energy consumption and inefficient drying. Modifications were made to improve performance, including adding a ceiling vent, replacing heating resistors, changing air fans, and redistributing air passages. These changes led to a 20% reduction in energy use by the dryer.
Development of a Small-Scale Meat Dryer with Automated Dual Heating SystemIRJET Journal
The document describes the development of a small-scale meat dryer with an automated dual heating system. The dryer uses both solar energy and electricity to continuously maintain an average operating temperature of 65°C for drying meat. It can dry 5kg of meat in 24 hours, significantly faster than traditional sun drying methods. The dryer was tested in Ethiopia and produced high quality dried meat protected from contamination compared to open air sun drying.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Solar Dryer by Natural ConvectionIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a solar dryer that uses natural convection. It begins with an abstract that discusses food loss issues and how solar drying can help preserve agricultural products using renewable energy. It then provides details on the design calculations and considerations for the solar dryer components, including the collector area needed to dry a sample product load. Test results are presented showing drying temperatures achieved using the natural convection solar dryer design as well as modifications using forced convection and a mirror attachment. In conclusion, the solar dryer provides an economical way to dry crops using solar energy.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of Evacuated Tube Solar Dryer with Desiccant Dehu...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes a study analyzing the performance of an evacuated tube solar dryer with a desiccant dehumidifier and phase change material (PCM) as thermal storage.
2. In the setup, air is passed through a desiccant bed to increase its moisture absorption capacity before being heated in evacuated tubes and used to dry 5kg of chopped spinach leaves over 8 hours.
3. Preliminary results found that using a desiccant increased drying effectiveness by producing hotter, drier air for drying compared to the solar dryer without a desiccant. Maximum temperatures reached 70°C with desiccant versus 67°C without.
IRJET- Automation of Solar Tunnel Dryer using Arduino for SapotaIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and testing of an automated solar tunnel dryer for drying sapota fruit using Arduino. Key points:
1. A solar tunnel dryer was constructed using common materials like GI sheets and pipes to provide a controlled drying environment for agricultural products like sapota.
2. An Arduino board was used to automate the dryer and control parameters like temperature, humidity, and exhaust fan speed to maintain optimal drying conditions.
3. Sapota slices were dried in the automated solar tunnel dryer and measurements found that the controlled conditions consumed less time than conventional drying while maintaining quality.
This document describes the design and construction of a solar dryer for drying agricultural products. The solar dryer consists of a solar collector chamber that heats air, and a drying chamber containing racks for drying trays. Hot air from the collector chamber flows through the drying chamber to remove moisture from agricultural products on the trays. The dryer was designed based on location and weather data to effectively dry crops while protecting them from insects, dust and rain compared to traditional sun drying methods. Locally available materials like wood, glass and metal sheets were used to construct the affordable and efficient solar drying system.
Design and Construction of Solar Dryer for Drying Agricultural ProductsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and construction of a solar dryer for drying agricultural products. Some key points:
- The solar dryer utilizes solar energy to heat air and dry food or agricultural products loaded inside, providing a beneficial and less wasteful preservation method.
- The dryer consists of a solar collector chamber that heats air, and a drying chamber containing racks for drying trays. Heated air is channeled through the drying chamber to remove moisture from loaded products.
- The design was based on location and weather data in Nagpur, India. Locally sourced materials like wood, glass, metal sheets and nets were used.
- Calculations were performed to determine optimal dimensions,
The document describes a study on improving the thermal efficiency of a solar tunnel drier. A working model of a solar tunnel drier was constructed using a single layer of polyethylene sheeting. Experiments were conducted to measure the temperature increase inside the drier compared to ambient temperature. Additional experiments used double layers of polyethylene sheeting with air gaps of 50mm and 100mm between the layers. The purpose was to determine if the additional insulation of an air gap improved the thermal efficiency of the drier. Temperature, humidity and solar intensity readings were taken over an 8 hour period and compared between the single layer and double layer configurations.
In many countries,agricultural products are dried under the open sun. However,this way of drying deg rades the quality of the dried products due to interferen ce from external impurities and uneven drying rates . Numerous types of solar dryers have been designed a nd developed in various parts of the world,yieldin g varying degrees of technical performance. Basically,there are three types of solar dryers;direct sol ar dryers,indirect solar dryers and mixed-mode dryers. This r eview paper is focused on hybrid solar dryers. Drying proceeded successfully even under unfavorable weath er conditions in the hybrid mode of operation these are the most cost effective type of dryers and are easy to fabricate and use. In this review paper,we reviewe d different types of hybrid solar dryers and different design m odifications applied to them in order to increase t heir effectiveness.
Effective Moisture Diffusivity and Activation Energy of Tomato in Thin Layer ...drboon
The aim of this paper is to report tomato slice moisture diffusivity data determined and activation energy from experimental drying kinetics. The thin-layer drying experiments were carried out under five air temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80ºC, two air velocity 1.5, and 2 m/s and three level of relative humidity 20, 40 and 60%. It was observed that drying took place in the falling rate period. Moisture transfer from tomato slice was described by applying the Fick’s diffusion model. The effective diffusivity values changed from 9.9119×10^-10 to 6.4037×10^-9 m^2/s for the range of temperatures considered. An Arrhenius relation with an activation energy value of 33.3299 to 43.2287 kJ/mol and the diffusivity constant value of 1.7695×10^-4 to 3.09156×10^-2 m^2/s were obtained which shows the effect of drying air temperature, air velocity and relative humidity on the diffusivity.
Design and Development of Domestic Solar DryerIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a domestic solar dryer. The solar dryer is intended to help preserve foods like fruits, vegetables, and herbs using solar energy. It aims to be portable so it can be easily moved and used in households.
The dryer design includes components like trays to hold foods, a solar fan to circulate hot air, and a toughened glass cover to allow sunlight to enter while protecting foods. It is intended to dry foods faster and more efficiently than traditional sun drying methods, while preventing spoilage from things like rain or pests. Testing showed the dryer was able to successfully dry food samples.
Future work could focus on improving drying times further and incorporating heat
Seminar on performance evaluation of a solar tunnelIman Ghosh
The document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of a solar tunnel dryer for drying fruits and vegetables throughout the year. Key findings from the study include:
- Products dried in the solar tunnel dryer for 7-8 days were of good quality and sensory evaluation found them to be highly acceptable.
- The dryer was able to reduce the moisture content of garlic from 65% to 8.5%, chili from 77% to 7%, fenugreek from 86% to 7.2%, and aonla candy from 44% to 16% on average.
- The average thermal efficiency of the solar tunnel dryer ranged from 8.89% to 17.63% for different products dried.
Optimization of Solar Drying of Blanched and Unblanched Aerial Yam using Resp...ijtsrd
This paper focuses on the application of response surface methodology RSM for the modelling and optimization of unblanched and blanched aerial yam drying using solar dryer. Mass in gram of the sample, slice thickness of the sample, and the airspeed of dryer are the independent variables considered, while the response of interest is the moisture content. RSM via central composite design CCD was used to optimize the variables of interest, while artificial neural network was used to validate the result. The result showed that a second order polynomial regression model could convincingly interpret the drying process of the aerial yam. A coefficient of determination R2 value of 0.9991 and 0.9828, model F value of 1186.03 and 60.75 for unblanched and blanched aerial yam respectively were obtained. P value 0.0001 , and low value of coefficient of variation 2.43 and 9.75 for unblanched and blanched sample indicated the fitness of the model. The optimum process variable obtained were 71 g, 3.2 mm and 1.5 m s, and 70 g, 3.0 mm and 1.5 m s for blanched and unblanched sample, respectively. Emmanuel C. Nwadike. | Matthew N. Abonyi. | Joseph T. Nwabanne. | Pascal E. Ohale "Optimization of Solar Drying of Blanched and Unblanched Aerial Yam using Response Surface Methodology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30598.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/30598/optimization-of-solar-drying-of-blanched-and-unblanched-aerial-yam-using-response-surface-methodology/emmanuel-c-nwadike
Similar to Determination of thin layer solar drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca) (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
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0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
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Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
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Determination of thin layer solar drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca)
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 352
DETERMINATION OF THIN-LAYER SOLAR DRYING KINETICS OF
CASSAVA NOODLES (TAPIOCA)
N.C. Ezeanya1, C.C. Egwuonwu2, A.B Istifanus3, V.C Okafor4
1
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
2
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
3
Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, Taraba State College of Agriculture, Jalingo,
Nigeria
4
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the thin-layer drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca) using a solar dryer. To achieve
this, an integral type forced convection solar dryer, equipped with rock storage, was developed. Drying kinetics of tapioca were
determined using the solar dryer. The treatments in the experiment comprise of air flow velocities (V) of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m/s; and
drying layer thicknesses (B) of 0.48 and 0.72 cm. Tapioca samples were dried from an average initial moisture content of 297%
(dry basis) to 9.8% (dry basis). Control experiments in the form of open air sun drying of similar quantity of tapioca were also set
up and monitored. Graphical plotsof moisture content versus drying time, exhibited the characteristic moisture desorption cu rve,
characterized by initial high rate of moisture removal, followed by a slower rate of moisture removal. It was observed from drying
rate curves plotted using the drying data, that the drying of the tapioca took place entirely in the falling rate period. The drying
rate of the tapioca varied with the different combinations of velocity and drying layer thickness. The drying rate of the tapioca
increased with increase in the air flow velocity until velocity of 2.5 m/s; beyond this velocity the drying rate reduced slig htly. Also
the drying rate of tapioca decreased with increase in drying layer thickness. A maximum drying rate of 39.2%/hr was obtained
during the experiment. The maximum system drying efficiency of the dryer was determined as 47.14%, while the maximum dryer
pick-up efficiency of 50% was determined during the drying test.
Keywords: Air Flow Velocity, Drying Rate, Forced Convection, Layer Thickness, Moisture Content, Solar Dryer
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Drying is one of the oldest and important method of food
preservation, practiced by humans (Midilli et al., 2002;
Sacilik, 2007). The main purpose of drying agricultural
materials is to provide longer periods of storage, minimize
packaging requirements and reduce transportation weights
and costs. Over the years, conventional energy sources like
fossil fuel, electricity, and biomass sources had been used as
energy sources for heat generation and fan operation in
dryers. However, these energy sources are either very costly
or non-renewable in nature. The solar energy is fast
becoming an alternative source of energy, because of high
rate of depletion of the conventional energy sources. It has
many advantages over other alternative energy sources,
because of its relative abundance, low cost, inexhaustible
nature and zero pollution.
Nigeria is the largest producer of cassava in the world (FA0,
1985; 2012), with over 14 million metric tonnes produced in
1985 to over 40 million metric tonnes produced in 2010.
Cassava noodle (tapioca) is a cassava-by product, that is
popular and relished by the Eastern and Southern Nigerians.
Tapioca is normally produced in two types. The first type is
in the form of long thread-like strands (Figure 1a), which is
normally dried and preserved (stored). This type is normally
sold in the market in the dried form. The second type is in
the form of rectangular-shaped flakes (Figure 1b), which is
normally sold in the fresh form. This second type is
normally eaten in the fresh form with coconut and peanuts,
as a local snack. Also the dried tapioca are usually soaked in
water and eaten with or without coconut or peanuts as snack
(Ihekoronye and Ngoddy, 1985). The softened tapioca also
known locally as abacha, cooked with vegetable, palm oil,
fish and other food seasoners is known as local (African)
salad. The thread-like form of tapioca was used in this
research.
Freshly produced tapioca normally have moisture content
range of 65% to 90% (wet basis), and have safe storage
moisture content of 8% (wet basis). This therefore implies
that a reasonable quantity of heat energy should be
developed by a dryer, for the drying of tapioca within the
desired time. Quick drying of tapioca is advantageous in the
sense that risks of contamination and mould growth are
minimized. Also, drying and ensiling have been found to be
effective ways of reducing the toxicity of cassava products
(Phuc et al., 2000; Kajuna et al., 2001). Tapioca strands are
normally dried using direct sun method and heat from the
fire place.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 353
Fig 1(a): Thread-like form of tapioca Fig 1(b): Rectangular-shaped form of tapioca
These methods are associated with slow rate of drying,
exposure of the dried materials to the attack of insects and
rodents, and the occasional charring of the materials in the
presence of excessive and uncontrolled sun’s radiation and
heat source. The traditional sun drying of tapioca normally
takes an average of 4 to 5 days to complete. Several research
works on thin-layer drying kinetics of some cassava by-
products and other agricultural materials are reported in the
literature. However, no research work on thin-layer solar
drying kinetics for cassava noodles (tapioca) is contained in
the literature. Therefore the objectives of this work are (i) to
develop an effective solar drying system and (ii) to it to
determine the drying kinetics of tapioca.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Description of the Equipment
The dryer used for the experiment is a forced convection
integral type flat plate solar collector (Figure 2). It consists
of a solar collector chamber and dryer cabinet both of which
were integrated into one unit, fan/blower unit, heat storage
unit and chimney.
The solar collector chamber consists of a wooden box of
rectangular cross-section, having a length of 1.15 m and
width of 0.75 m, thus giving a cross-sectional area of 0.86
m2. The top of the collector chamber was titled at an angle
of 5029 ̍ which is the latitude of Owerri. The top of this
section was covered with a plain glass, which acts as the
glazing material.
Fig 2: Schematic Drawing of the Solar Dryer
The base of this unit was lined with a layer of dark painted
pebbles, which act as a thermal storage unit. A galvanized
steel plate with the same dimensions as the collector area
and painted dull black was used as an absorber plate. This
absorber plate overlay the thermal storage unit. The solar
collector has a hole of diameter 15 cm at the entrance, used
for mounting the fan unit. Also a hole of dimensions 8 cm x
8 cm, drilled at the exit point, serves as the exit for exhaust
air. It also has two access doors used to control the
operations.
The drying chamber consists of two racks, each containing
two trays of dimensions 0.44 m length x 0.44 m width and
depth of 0.04m. Each of the racks was supported by a
ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY
A Glazing Material 1
B Fan Unit 1
C AbsorberPlate 1
D Rock Storage
E Stand 4
F Drying Rack 2
G Access Door 1
H Rollers 4
C
F
A
B
G
D
E
H
44 45
20
Ø 3
15
30
115
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 354
wooden stand. The outer part of the dryer was painted dull
black while the interior sides were lined with aluminum foil,
so as to enhance reflectivity of heat inside the dryer
chamber. Axial flow fan was used in the solar dryer. The fan
was equipped with a speed regulator which helped to
regulate the fan speed (air flow velocity). The fan was fixed
at the front of a short cylindrical pipe of diameter 15 cm,
and length 5 cm, positioned at the entrance of the dryer. The
fan was powered by a 20 watts capacity solar panel that was
connected to 12 volts, 5 Amps, D.C battery for power
storage.
2.2 Experimental Test Using the Solar Dryer
2.2.1 Materials and Instrumentation
The materials and instrumentation used for the drying test
include: fresh samples of cassava noodles (tapioca), wet and
dry bulb thermometer, digital hygrometer, digital weighing
balance, electric oven, digital air flow meter, hand-held
pyranometer, and stop clock.
2.2.2 Sample Preparation
Large quantities of freshly prepared tapioca were purchased
from the Owerri main market. These tapioca samples which
were processed from the same variety of cassava tubers (NR
8082) have an average moisture content of 297% (db). The
tapioca samples, with thicknesses ranging from 0.21 to 0.26
cm with average value of 0.24 cm, have an average length of
8 cm and width of 0.3 cm.
2.2.3 Procedure for the Experimental Test
The experiment was designed to be in the form of a 3 x 2
factorial with 3 replications, in completely randomized
design (CRD). The factors are air flow velocity with levels:
1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m/s; and layer thickness of tapioca with
levels 0.48 and 0.72 cm. At the beginning of the experiment,
the flat plate solar dryer was positioned in an open place,
away from tall trees and buildings, so as to minimize the
effect of shading. The solar dryer was aligned in the North-
South axis, and positioned to face South as recommended in
literature (Duffie and Beckman, 2006; Tiwari, 2012). This
was to maximize the solar radiation falling on the surface of
the dryer.
The dryer was allowed to run for 30 minutes under no load,
before the commencement of drying tests. This enabled the
dryer to attain equilibrium conditions. The mass of the
tapioca samples corresponding to the layer thicknesses of
0.48 cm and 0.72 cm were weighed using the digital
weighing balance (OHAUS) of capacity 4.1 kg and
sensitivity of 0.01g. The weighed tapioca samples were then
placed inside the dryer cabinet. A fan speed of 1.5 m/s (v1)
was selected. The layer thicknesses of 0.48 and 0.72 cm
were achieved by using two layers (0.48 cm) and three
layers (0.72 cm) of the tapioca samples respectively. ASAE,
(1999) states that a thin – layer is a layer that is fully
exposed to drying air, and should not exceed three layers of
particles (materials) for forced convection drying, at air
velocity not less than 0.3 m/s. A given portion of the tapioca
samples in the dryer cabinet was collected and weighed, to
determine the initial mass of the sample. This given portion
was then put back into a smaller (observation) tray, inside
the dryer cabinet. A similar mass of the tapioca samples was
placed in a drying tray, similar in dimensions to that of the
solar dryer, and dried in the open sun as a comparison
treatment in the experiment. The masses of both the tapioca
samples at both the dryer and the ambient air, were
determined at hourly intervals. Also the dry bulb
temperature and relative humidity of the dryer were
determined at hourly intervals, using the digital hygrometer;
and the wet and dry bulb temperatures of the ambient air
were determined at hourly intervals during the drying test. A
hand-held pyranometer (model: 4890.20; Frederiksen) was
used to measure the insolation falling on the surface of the
solar dryer at hourly intervals.
The drying process continued until equilibrium moisture
content of the tapioca at the given drying conditions was
reached. This point was characterized by a constant mass
recorded for two consecutive measurements of mass during
the drying process. At the end of the drying experiment, the
marked portion of the sample was oven dried at a
temperature of 1000C for 8 hours to obtain the oven dried
mass, as recommended in literature (Kajuna et al., 2001).
The experimental tests for the thin-layer solar drying of
tapioca were done at Federal University of Technology,
Owerri, between the months of September to November,
2014.
The moisture contents (dry basis) M (db) of the tapioca were
determined using Equation (1)
𝑀( 𝑑𝑏) =
𝑚 𝑤𝑝 − 𝑚 𝑑𝑝
𝑚 𝑑𝑝
(100%) (1)
Where M = moisture content of materials (g H2O/100 g dry
matter)
mwp = mass of wet product (g)
mdp = mass of dry product (g)
2.3 Determination of Drying Kinetics of Tapioca
Drying kinetics like system drying efficiency, pick-up
efficiency, and drying rate of tapioca for each observation
(drying experiment) were determined and tabulated. The
drying rate (Rd), which is the rate of change of moisture
content with time, was determined according to (Doymaz,
2013) and expressed in Equation (2).
𝑅 𝑑 =
𝑚 𝑤
𝑡
=
𝑀𝑖 − 𝑀𝑓
𝑡
(2)
Where Mi = initial moisture content of the sample (g
H2O/100 g dry matter)
Mf = final moisture content of the sample (g H2O/100 g dry
matter)
mw = mass of water removed during the drying period
t = drying time (hours)
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 355
The system drying efficiency (ηd) was calculated using
equation (3) as given by Komolafe and Osunde, (2005).
𝜂 𝑑 =
𝑚 𝑤 𝐿 𝑣
𝐼 𝐻 𝐴 𝑐 𝑡
(3)
Where IH = insolation falling on a horizontal surface. All the
other parameters are as previously defined.
The pick-up efficiency (ηp) was calculated using Equation
(4) as given by Brenndorfer et al. (1987).
𝜂 𝑝 =
𝐻 𝑜−𝐻𝑖
𝐻 𝑎𝑠−𝐻𝑖
(4)
Where Ho = absolute humidity of air leaving the drying
chamber
Hi = absolute humidity of air entering the drying chamber
Has = adiabatic saturation humidity of air entering the drying
chamber
4. RESULTS
4.1 Results Obtained for Thin-Layer Solar Drying
of Tapioca
The results of thin-layer solar drying of tapioca are
summarized in Table (1), and Figures (3), (4) and (5); while
the summary of values of temperature, relative humidity,
and insolation are given in Table (2). The results of the
analysis of variance on the effect of air velocity and layer
thickness on thin-layer drying of tapioca are summarized in
Table (3).
Table 1: Mean Values of Moisture Contents for Different Drying Times of the Experiment
B 0.48 0.72
Method Dryer Open sun Dryer Open sun
V 1.5 2.5 3.5 9.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 9.8
TIME(hrs) MOISTURE CONTENT (% , dry basis)
0 297 297 297 297 297 297 297 297
0.5 223 209 227 247 270 269 273 294
1 204 178 193 222 251 257 247 278
2 159 118 147 204 217 214 215 254
3 128 90 123 179 193 189 191 229
4 98 61 94 147 161 148 157 197
5 72 34 71 139 127 111 115 168
6 40 18 52 126 106 78 81 154
7 22 11 36 81 74 59 60 125
7.5 9.8 34
8 14 21 64 37 14 39 93
9 9.8 15 48 17 9.8 23 64
9.5 12 55
10 11 29 9.8 17 40
10.5 9.8
11 22 11 29
11.5 9.8
12 15 22
13 11 15
13.5 9.8
14 10
15 9.8
Average
drying rate
(%/hr) 31.9 39.2 27.35 21.27 27.81 31.9 24.98 19.15
B = layer thickness of tapioca (cm), V = air flow velocity (m/s)
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Table 2: Summary of Temperature, Relative Humidity and Insolation during Drying Compared to Open Air Sun Drying
Drying
Method B V Temperature (0C) Relative Humidity (% )
Insolation
(W/m2)
Drying
Rate
(% /hr)
dryer ambient ∆Tda dryer ambient ∆RH
dryer
0.48
1.5 49.47 31.6 17.87 30.38 73.6 43.22 433.8 31.9
2.5 50.41 32.25 18.16 23.5 67.5 44 468.9 39.2
3.5 49.02 32.2 16.82 26.9 65.67 38.77 464.8 27.35
0.72
1.5 49.37 32.62 16.75 31.6 69.3 37.7 498.6 27.81
2.5 53.59 33.5 20.09 25.25 63.4 38.15 521.2 31.9
3.5 52.86 33.25 19.61 27.1 67.1 40 495.5 24.98
Sun drying 0.48 0.95 49.63 32 0 26.93 68.92 0 455.83 21.27
0.72 0.98 51.94 33.12 0 27.98 66.6 0 505.1 19.15
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Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 357
Fig 5: Drying Rate Curve for Tapioca at Varying Times for Layer Thickness of 0.48 cm
Table 3: Summary of Analysis of Variance on the Effects of Velocity and Layer Thickness on Drying Rate of Tapioca.
Source of Variation df Sum of squares Mean square Fcal Ftab
Treatment 5 381.93 76.39** 146.3 5.06
V 2 268.37 134.19** 257.06 6.93
B 1 94.76 94.76** 181.53 9.33
VB Interaction 2 18.8 9.4** 18.01 6.93
Error 12 6.26 0.522 - -
Total 17 388.19 - - -
** Highly significant at 1% level of probability
3.2 Results Obtained for System Drying Efficiency
of the Dryer
The system drying efficiency of the solar dryer was
determined from Equation (3). The mw values of 2154 g and
2767.65 g were obtained for layer thicknesses of 0.48 cm
and 0.72 cm respectively. Since the average dryer
temperature for all the experiments is approximately 500C,
the latent heat of vaporization (Lv) at a temperature of 500C
was used for the computation, and this has a value of 2383
J/kg K. the other parameters in Equation (3) were given as
follows: Ac = 0.86 m2, the drying times (t) and values of
insolation were given in Tables (1) and (2). Table (4) shows
the values of the system drying efficiencies corresponding to
each treatment combination of the drying experiment for
tapioca.
Table 4: System Drying Efficiencies for the Different Treatment Combinations of the Drying of Tapioca
B 0.48 0.72
V 1.5 2.5 3.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
Values of system drying efficiency (% )
42.50 47.14 33.97 40.69 45.41 37.38
B = drying layer thickness (cm), V = air flow velocity (m/s), M = initial moisture content (%)
3.3 Results Obtained for Pick-up Efficiency of the
Dryer
The pick-up efficiency for the solar drying of tapioca was
determined using Equation (4). The values of absolute
humidities (hi, ho, has) were determined from the ASHRE
psychrometric chart and given in Table (5). The results of
the pick-up efficiencies of the solar dryer, determined for
the drying of tapioca are summarized in Table (6).
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
DryingRate(%M.C/hr)
Time (hours)
v=2.5 m/s
v=1.5 m/s
v=3.5 m/s
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Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 358
Table 5: Values of Absolute Humidities (hi, ho, has), obtained from Psychrometric chart used in the determination of pick-up
efficiencies of the solar Dryer
B 0.48 0.72
V 1.5 2.5 3.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
hi 0.018 0.014 0.016 0.020 0.018 0.021
h0 0.025 0.022 0.021 0.025 0.024 0.024
has 0.032 0.030 0.029 0.032 0.031 0.031
B = drying layer thickness (cm), V = air flow velocity (m/s)
Table 6: Pick-up Efficiencies Obtained for Different Velocities and Thicknesses for the Drying of Tapioca
Pick-up efficiencies for the various treatments
B V = 1.5 V = 2.5 V = 3.5
0.48 42.9 50 38.5
0.72 41.7 46.2 30
B = thickness of drying layer (cm), V = air flow velocity (m/s)
4. DISCUSSION
It was observed from Table (1), that the moisture content of
the tapioca decreased with drying time until the equilibrium
moisture content was reached. It was also observed that the
drying time for the tapioca samples varied with the different
treatment combinations of air flow velocity, thickness of
layer, and drying with the open air (Table 1). In each of
these tests, tapioca samples at initial moisture content of
297% (dry basis) were dried to equilibrium moisture content
of 9.8% (dry basis). The shortest drying time of 7.5 hours
was recorded for the tapioca samples at air flow velocity of
2.5 m/s and layer thickness of 0.48 cm; while the longest
drying time of 11.5 hours was recorded for samples at
velocity of 3.5 m/s and layer thickness of 0.72 cm. It was
observed that the samples in the solar dryer, dried about 1⅔
to 2 times faster than the tapioca samples dried in the open
air. This observation is in line with previous research
findings in related work (Ezeanya et al.,2012; Komolafe and
Osunde, 2005). Also the color of the samples dried inside
the dryer was milky white, while the color of the samples
dried under ambient conditions was dull white to whitish
yellow. This therefore implies that the solar dryer produced
better quality drying than open air sun drying. Table (2)
shows the summary of the temperature, relative humidity,
and insolation obtained during the thin-layer solar drying of
tapioca. From Table (2), it was observed that the average
values of temperature and relative humidity for both the
dryer and ambient air varied with the different treatment
combinations (drying conditions). The average dryer
temperatures ranged from 49.02 to 53.590C, with an average
value of 50.790C; while the average relative humidity values
ranged from 23.5% to 31.6%, with an average value of
27.45%. The study also revealed that the drying rate of the
tapioca samples varied with the different treatment
combinations of the experiment as shown in Tables (1) and
(2).
The fastest drying rate of 39.2 %/hr, was recorded for
tapioca samples at velocity of 2.5 m/s and layer thickness of
0.48 cm; and the lowest drying rate of 24.98 %/hr was
recorded for tapioca samples at velocity of 3.5 m/s and layer
thickness of 0.72 cm.
Figures (3) and (4) show the drying curves (plots of
moisture contents versus time) for the layer thicknesses, and
different air flow velocities used for the drying experiment.
The curves sloped downwards from left to right, showing
that moisture content decreased with increase in drying time.
Figures (3) and (4) also show that the time taken to dry the
tapioca to the equilibrium moisture content of 9.8% (dry
basis), varied with the different air flow velocities and layer
thicknesses of the tapioca.
4.1 Effect of Air-Flow Velocity on the Drying Rate
of Tapioca
Tables (1) and (2); and Figures (3) and (4) show the effect
of the air-flow velocity on the drying rate of tapioca. It is
evident from these tables and figures that the drying rate
increased with increase in air flow velocity, for air-flow
velocities of 1.5 m/s to 2.5 m/s; which agrees with similar
research findings reported by Saeed (2010) and Iguaz et al
(2003). This trend may be as a result of the fact that higher
velocities improve the rate of moisture transfer (effective
moisture diffusivity) from the product being dried, thus
resulting in faster rate of drying. However, increasing the
air-flow velocity to 3.5 m/s extended the drying time thus
reducing the drying rate (Tables 1 and 2). This development
may be attributed to the quick formation of hard layer (case
hardening) at relatively high temperature and velocity. This
layer increased resistance to transport (diffusion) of
moisture from the tissues of the dried product, thus
preventing water vapor concentration from reaching
equilibrium in time. This phenomenon was also reported by
Togrul and Pehlivan (2002) and Saeed (2010). The analysis
of variance summarized in Table (3), shows that the effect
of air velocity on thin-layer solar drying of tapioca was
highly significant at 1% level of probability.
4.2 Effect of Layer Thickness on Drying Rate of
Tapioca
The experimental data samples in Tables (1) and (2), and the
drying curves in Figures (3) and (4) show that the drying
time generally increased with increasing layer thickness of
the tapioca samples, for samples at the same velocity and
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 359
initial moisture content. Thus drying rates were higher for
samples dried at layer thickness of 0.48 cm than for the
samples dried at 0.72 cm. This trend in the drying
characteristics of tapioca agrees with similar research
findings in the literature, reported for cassava chips, apple
(var Golab), and eggplant slices (Kajuna et al., 2001;
Meisame Ail and Rafiee, 2009; Ertekin and Yalidz, 2004).
This behavior may be attributed to the fact that the thicker
the layers of a moist material are, the higher the amount of
water it contains and thus for a fixed quantity of heat energy
available for the drying process, the longer time required to
remove the water from such material. From Table (3), it was
evident that the effect of layer thickness on the thin-layer
solar drying of tapioca was highly significant at 1% level of
probability.
Figure (5) is a graphical plot, showing the variation of the
drying rates of tapioca with drying time, for the tapioca
samples dried at thicknesses of 0.48 cm. From these plots
(Figures 5), it was evident that the drying rate was highest at
the beginning of the drying experiment, and gradually
reduced towards the end of the drying experiment. This
implies that the drying of the tapioca samples took place
entirely in the falling rate period of drying.
4.3 Effects ofAir Velocity and Layer Thickness on
System Drying Efficiency
From Table (4), it was observed that the system drying
efficiencies varied with the different treatment combinations
of the experiment. The efficiencies ranged from a maximum
mean value of 47.14% for tapioca samples dried at layer
thickness of 0.48 cm and velocity of 2.5 m/s; to a minimum
mean value of 33.97% for tapioca samples dried at layer
thickness of 0.48 cm and velocity of 3.5 m/s. These
efficiencies are within the range reported for solar drying of
related agricultural products like tomato and cassava chips
(Komolafe and Osunde, 2005; Aliyu and Jubril, 2009).
These values of the system drying efficiency imply that the
dryer was able to convert a reasonable part of the solar
radiation incident on its surface to heat energy used in the
drying of the tapioca.
4.4 Effects ofAir Velocity and Layer Thickness on
Pick-up Efficiency
It is evident from Table (6) that the pick-up efficiencies
varied with the different treatments of the experiment. The
maximum pick-up efficiency of 50% was determined for
layer thickness of 0.48 cm and air flow velocity of 2.5 m/s;
while the least pick-up efficiency of 30% was determined
for layer thickness of 0.72 cm and air flow velocity of 3.5
m/s. The reasonable high value of the pick-up efficiency
indicates that the tapioca samples were able to absorb
reasonable quantity of heat from the drying air.
5. CONCLUSION
Thin-layer solar drying kinetics of tapioca was studied. The
summary of the results show that the drying of tapioca
occurred entirely in the falling rate drying period; and the
drying rate of tapioca varied with the air flow velocity and
the layer thickness of the tapioca.
A maximum drying rate of 39.2%/hr was obtained for the
tapioca samples dried at air flow velocity of 2.5 m/s and
layer thickness of 0.48 cm; while the lowest drying rate of
33.97%/hr was obtained for the tapioca samples dried at air
flow velocity of 3.5 m/s, and layer thickness of 0.72 cm
during the experiment. The study also revealed that the solar
dried tapioca samples dried about 1⅔ to 2 times faster than
the tapioca samples dried under ambient conditions. A
maximum system drying efficiency of 47.14% was obtained
for tapioca samples dried at layer thickness of 0.48 cm and
air velocity of 2.5 m/s. Also the maximum pick-up
efficiency of 50% was obtained for tapioca samples dried at
layer thickness of 0.48 cm and air flow velocity of 2.5 m/s.
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