The document describes the development and testing of a small tunnel dryer to dry cassava chips. Key points:
- A 3-truck, 12-tray tunnel dryer was constructed with electric heating and fan circulation. Drying efficiency was tested at 60, 70, and 80°C.
- Drying efficiency increased from 66.7% at 60°C to 75% at 70°C and 80% at 80°C. The dryer could process 6kg of chips per batch.
- The dryer was designed to overcome issues with conventional sun drying of cassava chips in Nigeria, such as poor quality, and provide an efficient alternative for small scale processors.
This document describes the process of par-boiling rice. It involves soaking rice to allow absorption of water, steaming the rice to halt the soaking process, then drying the rice. Par-boiling makes the rice firmer, less sticky, and easier to mill. The document outlines the main equipment used in par-boiling systems and provides details on the specific processes for single boiled, double boiled, and cured/steamed rice varieties. It also discusses drying methods and considerations for maintaining rice quality during drying.
A Silo is a structure for storing bulk materials. Silos are used in agriculture to store grain or fermented feed known as silage. Silos are more commonly used for bulk storage of grain, coal, cement, carbon black, wood chips, food products and sawdust.
This study focuses on the development of a mathematical model describing the phenomena of heat transfer in the grain mass during the storage period and the control of the airflow of the aerated cereal in the silo.
The document discusses the process of parboiling paddy rice. It involves pre-steaming the paddy to soften it, soaking it in hot water to allow absorption of water and nutrients, post-steaming to gelatinize the starch, drying and tempering. Parboiling increases rice recovery and nutrients while making it more resistant to insects and microbes. Key factors that control parboiled rice quality are soaking time/temperature, steaming parameters and drying time/temperature. The document recommends strategies like two-stage soaking and double-pass drying with tempering to improve efficiency and rice quality.
Drying is need because the high moisture grain will cause heat build up (Hot spot) from respiration of microorganisms, low thermal diffusivity of grain ,increased the mold growth, reduced starch and sugar content.
This document summarizes the features and specifications of the ED series of ECODRYER machines from Girbau. The dryers come in 4 sizes from 260 to 660 liter drum capacity and can be gas heated, electric heated, or steam heated. They feature precision temperature and moisture control, gentle fabric treatment, easy maintenance and ergonomic design. The dryers also offer versatility in controls and can be used for wet cleaning processes.
This document contains information about Prachi Pahariya, including her educational background and experience. She has a Bachelor of Technology degree in Agricultural Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya. Her training and projects include a month-long training in food processing and a four month training in remote sensing. The document also includes the text of a seminar Prachi presented on aeration systems for storage, covering topics like moisture migration, the purpose of aeration, system components, and experimental setup.
The document discusses the process of parboiling rice. It begins by explaining that parboiling involves partially cooking rice through steaming to gelatinize the starch. This process increases rice's nutrients and makes dehulling easier. The advantages of parboiling include higher rice recovery and more nutrients compared to raw rice. The process involves pre-steaming, soaking, post-steaming, drying, and tempering the rice. Key factors that affect quality are soaking time/temperature, steaming parameters, and drying time/temperature. The document provides details on strategies to optimize each step for higher efficiency and quality of parboiled rice.
Parboiling presentation by eshfaq bhattBhatt Eshfaq
Parboiling means, precooking of rice within the husk without disturbing its size and shape.
A hydrothermal treatment resulting partial cooking (gelatinization of starch) of paddy (rough rice).
The process consists of soaking rough rice in water until it is saturated, draining the excess water, and then steaming or otherwise heating the grain to gelatinize the starch
This document describes the process of par-boiling rice. It involves soaking rice to allow absorption of water, steaming the rice to halt the soaking process, then drying the rice. Par-boiling makes the rice firmer, less sticky, and easier to mill. The document outlines the main equipment used in par-boiling systems and provides details on the specific processes for single boiled, double boiled, and cured/steamed rice varieties. It also discusses drying methods and considerations for maintaining rice quality during drying.
A Silo is a structure for storing bulk materials. Silos are used in agriculture to store grain or fermented feed known as silage. Silos are more commonly used for bulk storage of grain, coal, cement, carbon black, wood chips, food products and sawdust.
This study focuses on the development of a mathematical model describing the phenomena of heat transfer in the grain mass during the storage period and the control of the airflow of the aerated cereal in the silo.
The document discusses the process of parboiling paddy rice. It involves pre-steaming the paddy to soften it, soaking it in hot water to allow absorption of water and nutrients, post-steaming to gelatinize the starch, drying and tempering. Parboiling increases rice recovery and nutrients while making it more resistant to insects and microbes. Key factors that control parboiled rice quality are soaking time/temperature, steaming parameters and drying time/temperature. The document recommends strategies like two-stage soaking and double-pass drying with tempering to improve efficiency and rice quality.
Drying is need because the high moisture grain will cause heat build up (Hot spot) from respiration of microorganisms, low thermal diffusivity of grain ,increased the mold growth, reduced starch and sugar content.
This document summarizes the features and specifications of the ED series of ECODRYER machines from Girbau. The dryers come in 4 sizes from 260 to 660 liter drum capacity and can be gas heated, electric heated, or steam heated. They feature precision temperature and moisture control, gentle fabric treatment, easy maintenance and ergonomic design. The dryers also offer versatility in controls and can be used for wet cleaning processes.
This document contains information about Prachi Pahariya, including her educational background and experience. She has a Bachelor of Technology degree in Agricultural Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya. Her training and projects include a month-long training in food processing and a four month training in remote sensing. The document also includes the text of a seminar Prachi presented on aeration systems for storage, covering topics like moisture migration, the purpose of aeration, system components, and experimental setup.
The document discusses the process of parboiling rice. It begins by explaining that parboiling involves partially cooking rice through steaming to gelatinize the starch. This process increases rice's nutrients and makes dehulling easier. The advantages of parboiling include higher rice recovery and more nutrients compared to raw rice. The process involves pre-steaming, soaking, post-steaming, drying, and tempering the rice. Key factors that affect quality are soaking time/temperature, steaming parameters, and drying time/temperature. The document provides details on strategies to optimize each step for higher efficiency and quality of parboiled rice.
Parboiling presentation by eshfaq bhattBhatt Eshfaq
Parboiling means, precooking of rice within the husk without disturbing its size and shape.
A hydrothermal treatment resulting partial cooking (gelatinization of starch) of paddy (rough rice).
The process consists of soaking rough rice in water until it is saturated, draining the excess water, and then steaming or otherwise heating the grain to gelatinize the starch
S.S. Aggarwal has over 30 years of experience in parboiling technology. It operates plants across India and exports equipment to over 20 countries. It pioneered continuous parboiling processes and has the largest market share as the largest supplier of rice processing equipment from India. It has ongoing research partnerships and has commissioned over 2000 plants worldwide.
1) The document provides information about Zhengzhou Great Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd., including their products such as dryer equipment, related equipment, and contact details. 2) Their main products include microwave vacuum dryers, hot air circulation drying ovens, batch dryers, and digital constant temperature drying machines. 3) They aim to increase customers' productivity while ensuring safety through high quality equipment, resources, technology, and processes.
1) Refractance window drying is a novel drying method that uses infrared radiation to dry foods in a more efficient manner than conventional methods like freeze drying or hot air drying.
2) It involves placing a wet food product on a mylar sheet above hot water, where the water and mylar sheet work together to transmit infrared radiation and heat to dry the product quickly in 2-6 minutes.
3) Studies have found refractance window drying produces higher quality dried products than other methods, with lower carotene and nutrient losses. It also uses 50-70% less energy and has lower costs.
This document describes a study that aimed to develop and characterize an adsorbent from rice husk ash to bleach vegetable oils such as palm, palm kernel, and groundnut oils. Rice husk samples were pretreated with different concentrations of HCl and then calcined at 600°C for 3 hours. The optimum conditions were determined to be pretreatment with 2.5M HCl and calcination at 600°C for 3 hours. Under these conditions, the rice husk ash showed the best bleaching potential for palm kernel and palm oils with 2.5M HCl and for groundnut oil with 2M HCl. Characterization of the rice husk ash samples found that acid pretreatment improved the bleaching
Design of a Process Plant for the Production of Poundo YamCSCJournals
This paper explicitly gives the details of the design of an integrated process plant for poundo yam production. The paper covers the deign analysis of each machine involved in the production process of the process plant. Viz a viz peeling and slicing machine; parboiling machine; conveyor; sieving machine; drying machine and grinding machine. It explained the material required for the fabrication of each part of the machines used in the process plant and the cost analysis. A simulation was done to confirm the workability of the design for fabrication purpose. The plant has a capacity of converting 23 tubers of yam(discorea alata) into 250kg of poundo yam in 7hrs.
Drying of agriculture product (Cereals, Pulses and Oilseed ) and Different Dr...Dr. Sanjay Singh Chouhan
This document provides information about drying methods and moisture content determination in agriculture. It discusses:
1) Drying is the oldest method of food preservation and involves removing water from products to extend shelf life. Various drying techniques are described.
2) Moisture content is important for food quality and is typically measured on a wet or dry basis. Direct methods like oven drying and fractional distillation are most accurate but indirect electrical and chemical methods are faster.
3) Different mechanical dryers are outlined including continuous flow, deep bed, flat bed, fluidized bed, and roller dryers. Parameters for selecting an appropriate dryer are also mentioned.
Production of Pulp and Paper from BagasseIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this project sugarcane bagasse was investigated for the potential ofproducing pulp and paper. Experimentally Sudanese Bagasse is pulped applying the soda chemical pulping process. Using an alkali charge of 12.4% Na2O for 140 minutes cooking time at maximum temperature of 160ºC, the screened yield obtained was 50.1% which is acceptable.The unbeaten pulp has shown freeness of 16 SR while beaten pulp for 5min was 37 SR and for 10min has given 44 SR this shows the increase of SR with beating time. This indicates that the drainability of pulp increases with beating.Samples of paper were made from the pulp and tested. The testes show that the brightness and the thickness decreased with the beating time while the tensile index, the burst index and weight increase.The Sudan can be considered as one of the most suitable countries for manufacturing paper and pulp because of the availability of raw material. It is recommended to investigate establishing a paper factory in Sudan because all the possibilities are available
Refractive window drying - a novel technologyMahesh Khatri
refractive window drying is a novel technology which can be use to dry the semi solid, puree and paste type of product. the advantage of this drying technology, its minimising drying time, and provides better quality product with higher retention of nutrients in comparison with other conventional drying techniques.
Grain crop drying, handling, and storage involves several key steps:
1) Bin sanitation which includes cleaning aeration ducts, augers, floors and removing debris before loading grain.
2) Loading grain in a way that optimizes storage, such as using augers at slow speeds and a spreader to fill bins evenly.
3) Aeration to cool dried grain to 30-35°F using fans in positive or negative pressure, with the goal of moving the cooling front completely through the grain mass.
4) Monitoring grain temperatures and inspecting bins regularly for insects or hot spots.
The document discusses jute as a packaging material. Jute is a natural fiber that comes from the stems and ribbons of the jute plant. It is low-cost and environmentally friendly. The document outlines the chemical and physical properties of jute fibers, how jute is cultivated and produced, and its various uses in packaging applications such as bags, twine, matting, and non-woven materials. Jute packaging is beneficial due to jute's low production costs and biodegradability.
This document proposes drying conditions for rice and tomato based on computer simulation and fieldwork testing of dryers. For rice, conditions are estimated for an industrial continuous-flow dryer based on measuring air conditions, rice moisture content and temperature at various points. Optimal conditions achieve a final rice moisture content of 10-14% while drying temperature reaches 36-38°C. For tomato, conditions are estimated for a farm solar dryer based on natural air convection heated by solar collectors and auxiliary gas heating. Tomato slices achieve the desired final moisture content of 8-10% after 72-106 hours under typical summer weather.
This document provides an overview of grain drying methods and dryer classification. It begins with an introduction to drying as a method for conditioning grains through moisture removal. Common drying methods are then described, including conduction, convection and radiation. Grain dryers are classified based on thin layer drying vs deep bed drying principles. Various mechanical dryer types are also outlined, including sack, rotary, continuous flow, tray, spray, freeze, vacuum, dielectric, electrical, infrared and fluidized bed dryers. Optimal moisture contents for storing different crops are listed. In conclusion, the document states that dryers play an important role in food security by allowing crops to be stored safely below their critical moisture levels.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document discusses previous research on rice processing machines and organic rice separation. It compares the current study to past studies in terms of the problems addressed, research objectives, methods, tools, outputs, and outcomes. The current study aims to design a rice separation machine to increase the production capacity of organic rice farmers in Sawangan Village, Magelang Regency. It will use creative development methods and Quality Function Deployment to determine machine attributes. The expected result is a machine that can increase yields while being affordable for farmers.
In many parts of the world, the primary source of
energy for vital activities like cooking and space heating is
burning wood and other agricultural products. Increasing
populations using dwindling resource of combustible biomass
materials will eventually result in shortage of those materials
unless and until certain measures are taken to reserve them. One
means of making more efficient use of existing resources is
through the use of briquetting technique. Briquetting involves
collecting combustible materials that are not usable due to lack of
density, compressing them into a solid fuel of a convenient shape
that can be burnt like wood or charcoal. In this investigation
cotton waste was used from Gomti Industry, Bangalore for
making briquette and to get efficient energy by burning it. Solid
waste from flour mill was used as binder. In this research the
composition, compressive strength, calorific value, moisture
content, thermal efficiency, proximate analysis of briquettes were
analysed.
This document provides an overview of drying as an important unit operation in the pharmaceutical industry. It discusses the purposes of drying, different periods of drying, and classifications of dryers. It also describes several types of dryers commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry, including tray dryers, rotary dryers, fluidized bed dryers, freeze dryers, and dryers for slurries and suspensions. Special dryers like microwave and radio frequency dryers are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses various topics related to drying of solids, including the classification of dryers, principles of drying, temperature patterns in dryers, heat transfer during drying, phase equilibria, and the drying curve. It describes different types of dryers such as adiabatic dryers, non-adiabatic dryers, and cross-circulation dryers. It also discusses factors that influence the drying process such as the nature of the solid, methods of contacting the solid and gas, and how drying occurs in three phases - initial, constant rate, and falling rate periods.
This document discusses various drying methods used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It defines drying as removing liquid from a material through heat transfer and evaporation. Several dryer types are described, including drum dryers, spray dryers, tray dryers, tunnel dryers, rotary dryers, fluidized bed dryers, vacuum dryers, and freeze dryers. Each method is explained along with its advantages and disadvantages. Freeze drying and vacuum drying allow heat-sensitive materials to be dried at low temperatures. Larger dryers like spray dryers and rotary dryers provide continuous high-volume drying.
This document discusses drying in pharmaceutical technology. It defines drying as the final removal of water from materials, usually by heat. Drying is important for stability, properties, cost, and handling of materials. The main difference between drying and evaporation is that drying involves removing small amounts of water from solids while evaporation removes larger amounts from liquids. Common drying equipment includes drum dryers, spray dryers, freeze dryers, tray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, and vacuum dryers. Each type of equipment is then briefly described.
The pharmacist's role has expanded to include more interactions with medical laboratories compared to the past. Pharmacists monitoring drug therapy rely on laboratory results to adjust dosing regimens or evaluate side effects. They can consult with the laboratory and medical team on therapeutic drug monitoring and order diagnostic lab tests in some countries across several areas including biochemistry, hematology, coagulation, immunology, and microbiology.
ABF Enterprise manufacturers tray dryers and drying ovens that are used in food processing industries to dry foods like spices, potatoes, fish, and more. The document provides details on the features of the company's tray dryers, including their capacities from 12 to 192 trays, temperature controls, construction materials, heating options, and applications. Tray dryers are designed to efficiently circulate hot air through stacked trays to dry moisture-containing materials. ABF offers various models of tray dryers to suit different industrial drying needs.
S.S. Aggarwal has over 30 years of experience in parboiling technology. It operates plants across India and exports equipment to over 20 countries. It pioneered continuous parboiling processes and has the largest market share as the largest supplier of rice processing equipment from India. It has ongoing research partnerships and has commissioned over 2000 plants worldwide.
1) The document provides information about Zhengzhou Great Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd., including their products such as dryer equipment, related equipment, and contact details. 2) Their main products include microwave vacuum dryers, hot air circulation drying ovens, batch dryers, and digital constant temperature drying machines. 3) They aim to increase customers' productivity while ensuring safety through high quality equipment, resources, technology, and processes.
1) Refractance window drying is a novel drying method that uses infrared radiation to dry foods in a more efficient manner than conventional methods like freeze drying or hot air drying.
2) It involves placing a wet food product on a mylar sheet above hot water, where the water and mylar sheet work together to transmit infrared radiation and heat to dry the product quickly in 2-6 minutes.
3) Studies have found refractance window drying produces higher quality dried products than other methods, with lower carotene and nutrient losses. It also uses 50-70% less energy and has lower costs.
This document describes a study that aimed to develop and characterize an adsorbent from rice husk ash to bleach vegetable oils such as palm, palm kernel, and groundnut oils. Rice husk samples were pretreated with different concentrations of HCl and then calcined at 600°C for 3 hours. The optimum conditions were determined to be pretreatment with 2.5M HCl and calcination at 600°C for 3 hours. Under these conditions, the rice husk ash showed the best bleaching potential for palm kernel and palm oils with 2.5M HCl and for groundnut oil with 2M HCl. Characterization of the rice husk ash samples found that acid pretreatment improved the bleaching
Design of a Process Plant for the Production of Poundo YamCSCJournals
This paper explicitly gives the details of the design of an integrated process plant for poundo yam production. The paper covers the deign analysis of each machine involved in the production process of the process plant. Viz a viz peeling and slicing machine; parboiling machine; conveyor; sieving machine; drying machine and grinding machine. It explained the material required for the fabrication of each part of the machines used in the process plant and the cost analysis. A simulation was done to confirm the workability of the design for fabrication purpose. The plant has a capacity of converting 23 tubers of yam(discorea alata) into 250kg of poundo yam in 7hrs.
Drying of agriculture product (Cereals, Pulses and Oilseed ) and Different Dr...Dr. Sanjay Singh Chouhan
This document provides information about drying methods and moisture content determination in agriculture. It discusses:
1) Drying is the oldest method of food preservation and involves removing water from products to extend shelf life. Various drying techniques are described.
2) Moisture content is important for food quality and is typically measured on a wet or dry basis. Direct methods like oven drying and fractional distillation are most accurate but indirect electrical and chemical methods are faster.
3) Different mechanical dryers are outlined including continuous flow, deep bed, flat bed, fluidized bed, and roller dryers. Parameters for selecting an appropriate dryer are also mentioned.
Production of Pulp and Paper from BagasseIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this project sugarcane bagasse was investigated for the potential ofproducing pulp and paper. Experimentally Sudanese Bagasse is pulped applying the soda chemical pulping process. Using an alkali charge of 12.4% Na2O for 140 minutes cooking time at maximum temperature of 160ºC, the screened yield obtained was 50.1% which is acceptable.The unbeaten pulp has shown freeness of 16 SR while beaten pulp for 5min was 37 SR and for 10min has given 44 SR this shows the increase of SR with beating time. This indicates that the drainability of pulp increases with beating.Samples of paper were made from the pulp and tested. The testes show that the brightness and the thickness decreased with the beating time while the tensile index, the burst index and weight increase.The Sudan can be considered as one of the most suitable countries for manufacturing paper and pulp because of the availability of raw material. It is recommended to investigate establishing a paper factory in Sudan because all the possibilities are available
Refractive window drying - a novel technologyMahesh Khatri
refractive window drying is a novel technology which can be use to dry the semi solid, puree and paste type of product. the advantage of this drying technology, its minimising drying time, and provides better quality product with higher retention of nutrients in comparison with other conventional drying techniques.
Grain crop drying, handling, and storage involves several key steps:
1) Bin sanitation which includes cleaning aeration ducts, augers, floors and removing debris before loading grain.
2) Loading grain in a way that optimizes storage, such as using augers at slow speeds and a spreader to fill bins evenly.
3) Aeration to cool dried grain to 30-35°F using fans in positive or negative pressure, with the goal of moving the cooling front completely through the grain mass.
4) Monitoring grain temperatures and inspecting bins regularly for insects or hot spots.
The document discusses jute as a packaging material. Jute is a natural fiber that comes from the stems and ribbons of the jute plant. It is low-cost and environmentally friendly. The document outlines the chemical and physical properties of jute fibers, how jute is cultivated and produced, and its various uses in packaging applications such as bags, twine, matting, and non-woven materials. Jute packaging is beneficial due to jute's low production costs and biodegradability.
This document proposes drying conditions for rice and tomato based on computer simulation and fieldwork testing of dryers. For rice, conditions are estimated for an industrial continuous-flow dryer based on measuring air conditions, rice moisture content and temperature at various points. Optimal conditions achieve a final rice moisture content of 10-14% while drying temperature reaches 36-38°C. For tomato, conditions are estimated for a farm solar dryer based on natural air convection heated by solar collectors and auxiliary gas heating. Tomato slices achieve the desired final moisture content of 8-10% after 72-106 hours under typical summer weather.
This document provides an overview of grain drying methods and dryer classification. It begins with an introduction to drying as a method for conditioning grains through moisture removal. Common drying methods are then described, including conduction, convection and radiation. Grain dryers are classified based on thin layer drying vs deep bed drying principles. Various mechanical dryer types are also outlined, including sack, rotary, continuous flow, tray, spray, freeze, vacuum, dielectric, electrical, infrared and fluidized bed dryers. Optimal moisture contents for storing different crops are listed. In conclusion, the document states that dryers play an important role in food security by allowing crops to be stored safely below their critical moisture levels.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document discusses previous research on rice processing machines and organic rice separation. It compares the current study to past studies in terms of the problems addressed, research objectives, methods, tools, outputs, and outcomes. The current study aims to design a rice separation machine to increase the production capacity of organic rice farmers in Sawangan Village, Magelang Regency. It will use creative development methods and Quality Function Deployment to determine machine attributes. The expected result is a machine that can increase yields while being affordable for farmers.
In many parts of the world, the primary source of
energy for vital activities like cooking and space heating is
burning wood and other agricultural products. Increasing
populations using dwindling resource of combustible biomass
materials will eventually result in shortage of those materials
unless and until certain measures are taken to reserve them. One
means of making more efficient use of existing resources is
through the use of briquetting technique. Briquetting involves
collecting combustible materials that are not usable due to lack of
density, compressing them into a solid fuel of a convenient shape
that can be burnt like wood or charcoal. In this investigation
cotton waste was used from Gomti Industry, Bangalore for
making briquette and to get efficient energy by burning it. Solid
waste from flour mill was used as binder. In this research the
composition, compressive strength, calorific value, moisture
content, thermal efficiency, proximate analysis of briquettes were
analysed.
This document provides an overview of drying as an important unit operation in the pharmaceutical industry. It discusses the purposes of drying, different periods of drying, and classifications of dryers. It also describes several types of dryers commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry, including tray dryers, rotary dryers, fluidized bed dryers, freeze dryers, and dryers for slurries and suspensions. Special dryers like microwave and radio frequency dryers are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses various topics related to drying of solids, including the classification of dryers, principles of drying, temperature patterns in dryers, heat transfer during drying, phase equilibria, and the drying curve. It describes different types of dryers such as adiabatic dryers, non-adiabatic dryers, and cross-circulation dryers. It also discusses factors that influence the drying process such as the nature of the solid, methods of contacting the solid and gas, and how drying occurs in three phases - initial, constant rate, and falling rate periods.
This document discusses various drying methods used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It defines drying as removing liquid from a material through heat transfer and evaporation. Several dryer types are described, including drum dryers, spray dryers, tray dryers, tunnel dryers, rotary dryers, fluidized bed dryers, vacuum dryers, and freeze dryers. Each method is explained along with its advantages and disadvantages. Freeze drying and vacuum drying allow heat-sensitive materials to be dried at low temperatures. Larger dryers like spray dryers and rotary dryers provide continuous high-volume drying.
This document discusses drying in pharmaceutical technology. It defines drying as the final removal of water from materials, usually by heat. Drying is important for stability, properties, cost, and handling of materials. The main difference between drying and evaporation is that drying involves removing small amounts of water from solids while evaporation removes larger amounts from liquids. Common drying equipment includes drum dryers, spray dryers, freeze dryers, tray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, and vacuum dryers. Each type of equipment is then briefly described.
The pharmacist's role has expanded to include more interactions with medical laboratories compared to the past. Pharmacists monitoring drug therapy rely on laboratory results to adjust dosing regimens or evaluate side effects. They can consult with the laboratory and medical team on therapeutic drug monitoring and order diagnostic lab tests in some countries across several areas including biochemistry, hematology, coagulation, immunology, and microbiology.
ABF Enterprise manufacturers tray dryers and drying ovens that are used in food processing industries to dry foods like spices, potatoes, fish, and more. The document provides details on the features of the company's tray dryers, including their capacities from 12 to 192 trays, temperature controls, construction materials, heating options, and applications. Tray dryers are designed to efficiently circulate hot air through stacked trays to dry moisture-containing materials. ABF offers various models of tray dryers to suit different industrial drying needs.
This document discusses various aspects of drying, including definitions, principles, measurement techniques, and classifications. Drying involves the removal of water or liquid from a solid-liquid mixture to form a dry solid, and differs from evaporation which concentrates solutions. Drying is important for preservation, size reduction, improving product properties, and reducing costs. Drying rates can be constant, falling, or in multiple falling periods. Moisture distributes unevenly in materials in different states. Dryers are classified based on solid handling methods (static, moving, fluidized), heat transfer methods (convection, conduction, etc.), and operating principles. Common dryer types include shelf, tunnel, rotary, fluidized bed, vacuum
Micro-organisms need water in order to grow and reproduce. When moisture is removed from food, it does not kill the microbes but it does stop their growth. Dehydration reduces the water activity level, weight and the bulk of the food and helps to preserve the product.
This document discusses concentration and dehydration of foods. It provides methods for concentrating foods like fruit jelly and candied fruits by partially removing moisture. Dehydration removes almost all water from foods down to 5% moisture. Methods for dehydrating foods include sun drying, hot air drying, microwave vacuum drying and osmotic dehydration. Water activity is defined as the ratio of water vapor pressure in a food to pure water vapor pressure and influences microbial spoilage and texture. Moisture sorption isotherms relate water content to water activity and may exhibit hysteresis.
Presentation by Toni Carroll of Graniterock on how asphalt plants operate, including a discussion about new equipment, technology and environmental controls. Presentation delivered during the CalAPA Fall Asphalt Pavement Conference Oct. 26-27, 2016 in Sacramento, Calif.
The sizing and design of a rotary dryer is a complex process involving a number of factors and considerations. This presentation looks at the importance of custom rotary drum dryer design over a one-size-fits-all solution, and the many material characteristics and environmental factors that should be considered during the design process.
The rotary dryer is a type of industrial dryer that reduces the moisture content of materials by bringing them into direct contact with heated gas. It consists of a cylindrical shell that rotates, allowing material to be fed in at one end and discharged at the lower end as it dries. As the dryer rotates, internal fins lift the material through a hot gas stream to evaporate moisture before it falls back to the bottom. Rotary dryers can dry a wide range of materials effectively and are commonly used in mineral processing to dry products like sands, limestone, ores, and coal.
Based on the information provided:
- Mrs. Tigist's drug-related need is for effective treatment of her depression
- Recommending an OTC sleep aid would not meet this need and could potentially cause harm
- The appropriate action would be to advise Mrs. Tigist that her symptoms suggest she may be depressed and recommend she see her physician for evaluation and treatment
This document provides information on various drying methods and concepts related to drying pharmaceutical materials. It discusses convective drying methods like tray drying and fluidized bed drying. It also covers drum drying, spray drying, vacuum drying, and microwave drying. Key points covered include heat and mass transfer principles in drying, factors that influence drying rate, types of moisture in materials, and terminology used in drying like equilibrium moisture content. Advantages and disadvantages of different drying methods are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of dryers and drying processes. It describes spray dryers, oven dryers, freeze dryers, vacuum dryers, rotary dryers, and drum dryers. For each type of dryer it provides a definition, describes the drying process, and lists some common applications. The key information provided includes how each dryer works by removing moisture from materials using methods like applying heat, reducing pressure, or rotating materials to facilitate drying.
This document discusses various types of drying equipment and processes used to remove moisture from foods and other materials. It describes batch and continuous dryers and provides details on rotary drum, rotary louver, fluidized bed, cabinet tray, tunnel, screw conveyor, spray, and pneumatic dryers. Characteristics such as operating temperatures and air velocities are outlined. Diagrams illustrate the set ups and working of different dryer types.
Similar to Development of a laboratory tunnel dryer Impact Index 4.37 httpssites.google.comsitephotonfoundationorganizationhomejournal-of-mechanical-engineering
This document describes the design and development of a locally made biscuit cabinet dryer for home use in Nigeria. Key points:
- A study was conducted of imported home dryers to inform the design. Calculations and drawings were made to design a 714mm x 574mm x 984mm box-shaped dryer made of mild steel with fiberglass insulation.
- The dryer consists of a drying cabinet containing three perforated trays, a blower for air circulation, and an electric heater for temperature control.
- Testing showed no significant difference in drying performance between the locally made dryer and imported dryers. The locally made dryer can effectively dry biscuits for home use in
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryerijtsrd
Post harvest losses in developing countries have contributed to the unavailability of foodstuff. Estimation of these losses is generally cited to be of the order of 4 but under very adverse conditions, it is estimated as high as 100 . A significant percentage of these losses are related to improper and or untimely preservation of foodstuffs. This research work is therefore aimed at developing a multipurpose solar dryer. The solar dryer consists mainly of solar collector and dryer chamber compartment. The materials used in this research work include based frame, transparent fiberglass cover, an absorber oven baked Aluminium , thermometer, wire gauze, etc. The frame was constructed from a wood bars with a dimension of 900 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm. The dryer chamber is a truncated rectangle and it comprises of a double walls made up of a plain ply board measuring 800 mm x 800 mm x by 500 mm with a transparent fiberglass cover inclined at an angle of 15o. Three different samples namely sample A sliced plantains , sample B sliced yams , and sample C fish were used for test performance evaluation of the developed multipurpose solar dryer. The results obtained reveal that overall heat energy transfer coefficient of 4.91w m0C, dryer chamber rate of 0.654 kg hr., and dryer chamber area of 0.659 m2 were required by the solar dryer. Besides, the solar dryer dried the three samples used in this research work within duration of 8 hours i.e., 9am 5pm . The maximum solar chamber dryer temperature and ambient temperature were recorded as 55.00 oC and 35.46 oC respectively. Besides, the minimum lower temperature values recorded were obtained as 40.45 oC for solar chamber dryer temperature and 29.02 oC for ambient temperature. The improved results obtained with the multipurpose solar dryer were due to improved temperature obtained with the solar dryer chamber. Orhorhoro EK | Aregbe O | Tamuno RI "Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31195.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31195/performance-evaluation-of-a-developed-multipurpose-solar-dryer/orhorhoro-ek
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1. Ph ton 140
Journal of Mechanical Engineering. Photon 123 (2013) 140-145
https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/journal-of-mechanical-engineering
Original Research Article. ISJN: 2951-8372
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Ph ton
Development of a laboratory tunnel dryer for cassava chips drying
Ajala A.S., Adeyemi A.A., Wojuade I.S., Omitoogun S.A.
Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PMB 4000, Nigeria
Article history:
Received: 10 December, 2012
Accepted: 13 January, 2013
Available online: 21 March, 2013
Keywords:
Tunnel dryer, cassava chips, temperature and efficiency
Corresponding Author:
Ajala A.S
Email: ajlad2000@yahoo.com
Abstract
Cassava chips are the most common form in which
dried cassava root are marketed and most
exporting countries produce them. In Nigeria,
cassava chips production is confronted with poor
quality due to conventional drying by spreading it in
the sun. In view of this, an efficient mechanized hot
air drying system is necessary which is affordable
by small scale processors. For this reason, a small
tunnel dryer was developed and tested to evaluate
its efficiency. The dryer had three trucks containing
four trays each making 12 trays. The fan and heater
were attached to one end of the tunnel. Cassava
chips were loaded in the dryer at velocity of 3.0m/s,
temperature of 60, 70 and 80 °C for drying to
evaluate the efficiency of the dryer. The results
showed that the machine had drying efficiency of
66.7%, 75% and 80% at temperatures of 60, 70 and
80 °C respectively. Also the can handle 6 kg of
chips per batch.
Citation:
Ajala A.S, Adeyemi A.A., Wojuade I.S., Omitoogun S.A.,
2013 Development of a laboratory tunnel dryer for
cassava chips drying. Journal of Mechanical Engineering.
Science Photon 123. Photon 123, 140-145.
1. Introduction
The post harvest losses of agricultural produce
can be reduced drastically by using proper
drying technique (Velic, et al., 2007). In
Nigeria and other developing countries of the
world, most of the agricultural plant produce
are harvested during rainy season which
makes preservation by drying difficult and
causing most of the harvested crop to perish.
The same preservation problem affects
cassava in Nigeria. Cassava is the fourth most
important energy staple in the tropics and the
sixth global source of calories in human diets
apart from rice, maize and wheat (FAO, 2004)
and its utilization for industrial purpose such as
starch, alcohol, adhesives and livestock feed
is yet to be maximally used in Nigeria. There is
need to develop preservation technology to
convert the product into stable form for
industrial and export purposes. Cassava is
highly perishable and undergoes post-harvest
physiological deterioration within three days of
harvesting, partly due to the high water
content as well as its rich store of
carbohydrates (Ashaye et al 2005), it is
therefore important to process it into stable
forms that can store for longer periods.
Traditionally, this problem has been overcome
by various processing methods practiced by
farmers, such as fermentation to convert it to
usable product such as garri, fufu and pupuru,
or dry product in form of chips which could
serve as raw material for value added
products such as ethanol, starch and animal
feeds. Cassava chips, a derived cassava
product, are very popular in Africa where it
forms the raw material for the bulk of cassava-
based foods (Ugwu and Ay, 1992).
1.1 Statement of the problem
As a result of growth potential of the cassava
chips, conventional sun drying cannot meet
the high demand for chips hence, some form
of artificial heat drying is required. However,
little if any work has been done in Nigeria to
improve cassava chip drying and hence there
is need to explore a better method of drying to
overcome the challenges encountered in
conventional sun drying. Therefore, tunnel
dryer could be useful to dry cassava chips
because of its adaptability to drying tubers,
fruits and vegetables. The versatility of tunnel
drying is its ability to dry large volume of
product at a time, control temperature, velocity
and volume and uniform distribution of air in
regard to heat transfer and moisture carrying
capacity to obtain the most cost effective
2. Ph ton 141
drying, with maximum product quality (Jim,
2006). This perceived versatility propel the
thrust into this study. Therefore the objective
of this work is to design, construct and
evaluate the efficiency of the tunnel dryer
using cassava chips as the raw material.
2. Material and Methods
2.1 Design Consideration for the Dryer
Development
It is adaptable to both counter current and
concurrent mode of drying. The production
rate was 6kg per batch, number of trucks were
three with four trays each. The initial moisture
content of raw cassava chips was 72% and
the desired final moisture content of the chips
was 13%. Air temperature before entering
dryer was 30 °C and the bulk density of
cassava of raw cassava was 416 kg/m
3
2.2 Description of major components and
materials of construction
2.2.1 Drying chamber (tunnel)
This is where actual drying takes places. It has
three (3) trucks which are loaded periodically
into the chamber. The inside was constructed
with iron bar which served as the skeletal
frame of the dryer which was then covered
with a galvanized plate because of its
corrosion resistance property, availability and
cheapness. The outer covering was made
from aluminium sheet because of its
malleability, ductility, lightness and cheapness.
The length of the tunnel was 1.3 m with a
breadth of 0.35 m and a height of 0.80 m.
2.2.2 Electric heater
The electric heater supplied heat to the drying
chamber for drying of the product (cassava). A
heater of 1.8 kW was used in the dryer to
supply the heat needed for the drying
operation.
2.2.3 Blower (fan)
The fan was used to circulate heated air in the
drying chamber. For effective drying system,
the use of a centrifugal fan that can deliver
3.64 inches water pressure and 2 Hp was
employed.
2.2.4 Trucks
The tunnel consists of three (3) trucks with
each truck containing four (4) trays. The truck
was made from mild steel and it contained
roller wheels for easy movement in the
chamber. It has a length and breadth of 0.30
m x0.30 m and a height of 0.80 m.
2.2.5 Trays
These are flat, square –shaped containers
which contain the product to be dried. They
are made from galvanized plate, so that the
water from the product would not corrode the
surface. The dryer consists of twelve (12) trays
in total. The tray has a length and breadth of
0.25mx0.20m and a height of 0.01 m.
2.2.6 Pipe
The pipe which is made from iron material of
diameter 50 mm allows hot wet air form the
chamber to be recycled back as dry air into
chamber.
2.2.7 Electrical components
The wires are used to connect the heater and
the blower to an electrical power source. The
thermocouple is used for censoring the
temperature rise in the dryer and the
temperature regulator is used to regulate
temperature to the actual temperature of
drying.
2.2.8 Centre exhaust
This is a small square-shaped perforated
opening for allowing the passage of wet hot air
out of the drying chamber. It is situated on the
drying chamber of the tunnel dryer.
Figure 2.1: Exploded view of the tunnel dryer
showing its different parts
2.3 Design calculations
2.3.1 Calculation for the volume of cassava
chips on the trays
Mass of cassava chips per batch= 6 kg
From the relationship
Volume= Mass/ Density
= 6/416
=0.014 m3
Each tray will carry 0.001 m
3
of raw cassava
chips
3. Ph ton 142
2.3.2 Description of the trays
Figure 2.2: Schematic diagram of the tray
0.01m
0.20m
2.3.2 Description of the trays
Length of tray=0.25 m
Breadth of the tray= 0.20 m
Height of the tray= 0.01 m
Area of the tray = LxB
= 0.25x0.20
= 0.05 m
2
Volume of the tray= LxBxH
= 0.25x0.2x0.1
= 0.005 m
3
2.3.3 Description of the truck
Figure 2.3: Sketch of the truck
0.3m
0.702m
Height of the truck = Height of the tray +
spaces between trays + height of roller
Wheel + clearance on the truck
= (0.1)4 + 3(0.1) +0.01 + 0.01
= 0.702m
Length of the truck = length of the tray +
allowance for easy movement
= (0.25+ 0.05)
= 0.30m
Breadth of the truck= 0.3m
Area of each truck = L x B
= (0.3 x 0.9) m2
= 0.09m2
2.3.4 Design for drying chamber of the tunnel
Length of the drying chamber = length of each
truck x number of trucks + spaces
between the truck
=0.3(3) m + 0.1 (4) m
=1.3 m
Breadth of the drying chamber =0.35 m
Height of the truck =0.8 m
Area of the drying chamber = LxB
= 1.3 x 0.35
= 0.455 m2
Volume of the drying chamber = LxBxH
= (1.3 x 0.35 x 0.8) m
3
=0.364 m
3
2.3.5 Design space for whole components of
the tunnel
Length of the whole tunnel =Length of drying
chamber + spaces for heater chamber+ place
for fan
= 1.3 + 0.2 + 0.5
=2.0 m
Breadth of the whole tunnel = Breadth of the
truck + allowance for clearance
= {0.35 + 0.05} m
= 0.40 m
Area of the whole tunnel = L x B
= (2.0 x 0.4) m
2
= 0.8 m
2
Volume of the whole tunnel = L x B x H
= (0.8 x 0.8) m
3
= 0.64 m
3
2.3.6 Selection of the heater
Feed (mw) = 6 kg
Intended drying time = 10 hours
Initial moisture content of the cassava chips =
72%
Desired final moisture content = 13%
Therefore,
72100
x
m
mm
w
dw
Where mw is the mass of wet cassava chips
md is the mass of dry cassava chips
72100
6
6
x
md
md = 1.68 kg
Mass of water to be removed = mass of wet
cassava- mass of dry cassava
= (6- 1.68) kg
=4.32 kg
Quantity of heat required to remove the water
= quantity of heat on the cassava
chips + latent heat of evaporation of
water inside the chips
Specific heat of fresh cassava chips = 3.41
kJ/kg °C (Grace, 1971)
0.25m
4. Ph ton 143
Latent heat = 4.186 x10
3
{(597- 0.56(Tpr)}
(Youcef- Ali et al., 2001)
Where Tpr is the product temperature
Q = mass of cassava chips x specific heat of
the chips x temperature difference +
Mass of water x 4.186 x10
3
{(597- 0.56(Tpr)}
= 6 x 3.41 x (80-30) + 4.32 x 4.186 {(597- 0.56
(60)}
= (1023 + 9985.72) kJ
= 11008.72kJ
Power of heater to be used = Quantity of heat
/Time
= 11008.72/ (2.5 x
3600)
= 1.22 kW
From the above calculation, a heater of about
1.8kW should be used for better efficiency.
2.3.7 Selection of fan
Length of the drying chamber (previously
calculated) = 1.3 m
Breadth of the drying chamber (previously
calculated) = 0.35m
Height at which chips fill each tray
= 0.05 m
Total depth of chips for 12 trays
= 12 x 0.05
=0.6 m
Volume of the material in the tunnel (m
3
) = 1.3
x 0.35 x 0.6
= 0.234 m
3
Range of air velocity necessary for drying food
products as recommended is 0.5-3.7 m/s
(Bullent et al., 2009; Ndukwu 2009)
In this design, a maximum velocity of 3 m/s
was used
Air flow rate = air velocity x area of drying
=3x1.3x0.35=1.365 m
3
/s
It is necessary to convert the value of the
volumetric flow rate to cubic per minute (cfm)
for standard fan selection
1 cfm = 4.91747 x 10
-4
m
3
/sec (Adzimah and
Seckley, 2009).
Therefore, 1.365 m
3
/s = 2775.8 cfm
Static pressure of cassava has moisture
content close to that of potato, so a static
pressure of 1.2 inches per foot depth is taken
(Tavernetfi and Henderson, 1959).
From previous calculation,
Total depth of chips = 0.6 m = 1.97 ft
Static pressure loss equation = total depth of
chip x static pressure per foot
= 1.97 x 1.2
= 2.364 inch of water
If there are foreign materials in the chips, the
static pressure is multiplied by 1.5 (Adzimah
and Seckley, 2009).
Therefore, the static pressure due to
resistance of air flow by chips = 1.5 x 2.364
=3.64 inches of water
efficiencyfanx6320
pressurestaticx totalratesflowairvolume=(P)powerhorseFan
Most industrial fan have efficiency between
70- 85% (Adzimah and Seckley, 2009)
Hence,
85.06320
64.32775.8
x
x
P
= 1.88 Hp
A centrifugal fan with 2.0 Hp and 3.64 inches
water pressure was used. A centrifugal flow
fan is used to ensure proper distribution of air
to the drying chamber and for effective heat
distribution (Holman, 1998)
Assuming a loss of 2% of the quantity of heat
produced,
Quantity of heat per second= 1.8 kW (from
previous calculation)
2.3.8 Design for insulation
Figure 2.4: Thickness of the materials for construction
xg xs xa
T1 = 30
°
c
T2 = 80
0
c
Aluminium
Fiber glass
Galvanized plate
5. Ph ton 144
2% of 1.8kW =36w
The maximum temperature in the drying
chamber should not exceed 120 °C
][
a
a
s
s
g
g
k
x
k
x
k
x
A
q
T
T = T1-T2 is the change in temperature °C
T1 = Outside temperature = 32 °C
T2 = Temperature in the drying chamber =100
°C
q = Quantity of heat loss from the chamber =
31.65W
A = Area of the drying chamber = 0.28 m
2
xg = Thickness of the galvanized plate = 0.24
mn = 2.4 x 10
-4
m
xs = Thickness of the fibre glass = ?
xa = Thickness of the aluminum sheet = 0.26
mm =2.6x 10
-4
m
Kg = Thermal conductivity of the galvanized
plate = 56w/m °C
Kf = Thermal conductivity of the fibre glass =
0.048 W/m °C
Ka = Thermal conductivity of the aluminium
sheet = 204 w/m °C
]
204
106.2
048.056
104.2
[
28.0
36
30120
33
xxx s
90 =128.57{4.29x10
-5
+ 048.0
sx
+1.27 x10
-5
]
sx = 0.033m=33mm
Hence fibre glass of 35 mm thick should be
used for safety reason.
2.4 Experimental set up in the dryer
2.4.1 Objective of research
The research is aimed at providing solution to
the poor quality of cassava chips produced in
Nigeria. Previous study has shown that the
major challenge facing chips production in
Nigeria is the drying system. This is the
problem the research wanted to address by
developing a better drying system that can
produce a better cassava chips for both
domestic and foreign uses
2.4.2 The drying process
Freshly harvested cassava roots from Ladoke
Akintola University of Technology Teaching
and Research Farm, Oyo state, Nigeria was
used for the experiment. The experiment was
carried out in 2012. The cassava was sorted to
select the appropriate roots, washed with
clean, potable water and allowed to drain. The
cassava roots was peeled and diced with
knives into dimensions: 5 cm x1 cmx 1 cm.
Drying of the chips was carried out in the
tunnel dryer developed. The dryer was run for
1 hour to stabilize the environmental condition
by adjusting it to the desired temperature and
air velocity before introducing fresh cassava
chips on the trays in the drying chamber and
be subjected to drying to safe moisture level of
13 % (Ashaye et al., 2005). The mass of
cassava chips in the truck used was 1.2 kg.
Once the moisture content of the chips
reached 13 %, the chips were packaged into
polythene bags. Three temperatures namely
60, 70 and 80 °C were used in the drying
experiments to determine the efficiency of the
machine. Also the effect of temperatures on
moisture loss was studied.
2.4.3 Determination of the dryer efficiency
The energy efficiency for convective dryers
can be calculated using equation below based
on the temperature of the drying medium at
the inlet (Tin), outlet, (Tout) and the ambient air
temperature (Tamb) according to Mujumdar
1995.
Efficiency of the convective dryer ( con) =
1
%100
ambin
outin
TT
TT
Temperature of drying air at inlet were, 60, 70
and 80 °C, temperature ambient was 30 °C
while outlet air temperature from the dryer was
40 °C.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Result of the efficiency of the dryer
The result of the efficiency of the dryer is as
shown in Table 3.1. There was increase in
dryer efficiency as temperature of drying
increased from 60 °C to 80 °C. This is true
because at higher dry bulb temperatures, air
delivers higher enthalpy to remove moisture
from food products thereby reducing drying
time. Therefore researchers such as Shawn et
al. (2010) recommended higher temperature
and air velocity for drying. Although Tin and Tout
tended to fluctuate as fresh products were
introduced into the dryer, higher temperature
drying would quickly compensate for the
fluctuations and stabilize the system.
3.2 Effect of temperature on the drying pattern
of the chips
Figure 3.1 shows the effect of temperatures on
moisture loss of cassava chips during drying. It
took 10 hours to dry the product at 80 °C, 12
hours at 70 °C and 13 hours at 60 °C. The
reason was that higher temperatures induced
faster drying in food products than lower
6. Ph ton 145
temperatures thereby reduce drying time. In
other words, increase in air temperature
improved drying by affecting both the external
and internal mechanisms of moisture flow.
This observation has been reported severally
by other researchers such as Ajala et al 2012,
Paul et al. (2009)
Table 3.1: Efficiency of the dryer at different
temperatures
Temperatures (°C)
Dryer efficiency ( con) %
60
70
80
66.7
75
80
Figure 3.1: Moisture content against drying time
Moisture Content against Time
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
0 5 10 15
Time (hr)
Moisturecontent(kgwater/kg
solid)
(60°C)
(70°C)
(80°C)
Conclusion
The dryer could dry 6 kg per batch operation
and has galvanized plate to prevent corrosion
which can consequently contaminate the food
products. It is hoped that it will pave way for
success in cassava chip production for
medium scale farmers which will eventually
attract large scale investors and consequently
improve the economy through proper material
handling and production.
Further study could be optimization of the
dryer and more important is the automation of
the tunnel dryer system.
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