IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An accelerometer is a device that measures acceleration forces, either static like gravity or dynamic caused by movement. It works by measuring the displacement of a spring-loaded mass. Accelerometers are used in many applications including tilt sensing, movement detection, freefall detection, car crash detection, medical devices, navigation, and more. There are 2-axis and 3-axis accelerometers, with the 2-axis Memsic 2125 measuring acceleration on two axes and the 3-axis MMA7260 measuring on three axes with selectable sensitivity ranges. An accelerometer's output can be read to detect changes in acceleration on each axis.
The document describes the design of a dual-axis capacitive MEMS accelerometer for use in automotive crash detection. It includes:
- A layout with a proof mass suspended by springs and surrounded by fixed and sensing fingers to measure capacitance changes in the x and y axes.
- Calculations of resting capacitance between fingers and the capacitance change expected under acceleration.
- Design goals for the accelerometer to sense 5g accelerations for crash detection.
- Details of the silicon-on-glass fabrication process using photolithography and etching to create the accelerometer.
- Testing results showing the initial capacitance measurements in both axes and minimal further capacitance change when voltages were applied
This document discusses accelerometers and their types and applications. It describes four main types of accelerometers: mechanical, capacitive, piezoelectric, and micro-chip. It explains that accelerometers measure acceleration forces and the majority are based on piezoelectric crystals. Some applications of accelerometers mentioned include engineering, industry, medical, navigation, and safety features in automobiles like airbags. The document also discusses using accelerometers for vibration monitoring of machines to observe machine health.
Answer you will get after reading it -
What is an accelerometer?
How The work?
Static vs Dynamic acceleration
Piezoelectric Accelerometer
Piezoresistive Accelerometer
Capacitive accelerometers
Seismic accelerometer
Thermal convection accelerometer
Hall Effect Accelerometer
Accelerometer introduction, working, types, advantages and diadvantages are well explained for all the types of accelerometer focusing on automobile applications
Evaluation of dynamics | Gyroscope, Accelerometer, Inertia Measuring Unit and...Robo India
Robo India presents theory and working principles of Inertia Measuring unit (IMU), gyroscope, accelerometer and Kalman Filter. It is an important controlling part of unmanned Arial vehicles (UAV)
We have named it as evaluation of dynamics.
We welcome all of your views and queries, we are found at-
website: http://roboindia.com
mail- info@roboindia.com
This content is about Inertial Sensor Systems. An Inertial Measurement Unit, commonly known as an IMU, is an electronic device that measures and reports orientation, velocity, and gravitational forces through the use of accelerometers and gyroscopes and often magnetometers.
Smart fluid self adaptive damper system (sfsads)ijmech
This paper is on fluid damper systems, which is self-adaptive and used to increase the speed and acceleration of vehicles. In normal dampers there is a time lag leading to break in contact between the wheel and the road reducing the acceleration. Now, our idea is about making the suspension adapt to varying road conditions. Due to irregularities in asphalt, a change occurs in the suspension damper position with the aid of the magnetic field and causes the suspension to change from softer to harder and vice versa giving more acceleration and increasing the pace of the vehicle.
An accelerometer is a device that measures acceleration forces, either static like gravity or dynamic caused by movement. It works by measuring the displacement of a spring-loaded mass. Accelerometers are used in many applications including tilt sensing, movement detection, freefall detection, car crash detection, medical devices, navigation, and more. There are 2-axis and 3-axis accelerometers, with the 2-axis Memsic 2125 measuring acceleration on two axes and the 3-axis MMA7260 measuring on three axes with selectable sensitivity ranges. An accelerometer's output can be read to detect changes in acceleration on each axis.
The document describes the design of a dual-axis capacitive MEMS accelerometer for use in automotive crash detection. It includes:
- A layout with a proof mass suspended by springs and surrounded by fixed and sensing fingers to measure capacitance changes in the x and y axes.
- Calculations of resting capacitance between fingers and the capacitance change expected under acceleration.
- Design goals for the accelerometer to sense 5g accelerations for crash detection.
- Details of the silicon-on-glass fabrication process using photolithography and etching to create the accelerometer.
- Testing results showing the initial capacitance measurements in both axes and minimal further capacitance change when voltages were applied
This document discusses accelerometers and their types and applications. It describes four main types of accelerometers: mechanical, capacitive, piezoelectric, and micro-chip. It explains that accelerometers measure acceleration forces and the majority are based on piezoelectric crystals. Some applications of accelerometers mentioned include engineering, industry, medical, navigation, and safety features in automobiles like airbags. The document also discusses using accelerometers for vibration monitoring of machines to observe machine health.
Answer you will get after reading it -
What is an accelerometer?
How The work?
Static vs Dynamic acceleration
Piezoelectric Accelerometer
Piezoresistive Accelerometer
Capacitive accelerometers
Seismic accelerometer
Thermal convection accelerometer
Hall Effect Accelerometer
Accelerometer introduction, working, types, advantages and diadvantages are well explained for all the types of accelerometer focusing on automobile applications
Evaluation of dynamics | Gyroscope, Accelerometer, Inertia Measuring Unit and...Robo India
Robo India presents theory and working principles of Inertia Measuring unit (IMU), gyroscope, accelerometer and Kalman Filter. It is an important controlling part of unmanned Arial vehicles (UAV)
We have named it as evaluation of dynamics.
We welcome all of your views and queries, we are found at-
website: http://roboindia.com
mail- info@roboindia.com
This content is about Inertial Sensor Systems. An Inertial Measurement Unit, commonly known as an IMU, is an electronic device that measures and reports orientation, velocity, and gravitational forces through the use of accelerometers and gyroscopes and often magnetometers.
Smart fluid self adaptive damper system (sfsads)ijmech
This paper is on fluid damper systems, which is self-adaptive and used to increase the speed and acceleration of vehicles. In normal dampers there is a time lag leading to break in contact between the wheel and the road reducing the acceleration. Now, our idea is about making the suspension adapt to varying road conditions. Due to irregularities in asphalt, a change occurs in the suspension damper position with the aid of the magnetic field and causes the suspension to change from softer to harder and vice versa giving more acceleration and increasing the pace of the vehicle.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A short presentation on MEMS gyroscope. Contents are as below:
Gyroscope
Gyroscopic Principle
Introduction to MEMS
MEMS Gyroscope
Fundamental Concept and Design Principle
Working Principle
Fabrication Technologies
Applications & Future Scope
Conclusion
References
Eddy current brakes use magnetic fields to induce eddy currents in a conductive surface, like a metal disc, which then generate drag due to Lenz's law. They have advantages over traditional braking systems like being more eco-friendly since they don't produce wear debris and can generate higher braking forces for high speed systems. An eddy current brake consists of a stationary electromagnet and a solid metal disc rotor with a small air gap between them. When the magnetic field changes due to the disc's rotation, eddy currents are induced in the disc which interact with the magnetic field to slow the disc's rotation via electromagnetic braking forces without direct contact. Eddy current brakes are used in applications like trains
Inertial sensors measure and report a body's specific force, angular rate, and sometimes the magnetic field surrounding the body using a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and sometimes magnetometers. Accelerometers measure the rate of change of velocity. Gyroscopes measure orientation and angular velocity. Magnetometers detect the magnetic field around the body and find north direction. Inertial sensors are used in inertial navigation systems for military and aircraft and in applications like smartphones for screen orientation and games. They face challenges from accumulated error over time and limitations of MEMS components.
Use of mems based motion sensors in embeddedPallav Jha
This document discusses MEMS-based motion sensors and their use in mobile applications. It describes that MEMS sensors like gyroscopes and accelerometers can be used to determine the precise position and orientation of mobile devices in 3D space. Gyroscopes detect angular rotation using the Coriolis effect. Accelerometers measure acceleration using capacitive plates. When combined, gyroscopes and accelerometers provide 6 degrees of freedom motion tracking through an inertial measurement unit. The document outlines the operating principles, components, and performance parameters of MEMS gyroscopes and accelerometers.
Presentation on vechile operator safetyShivam Sharma
Electronic sensors can improve safety for operators of off-road vehicles by monitoring the vehicle's operating conditions and alignment. This document discusses three types of sensors that can be used: tilt sensors detect the vehicle's horizontal alignment, inductive position sensors monitor the position of moving parts, and pressure sensors check the hydraulic system. Each sensor type is exposed to harsh environmental conditions but can help warn operators if the vehicle or its load is at risk.
This document discusses wind farm design and optimization. It begins with an introduction to wakes, which are velocity deficits created by wind turbines that extract kinetic energy from the air. Wake effects result in energy losses within wind farms. The document then covers wake models, including engineering models and more advanced 3D models used in the industry. It also discusses wake effects within wind farms, including increased turbulence and reduced velocity. The document concludes by mentioning optimization techniques used to minimize wake losses, such as wind farm layout optimization and active wake control methods like pitch control and yaw misalignment. Overall, the document provides an overview of wakes and wake modeling, and how understanding wakes can help optimize wind farm design.
The document describes an electromagnetic shock absorber project report submitted by five students. It includes sections on the introduction, literature review, problem statement, components and description, results and discussions, scope for future work, and references. The project involves designing an electromagnetic shock absorber that uses repulsive magnetic forces between permanent magnets and an electromagnet to absorb shock loads in vehicles. It provides details on the mechanical and electrical components of the design as well as theoretical analyses and considerations for manufacturing.
Eddy current brakes use electromagnetic induction to slow or stop moving objects. When a conductive object moves through a magnetic field, eddy currents are induced within the object that oppose the motion based on Lenz's law. An eddy current brake consists of a conductive disc or bar that rotates through an electromagnetic field, where the induced eddy currents create drag. Common applications include trains, rollercoasters, and industrial machinery to provide contactless, wear-free braking controlled through electromagnets.
This document discusses ultrasonic motors (USMs). USMs use a piezoelectric material as an actuator to generate high-frequency mechanical vibrations in a stator. When a rotor is placed in frictional contact with the stator, it is driven by these vibrations without requiring electrical contacts. USMs offer advantages like high torque, efficiency, power-to-weight ratio, and ability to work in extreme environments. However, they require high-frequency power supplies and the piezoelectric materials used are expensive. Potential applications of USMs include cameras, watches, automotive components, robotics, aerospace and medical devices.
This document discusses a study on the application of eddy current brakes in automobiles. It begins with an introduction to eddy current brakes, explaining that they slow objects by dissipating kinetic energy as heat using opposing eddy currents induced by a magnetic field. It then covers the principles and types of eddy current brakes, how they work using electromagnetic induction, their advantages like being non-mechanical and fully resettable, and their disadvantages like diminished braking force at low speeds. It concludes by discussing applications of eddy current brakes for additional safety on long mountain descents and for high-speed vehicles.
MEMS Pressure difference based GyroscopeNemish Kanwar
This document discusses the design and simulation of a thermal MEMS gyroscope. It begins with background on gyroscopes and different MEMS gyroscope designs, including tuning fork, vibrating wheel, and wine glass resonator designs. It then focuses on the design, modification, modeling, and COMSOL simulation of a thermal MEMS gyroscope. The simulation aims to analyze the effects of angular rate on the pressure difference of the thermal gyroscope design to evaluate its sensitivity and applicability. Further research is recommended to improve the simplified model and simulation.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on ultrasonic motors. It describes how ultrasonic motors work using the piezoelectric effect to convert electric energy to motion. Ultrasonic motors offer advantages over electromagnetic motors like high torque, accuracy, and lack of magnetic interference. They can be used in applications requiring small precise motions like cameras, watches, robots, and hardware positioning. While ultrasonic motors have advantages, further research is needed to reduce friction and piezoelectric material costs to improve their usefulness.
This Project was directed at creating an integrated electric motor and eddy current brake. This combination is designed to be used in the automotive industry as an electric all-wheel drive system that can be managed by available traction and stability control technology. This project addresses the physical concept of using an induced electromagnetic field to slow the proposed vehicle speed. The main goal is lessening the lifetime maintenance of a vehicle and eliminating several high maintenance items. This system is designed as a “frictionless” system and although it is not completely frictionless it eliminates the need for standard hydraulic brake pads and rotors which wear and fail due to friction material loss. This saves the consumer's time and money in maintenance.
Eddy currents are loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the conductor, due to Faraday's law of induction. Eddy currents flow in closed loops within conductors, in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field.
The magnitude of the current in a given loop is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, the area of the loop, and the rate of change of flux, and inversely proportional to the resistivity of the material.
Mems accelerometer designing and fabricationprashant singh
This document provides an overview of MEMS capacitive accelerometers, including their design, fabrication, and applications. It first introduces MEMS and how accelerometers operate based on inertial sensing of acceleration. It then describes the basic operation principle and key components of a capacitive accelerometer, how capacitance changes are used to detect acceleration. The fabrication process is outlined, involving silicon etching and deposition steps to create the capacitive comb structure. Finally, common applications are listed, such as crash detection in automobiles, image stabilization in cameras, and navigation in aerospace.
This document presents a feature clustering algorithm to reduce the dimensionality of feature vectors for text classification. The algorithm groups words in documents into clusters based on similarity, with each cluster characterized by a membership function. Words not similar to existing clusters form new clusters. This avoids specifying features in advance and the need for trial and error. Experimental results showed the method can classify text faster and with better extracted features than other methods.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A short presentation on MEMS gyroscope. Contents are as below:
Gyroscope
Gyroscopic Principle
Introduction to MEMS
MEMS Gyroscope
Fundamental Concept and Design Principle
Working Principle
Fabrication Technologies
Applications & Future Scope
Conclusion
References
Eddy current brakes use magnetic fields to induce eddy currents in a conductive surface, like a metal disc, which then generate drag due to Lenz's law. They have advantages over traditional braking systems like being more eco-friendly since they don't produce wear debris and can generate higher braking forces for high speed systems. An eddy current brake consists of a stationary electromagnet and a solid metal disc rotor with a small air gap between them. When the magnetic field changes due to the disc's rotation, eddy currents are induced in the disc which interact with the magnetic field to slow the disc's rotation via electromagnetic braking forces without direct contact. Eddy current brakes are used in applications like trains
Inertial sensors measure and report a body's specific force, angular rate, and sometimes the magnetic field surrounding the body using a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and sometimes magnetometers. Accelerometers measure the rate of change of velocity. Gyroscopes measure orientation and angular velocity. Magnetometers detect the magnetic field around the body and find north direction. Inertial sensors are used in inertial navigation systems for military and aircraft and in applications like smartphones for screen orientation and games. They face challenges from accumulated error over time and limitations of MEMS components.
Use of mems based motion sensors in embeddedPallav Jha
This document discusses MEMS-based motion sensors and their use in mobile applications. It describes that MEMS sensors like gyroscopes and accelerometers can be used to determine the precise position and orientation of mobile devices in 3D space. Gyroscopes detect angular rotation using the Coriolis effect. Accelerometers measure acceleration using capacitive plates. When combined, gyroscopes and accelerometers provide 6 degrees of freedom motion tracking through an inertial measurement unit. The document outlines the operating principles, components, and performance parameters of MEMS gyroscopes and accelerometers.
Presentation on vechile operator safetyShivam Sharma
Electronic sensors can improve safety for operators of off-road vehicles by monitoring the vehicle's operating conditions and alignment. This document discusses three types of sensors that can be used: tilt sensors detect the vehicle's horizontal alignment, inductive position sensors monitor the position of moving parts, and pressure sensors check the hydraulic system. Each sensor type is exposed to harsh environmental conditions but can help warn operators if the vehicle or its load is at risk.
This document discusses wind farm design and optimization. It begins with an introduction to wakes, which are velocity deficits created by wind turbines that extract kinetic energy from the air. Wake effects result in energy losses within wind farms. The document then covers wake models, including engineering models and more advanced 3D models used in the industry. It also discusses wake effects within wind farms, including increased turbulence and reduced velocity. The document concludes by mentioning optimization techniques used to minimize wake losses, such as wind farm layout optimization and active wake control methods like pitch control and yaw misalignment. Overall, the document provides an overview of wakes and wake modeling, and how understanding wakes can help optimize wind farm design.
The document describes an electromagnetic shock absorber project report submitted by five students. It includes sections on the introduction, literature review, problem statement, components and description, results and discussions, scope for future work, and references. The project involves designing an electromagnetic shock absorber that uses repulsive magnetic forces between permanent magnets and an electromagnet to absorb shock loads in vehicles. It provides details on the mechanical and electrical components of the design as well as theoretical analyses and considerations for manufacturing.
Eddy current brakes use electromagnetic induction to slow or stop moving objects. When a conductive object moves through a magnetic field, eddy currents are induced within the object that oppose the motion based on Lenz's law. An eddy current brake consists of a conductive disc or bar that rotates through an electromagnetic field, where the induced eddy currents create drag. Common applications include trains, rollercoasters, and industrial machinery to provide contactless, wear-free braking controlled through electromagnets.
This document discusses ultrasonic motors (USMs). USMs use a piezoelectric material as an actuator to generate high-frequency mechanical vibrations in a stator. When a rotor is placed in frictional contact with the stator, it is driven by these vibrations without requiring electrical contacts. USMs offer advantages like high torque, efficiency, power-to-weight ratio, and ability to work in extreme environments. However, they require high-frequency power supplies and the piezoelectric materials used are expensive. Potential applications of USMs include cameras, watches, automotive components, robotics, aerospace and medical devices.
This document discusses a study on the application of eddy current brakes in automobiles. It begins with an introduction to eddy current brakes, explaining that they slow objects by dissipating kinetic energy as heat using opposing eddy currents induced by a magnetic field. It then covers the principles and types of eddy current brakes, how they work using electromagnetic induction, their advantages like being non-mechanical and fully resettable, and their disadvantages like diminished braking force at low speeds. It concludes by discussing applications of eddy current brakes for additional safety on long mountain descents and for high-speed vehicles.
MEMS Pressure difference based GyroscopeNemish Kanwar
This document discusses the design and simulation of a thermal MEMS gyroscope. It begins with background on gyroscopes and different MEMS gyroscope designs, including tuning fork, vibrating wheel, and wine glass resonator designs. It then focuses on the design, modification, modeling, and COMSOL simulation of a thermal MEMS gyroscope. The simulation aims to analyze the effects of angular rate on the pressure difference of the thermal gyroscope design to evaluate its sensitivity and applicability. Further research is recommended to improve the simplified model and simulation.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on ultrasonic motors. It describes how ultrasonic motors work using the piezoelectric effect to convert electric energy to motion. Ultrasonic motors offer advantages over electromagnetic motors like high torque, accuracy, and lack of magnetic interference. They can be used in applications requiring small precise motions like cameras, watches, robots, and hardware positioning. While ultrasonic motors have advantages, further research is needed to reduce friction and piezoelectric material costs to improve their usefulness.
This Project was directed at creating an integrated electric motor and eddy current brake. This combination is designed to be used in the automotive industry as an electric all-wheel drive system that can be managed by available traction and stability control technology. This project addresses the physical concept of using an induced electromagnetic field to slow the proposed vehicle speed. The main goal is lessening the lifetime maintenance of a vehicle and eliminating several high maintenance items. This system is designed as a “frictionless” system and although it is not completely frictionless it eliminates the need for standard hydraulic brake pads and rotors which wear and fail due to friction material loss. This saves the consumer's time and money in maintenance.
Eddy currents are loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the conductor, due to Faraday's law of induction. Eddy currents flow in closed loops within conductors, in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field.
The magnitude of the current in a given loop is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, the area of the loop, and the rate of change of flux, and inversely proportional to the resistivity of the material.
Mems accelerometer designing and fabricationprashant singh
This document provides an overview of MEMS capacitive accelerometers, including their design, fabrication, and applications. It first introduces MEMS and how accelerometers operate based on inertial sensing of acceleration. It then describes the basic operation principle and key components of a capacitive accelerometer, how capacitance changes are used to detect acceleration. The fabrication process is outlined, involving silicon etching and deposition steps to create the capacitive comb structure. Finally, common applications are listed, such as crash detection in automobiles, image stabilization in cameras, and navigation in aerospace.
This document presents a feature clustering algorithm to reduce the dimensionality of feature vectors for text classification. The algorithm groups words in documents into clusters based on similarity, with each cluster characterized by a membership function. Words not similar to existing clusters form new clusters. This avoids specifying features in advance and the need for trial and error. Experimental results showed the method can classify text faster and with better extracted features than other methods.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of ZnO thin films deposited by chemical bath deposition technique. ZnO thin films were deposited on silica glass substrates in a chemical bath containing zinc chloride and ammonia at 70°C for 70 minutes. Elemental composition analysis using EDAX confirmed the formation of ZnO. SEM images showed the films had a nanorod morphology. The band gap was determined to be 2.72 eV for the as-deposited film and decreased to 2.66 eV and 2.60 eV for films annealed at 200°C and 300°C, respectively, due to improved crystallinity.
This document summarizes a study on the performance of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids used with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique in turning AISI 1040 steel. Nano graphite powder of 80nm particle size was mixed in varying proportions from 0.0% to 0.5% by weight in water soluble oil. Experiments were conducted using HSS and cemented carbide tools under dry, flood coolant and MQL conditions at different flow rates. Results showed that MQL with nano graphite fluids significantly reduced surface roughness, tool wear, cutting forces and temperatures compared to dry and flood coolant conditions. The highest reductions were observed with 0.3-0.5% nano graphite concentration
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes a study that measured the specific heat of xanthan gum solutions using a Joules calorimeter method. The specific heat was measured over a range of temperatures (293.15-333.15 K) and concentrations (0.1-0.6% w/w). The results showed that the specific heat increased with both increasing temperature and concentration. A response surface methodology was used to develop a new model equation to estimate the specific heat based on temperature and concentration, which showed good agreement with experimental data. The specific heat of the xanthan gum solutions was higher than that of water and increased more than the specific heat of its components alone.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Cfd analysis of calandria based nuclear reactor part ii. parametric analysis ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a study examining the slow steady motion of a second-order thermo-viscous fluid between two parallel plates with constant pressure and temperature gradients. The study obtains closed-form solutions for the velocity and temperature distributions for two cases: when the upper plate is in relative motion and when it is thermally insulated. Graphs show the effects of various parameters on the velocity, temperature, and transverse forces.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1. Experiments were conducted using a 4 sqm parabolic solar concentrator to calcine small gypsum samples (5kg), which showed promising results for using solar energy to produce plaster of Paris (POP) on an industrial scale.
2. A proposed industrial method was calculated using 30 Scheffler solar concentrators (each 16 sqm), which could produce enough energy (48 kWh/day each) to make 1 ton of POP per day. With estimated costs and subsidies, the payback period would be approximately 4 years.
3. Dual axis tracked parabolic dishes could also be used, especially for higher temperature applications like fluidized bed calciners which require 250°C thermal oil temperatures. Systems
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET - Parametric Study of Micro Electro-Mechanical System Capacitive Type A...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the parametric effects on a micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) capacitive accelerometer. A 2D model of the accelerometer was created and modal analysis was performed to extract mode shapes and resonant frequencies. The deformation of the moving finger was observed at resonant frequencies of 230.80 Hz and 792.31 Hz, where the finger shape would impact the capacitance measurement. The error in measured capacitance values at these frequencies due to finger deformation was analyzed. The study found that the bandwidth of the accelerometer based on the resonant frequency difference was 562 Hz.
New electromagnetic force sensor measuring the density of liquidseSAT Publishing House
1. The document describes a new electromagnetic force sensor that can be used to measure the density of liquids.
2. The sensor works by measuring the induced voltage between two flat coils as the distance between them changes when a mass is attached. The voltage increases as the coils get closer together.
3. The sensor was used to measure the density of water-ethanol mixtures at different mole fractions. The measured densities agreed well with values found in literature.
This document discusses vibration monitoring of industrial gearboxes using accelerometers. It provides examples of analyzing both low-frequency and high-frequency vibration data to diagnose various gearbox faults. Proper sensor selection and mounting are emphasized, as they can significantly impact the ability to detect high-frequency impacts and friction. Case studies demonstrate how the techniques can be used to identify issues like lack of lubrication, bearing faults, and torsional resonance in different industrial gearbox applications.
Displacement mechanical amplifiers designed on poly-siliconIJECEIAES
Using Poly-Silicon, the implementation of novel Displacement-amplifying Compliant Mechanisms (DaCM), in two geometries of accelerometers, allows for remarkable improvements in their operation frequency and displacement sensitivity, with different proportions. Similar DaCM´s geometries were previously implemented by us with Silicon. In all mentioned cases, the geometries of DaCM´s are adjusted in order to use them with Conventional Capacitive Accelerometer (CCA) and Capacitive Accelerometer with Extended Beams (CAEB), which operate in-plane mode, (y-axis). It should be noted that CAEB shows improvements (95.33%) in displacement sensitivity compared to ACC. Simulations results, carried out using Ansys Workbench software, validate the system’s performance designed with Poly-Silicon. Finally, a comparison with the similar systems, previously designed with Silicon, is also carried out.
1) The document discusses using discrete wavelet transforms to analyze vibration signals from roller bearings to detect faults. It proposes a new feature - summing the squared wavelet decomposition coefficients at each level - and compares it to the traditional energy-based feature.
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Designing and installation of low cost optimized wind monitoring systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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‘Piezoelectric Material’ is a boon to the modern world where scarcity of resources is major problem. The project is all about
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material, capacitor, relay and wiper motor. The circuit runs automatically when the rain drops presses the piezoelectric material
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Micro fluidic valve for satellite propulsion systemIAEME Publication
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Design and analysis of 3 d capacitive accelerometer
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 793
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF 3D CAPACITIVE ACCELEROMETER
Jayachandran.V1
, Kalaiselvi.S2
1
PG Student, Sri Muthukumaran Institute of Technology
2
Assistant professor, Sri Muthukumaran Institute of Technology
Abstract
Accelerometer which detects rapid collisions with the ability to sustain wide range of shock is suitable for airbag deployment systems
in automobiles. This issue can be met using prototype 3D capacitive accelerometers which are less prone to noise and temperature
variations. They reduce the severity of the accident by sensing the sudden increase in negative acceleration and deployment of the
airbags. The objective of this paper is to bring out the responsiveness of the capacitive accelerometer with changes in the input
acceleration. The testing is done with 100g acceleration which is real time accident condition. Nanomaterials are used to enhance the
shock survivability. The performance analysis of the device is done using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS 4.3.It is analyzed that when the
capacitance reaches a threshold value, amplifying the electric signal the air bag could be initiated.
Keywords: Air bag deployment, Capacitance, Proof mass.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
In the modern day to day world with increasing number of
accidents, air bags are a necessity in the automobiles. An
airbag is a vehicle safety device that consists of flexible
envelope that prevents occupants from striking interior
objects. Various devices such as accelerometers,
gyroscopes, impact sensors are required to detect the impact
of the collision. As the signal in the sensing device reaches a
threshold value the deployment of the air bag should occur
in few milliseconds. Thus rapid detection and sensitivity of
the sensing device are an essential requirement.
The most common method to trigger an air bag system is to
use MEMS accelerometers. It senses the sudden negative
acceleration using changes in capacitance, voltage or
resistance depending on the type of accelerometer used such
as capacitive, piezoelectric or Piezo resistive types.
Piezoelectric accelerometers rely on Piezo ceramics (e.g.
lead zirconate titanate) or single crystals (e.g. quartz,
tourmaline). They are unmatched in terms of their upper
frequency range, low packaged weight and high temperature
range. Piezoresistive accelerometers are preferred in high
shock applications.
Various accelerometers based on piezoelectric and
piezoresistive principles have already been in the market.
Tri axial PZT accelerometer has been developed
[1].Piezoelectric accelerometers have been designed in [1].
A capacitive sensor provides an upper hand to the above in
various ways. Capacitive accelerometers are ideal enough
since they are less prone to noise and temperature as
compared to piezoelectric accelerometers. Other advantages
include low power consumption, excellent bias and scale
factor stability. Moreover, it’s possible that self-testing and
force-balancing techniques are realized by utilizing the
electrostatic force. In most micromachining technologies no
or minimal additional processing is needed. Capacitors can
operate both as sensors and actuators. They have excellent
sensitivity and the transduction mechanism is intrinsically
insensitive to temperature. Capacitive sensing is
independent of the base material and relies on the variation
of capacitance when the geometry of the capacitor is
changing.
Our research mainly focuses on the development of 3D
capacitive accelerometers. These are designed and simulated
using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS 4.1. The dependency
between the acceleration and the capacitance has been
analysed. The sensitivity of the device with respect to forces
in real time accident conditions is observed. The design for
the interface between the sensor and the electronic circuitry
to initiate the air bag has also been provided.
2. BACKGROUND
The development of airbags began with the idea for a system
that would provide safety for automobile drivers and
passengers in an accident, whether or not they were wearing
their seat belts.. Today, airbags are mandatory in new cars
and are designed to act as a supplemental safety device in
addition to a seat belt. Airbags have been commonly
available since the late 1980's; however, they were first
invented in 1953 [3].The automobile industry started to
research airbags in the late 1950's and soon discovered that
there were many more difficulties than expected. Crash tests
indicated that for an airbag to be useful as a protective
device, the bag must deploy and inflate within few
milliseconds. The system must also be able to detect the
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 794
difference between a severe crash and a minor one.
Timing is critical in the airbag's ability to save lives in a
direct collision. An airbag should be able to deploy in a
matter of milliseconds from the initial collision impact.
Whereas it must also be prevented from deploying whenever
there is no collision. Hence, the first component of the
airbag system is a sensor that can detect head-on collisions
and immediately trigger the airbag's deployment. The most
common designs employed for the crash sensor is a steel
ball that slides inside a smooth bore. The ball is held in
place by a permanent magnet or by a stiff spring, which
inhibit the ball's motion when the car drives over bumps or
potholes. However, when the car decelerates very quickly,
as in a head-on crash, the ball suddenly moves forward and
turns on an electrical circuit, initiating the process of
inflating the airbag [2].
3. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
It is apparent that the proposed accelerometer needs to sense
the acceleration in the range of ±100g while able to maintain
a 10 kHz (20 times higher than the required bandwidth)
frequency response. The accelerometer should be also able
to survive a maximum shock of ±150 g in case of extreme
condition. Stability in extreme temperature condition is also
essential.
The mechanical component of an accelerometer is
equivalent to a second order mass-spring-damper system.
The main component of the accelerometer is a spring-
supported mass, usually linked with the dampers, which
provide the necessary damping effect. Springs and dampers
were connected to a shell.
The mass will produce displacement x(t) when there is
acceleration role. For inertial accelerometer, a mechanical
sense element converts the initial acceleration into force,
which will be shifted as a displacement and causes a change
in capacitance that is then detected and converted into an
equivalent electrical signal. The inertia of the proof mass
restrains the motion of this element in the presence of
external force acting on a reference frame to which the proof
mass is attached by means of a spring. The proof mass is
further subject to damping from the surrounding gas ambient
or from internal dissipation in the spring [4].
Fig 1: Basic accelerometer
4. PROPOSED MODEL
This novel accelerometer has the following features 1.A
central mass with large density and size as maximum as
possible for a greater displacement. 2. Fixed fingers which
act as electrodes 3.movable electrode which is placed
between the fixed fingers. 4. Glass substrate for the support.
Sensing electrodes could also be placed to sense the
displacement of the central mass.
Fig 2: 3D capacitive accelerometer with springs in
horizontal direction
This accelerometer is mainly made up of central movable
fingers fixed to the proof mass and several fixed fingers.
Fixed electrode plates are fixed on the substrate made up of
glass. The sense capacitance is between the movable and the
fixed fingers parallel to them. Sense organ is a bilateral
comb, and the sense direction in lateral comb-finger
microaccelerometers is in the proof-mass plane (x-y
directions). For the condition of no acceleration input, the
central proof of mass is in a state of balance, capacitance C1
is equal to C2, and the voltage of output is zero. When
acceleration is effective, the movable fingers have a
displacement by the action of inertial force. At this moment,
the space between movable fingers and fixed plate is
changed, that is, C1≠C2.
The moving and fixed fingers form a parallel plate capacitor
and the capacitance can be estimated using Equation 1
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 795
C =
∑𝐴
𝑑
(1)
Where ∑ is the permittivity, A is the total overlap area
between all the fingers in the sensing region, and d is the
separation between adjacent fingers. Since the change in
capacitance is proportional to the area (A), in order to
achieve higher signal it is necessary to increase the area or
number of fingers.
Electrostatic Force on the proof mass can be achieved by
applying a DC voltage to the capacitor. The amount of force
as a function of supplied voltage (Vs) can be estimated using
the stored energy (W) on the capacitor is given below
𝐸 =
1
2(𝑐𝑣2)
(2)
4.1 Design of Preliminary Parameters
As the accelerometer represents a second order damper
system, springs are important components. The springs are
attached to an anchor and the force given to the springs will
cause displacement of the proof mass. The displacement of
proof mass will cause stretching of one spring and
compression of the other spring [4].The spring constant can
be calculated using equation as given in [3]
(3)
Where E is the Young’s modulus of polysilicon, W is the
beam width, H is the beam thickness and L1, L2 are the
beam lengths.
Fig 3: Folded spring structure
Where
E= 131 ×10 9
for silicon W= 100nm
H=40 nm L1=L2= 500 nm
The spring constant was calculated to be 13.5829 N/m
When springs are used in vertical direction the spring
constant was found to be 54.3364 N/m Using this value the
resonant frequency can be calculated using
(4)
Here the mass represents the mass of the central proof mass
along with the mass of the fixed and the movable fingers.
They have been calculated using the formula:
m = ρV (5)
Density of the silicon = 2330 kg/m3
Mass of central proof mass= 9.69×10 -17
Kg
Mass of fixed and movable fingers = 2.8705 ×1017
Kg
Total mass= 12.5605 ×10-17
Kg
Using equation (2) the stiffness of the accelerometer is
found to be
2K =13.5829N/m
Relating force and acceleration we know that
F = ma = kx (6)
From the above equation the displacement for 100g
acceleration can be calculated.
Theoretically it was found to be 924fm
For the above approximate parameters the capacitance can
be derived using the software and it can be related to voltage
using the equation using [2] and [3]
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑐1−𝑐2
𝑐1+𝑐2
𝑣𝑠 (7)
Where C1 and C2 are the two capacitances between
electrodes which are equal when there is no acceleration and
vary when there is acceleration [3].
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝛥𝑥
𝑑
𝑣𝑠 (8)
Where ∆ is displacement, Vs is input voltage, d is original
gap between electrodes.
𝛥𝑥 =
𝑚𝑎
𝑘
(9)
Using the equation (8) and (9) Vout can be calculated
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 796
5. USE OF COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS
The accelerometer designed was simulated using COMSOL
MULTIPHYSICS 4.1.These simulations are necessary for
the following reasons 1. It is mandatory to find out the
maximum amount of g force the device will be able to
withstand. 2. The variation in the capacitance with respect to
the displacement can be analysed successfully.
5.1 Model Definition
The simulations were done using the Electrostatics and solid
mechanics physics in the MEMS module.
5.1.1 Domain Equations
The Capacitance is calculated using the equation
Electrical field (E) and electric displacement (D) vectors can
be defined according to the expressions:
(10)
The Capacitance can also be calculated using the energy
relation [3]
(11)
Knowing the electrostatic energy we could easily relate it
with the capacitance.
5.1.2 Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions are given to the fixed and movable
electrodes. For movable electrodes a potential of 1V is
applied and the fixed electrodes are kept at ground to
simulate a 1 V potential gradient across the electrodes.
5.1.3 Calculation of Capacitance
After the computation of the model, from the derived values
using the global evaluation option the capacitance is
calculated. One another way of calculating the capacitance
is to use the electrostatic energy which also varies with the
acceleration.
Fig 4: Meshed structure of accelerometer: 2302 elements
6. COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS SIMULATIONS
The variation of the capacitance with the input acceleration
is easily visualized. When there is no acceleration applied
the capacitance value obtained is 4.7735 ×10-28
F. For an
acceleration of 100g which will occur during the
displacement obtained is 600 fm and the corresponding
capacitance is 1.4656×10-27
F. The output voltage signal
calculated theoretically is 8.333V.This voltage signal is set
as the threshold above which the airbag will be initiated.
Fig 5: Displacement for 100g acceleration in horizontal
direction
The stress exerted on the device when 100g is applied is
shown in the following figure
Fig 6: Stress under 100g acceleration
When springs are used in vertical direction as well the
spring constant is 54.3364 N/m. The displacement is
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 797
12fm.The Capacitance obtained is 5.9331×10-28 F.
Fig 6: Displacement when acceleration is applied in vertical
direction
The maximum stress limit is shown below
Fig 7: Stress limit when 100g applied in vertical direction
The various simulation results are tabulated below
Table 1: Simulation results
S.No Acceleration Capacitance(F) Max
(100g) stress(N/m2
)
1. 13.58291N/m- 1.4656 × 10 4.5125×1011
> Edge load
-27
.
in horizontal
direction
2 54.3364 5.9311×10-28
1.7008 ×1012
N/m Edge
load in
vertical
direction
For the nanometer dimensions the stress limit that the device
will be able to withstand exceeds the elastic limit of silicon
which is 0.4×1012
N/m2
The Variation in the displacement along the spring is shown
in fig 8.
Fig 8: Displacement along the spring length
The Variation of acceleration with input voltage is shown in
fig 8.which establishes a linear relationship between
acceleration and the output signal.
Fig 9: Relation between acceleration and voltage
7. CONCLUSIONS
This study was primarily intended to design an
accelerometer for air bag deployment applications in
automobile industries. The materials are chosen are in the
nano dimensions since they exhibit higher tensile strength
and Young’s modulus. This will enable them to withstand
real time accident conditions. With change in the
acceleration which is applied in terms of body load, visible
changes in the capacitance are seen. This change in
Capacitance value is given as an electric signal input to the
air bag deployment system and is amplified. Once the
Capacitance reaches the threshold level ( the value obtained
when 100 g force is applied), the air bag system is initiated
using electronic circuitry. Further improvements could
include simulating the accelerometer using carbon nanotube
as the material which might be able to withstand the stress.
And finally fabricating the device in the nanometer regime
appears to be another task
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 798
REFERENCES
[1] Ninia Sejersen Almind, Simon Hedegaard Brodersen
“MEMS PZT Based Accelerometer Design
Fabrication and Characterization” Thesis submitted
to University of Denmark (2007).
[2] Wenjing ZHAO, Limei XU “Design of a Capacitive
SOI” Micromachined Accelerometer, sensors and
transducers(2009)
[3] Rajib Ul Alam Uzzal, Ion Stiharu, and Waiz Ahmed
“Design and Analysis of MEMS based
Accelerometer for Automatic Detection of Railway
Wheel Flat” World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology (2009)
[4] Stephen D. Senturia, “Microsystem Design”, Kluwer
Academic Publishers (2009)