IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Open switch fault diagnosis in three phase inverter using diagnostic variable...eSAT Journals
The reliability of power electronics system such as three phase inverter is important in various applications. Different types of faults occur in it, which may influence the operation of system. Such faults require unexpected maintenance, which increases the cost of manufacturing. Therefore fault diagnosis of such devices plays vital role in industry. One possible fault that occurs in inverter is an open switch fault. This paper provides a new technique based on diagnostic variable which detects single as well as multiple open switch fault in three phase inverter. In this method, diagnostic variables are used to detect faulty phase. Along with these diagnostic variables, an average current of three phase inverter is used for the detection of single as well as multiple faulty switches. Key Words: Power electronics, open switch fault, diagnostic variables.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fuzzy-Logic-Controller-Based Fault Isolation in PWM VSI for Vector Controlled...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Total Harmonic Distortion Analysis of a Four Switch 3-Phase Inverter Fed Spee...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper investigates the performance of a Model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based cost-effective drive system of an induction motor (IM) for low-cost applications - high performance industrial drive systems. In this paper, the MRAS is used as a speed estimator and the motor is fed from a four-switch three-phase (FSTP) inverter instead of a conventional six- switch three-phase (SSTP) inverter. This configuration reduces the cost of the inverter, the switching losses, and the complexity of the control algorithms and interface circuits, the proposed control approach reduces the computation for real-time implementation. The robustness of the proposed MRAS-based FSTP inverter fed IM drive is verified by Experimental results at different operating conditions using digital signal processor (DSP1103) for a 1.1 Kw motor. A performance comparison of the proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive with a conventional SSTP inverter system is also made in terms of speed response and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the stator current. The proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive is found quite acceptable considering its performance, cost reduction and other advantages features.
The power supply system is completely hooked into three major parts. First one is generation, second one is
transmission and the last one is distribution of electricity supply at the range of 415V to 400V approx. But while
the fault occurs it affects other lines additionally, and this causes difficulties for local people and additionally
perturb the flow of current in different areas. This eccentric and perturbed supply of nuisance is very
hazardous as it cannot be ceased when it comes to equal distribution of electricity. The area suffering from
faults and the other both get affected. So to stop all these we have implemented this project of Coordination of
over current relay utilising optimisation technique. We have utilised crow search algorithms with Kennedy as
swarm perspicacity algorithms which are very auxiliary in storing excess electricity supply and can be used
when needed. With the avail of this we can renovate the potency supply and this will conclusively implement
our main objective of this project.
In grid connected system, unity power factor current injection into the grid is vital. This can be achieved by choosing the right inverter topology, passive filter components, current controllers, and PWM switching scheme. This paper compares the output current harmonics profile between when using the conventional proportional resonant (PR) current controller and when using the modified PR current controller. By applying the latter technique, via experimental validation using TMS320F2812, the THD of the injected grid current in a parallel connected inverters system is improved.
A Novel Optimal PI Parameter Tuning Strategy to Improve Constant Switching Pe...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a novel method of optimal Propotional-Intergral (PI)
controller’s parameter tuning strategy in-order to improve the constant
switching performance of 3-phase direct torque control (DTC) shceme. The
DTC sheme is acknowledged to provide fast decoupled control over the
torque output and stator flux via a simple control structure. However, DTC
sheme has two major downsides, which are the inconsistent inverter
switching frequency and high torque output ripple. The main reason that
contributes to these tribulations is the usage of hysteresis comparators in
order to control the output torque. The realization of PI based controller
method as replacement of hyterisis controller in DTC system able to provide
significant solutions to over come the fall back while retaining the simple
control structure of conventional DTC. The combination usage of higher
sampling controller DS1004 and also 3-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel
inverters (CHMI) in this system can further minimize the output torque ripple
by providing higher resolution with lower digital error and greater number of
vectors. This paper presents detail explanation and calculation of optimal PI
parameter tuning strategy consecutively to enhance the performance of 3-
level DTC system. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed method
experimentation, the proposed method is compared with convention DTC
system via simulation and experiment results.
Open switch fault diagnosis in three phase inverter using diagnostic variable...eSAT Journals
The reliability of power electronics system such as three phase inverter is important in various applications. Different types of faults occur in it, which may influence the operation of system. Such faults require unexpected maintenance, which increases the cost of manufacturing. Therefore fault diagnosis of such devices plays vital role in industry. One possible fault that occurs in inverter is an open switch fault. This paper provides a new technique based on diagnostic variable which detects single as well as multiple open switch fault in three phase inverter. In this method, diagnostic variables are used to detect faulty phase. Along with these diagnostic variables, an average current of three phase inverter is used for the detection of single as well as multiple faulty switches. Key Words: Power electronics, open switch fault, diagnostic variables.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fuzzy-Logic-Controller-Based Fault Isolation in PWM VSI for Vector Controlled...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Total Harmonic Distortion Analysis of a Four Switch 3-Phase Inverter Fed Spee...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper investigates the performance of a Model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based cost-effective drive system of an induction motor (IM) for low-cost applications - high performance industrial drive systems. In this paper, the MRAS is used as a speed estimator and the motor is fed from a four-switch three-phase (FSTP) inverter instead of a conventional six- switch three-phase (SSTP) inverter. This configuration reduces the cost of the inverter, the switching losses, and the complexity of the control algorithms and interface circuits, the proposed control approach reduces the computation for real-time implementation. The robustness of the proposed MRAS-based FSTP inverter fed IM drive is verified by Experimental results at different operating conditions using digital signal processor (DSP1103) for a 1.1 Kw motor. A performance comparison of the proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive with a conventional SSTP inverter system is also made in terms of speed response and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the stator current. The proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive is found quite acceptable considering its performance, cost reduction and other advantages features.
The power supply system is completely hooked into three major parts. First one is generation, second one is
transmission and the last one is distribution of electricity supply at the range of 415V to 400V approx. But while
the fault occurs it affects other lines additionally, and this causes difficulties for local people and additionally
perturb the flow of current in different areas. This eccentric and perturbed supply of nuisance is very
hazardous as it cannot be ceased when it comes to equal distribution of electricity. The area suffering from
faults and the other both get affected. So to stop all these we have implemented this project of Coordination of
over current relay utilising optimisation technique. We have utilised crow search algorithms with Kennedy as
swarm perspicacity algorithms which are very auxiliary in storing excess electricity supply and can be used
when needed. With the avail of this we can renovate the potency supply and this will conclusively implement
our main objective of this project.
In grid connected system, unity power factor current injection into the grid is vital. This can be achieved by choosing the right inverter topology, passive filter components, current controllers, and PWM switching scheme. This paper compares the output current harmonics profile between when using the conventional proportional resonant (PR) current controller and when using the modified PR current controller. By applying the latter technique, via experimental validation using TMS320F2812, the THD of the injected grid current in a parallel connected inverters system is improved.
A Novel Optimal PI Parameter Tuning Strategy to Improve Constant Switching Pe...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a novel method of optimal Propotional-Intergral (PI)
controller’s parameter tuning strategy in-order to improve the constant
switching performance of 3-phase direct torque control (DTC) shceme. The
DTC sheme is acknowledged to provide fast decoupled control over the
torque output and stator flux via a simple control structure. However, DTC
sheme has two major downsides, which are the inconsistent inverter
switching frequency and high torque output ripple. The main reason that
contributes to these tribulations is the usage of hysteresis comparators in
order to control the output torque. The realization of PI based controller
method as replacement of hyterisis controller in DTC system able to provide
significant solutions to over come the fall back while retaining the simple
control structure of conventional DTC. The combination usage of higher
sampling controller DS1004 and also 3-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel
inverters (CHMI) in this system can further minimize the output torque ripple
by providing higher resolution with lower digital error and greater number of
vectors. This paper presents detail explanation and calculation of optimal PI
parameter tuning strategy consecutively to enhance the performance of 3-
level DTC system. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed method
experimentation, the proposed method is compared with convention DTC
system via simulation and experiment results.
Analysis and mitigation of unbalance due to load in distribution system by us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Distribution network losses can vary significantly depending on the load unbalance. Here, an analysis of distribution system losses is presented that considers load unbalance and the effect of explicitly represented neutral wire. A general power flow algorithm for three-phase four-wire radial distribution networks, based on the current summation backward-forward technique is applied. Loss analysis results obtained from three-phase four-wire medium and low voltage test feeders with unbalanced load scenarios are presented and discussed an active power filter is designed, simulated, implemented, and tested. It can work in different modes: active power filtering, power factor correction, and load unbalance compensation. It is based on a current controlled voltage-source inverter with fixed carrier PWM. The control algorithm generates the source reference currents based on the controlled DC link voltage. The dimensioning criteria of the inductive and capacitive power components are discussed. The implementation is validated with simulated and experimental results obtained in a 5 kVA prototype. Keywords: distribution networks, losses, load unbalance, power flow
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive
survey on power system state estimation techniques. The
algorithms used for finding the system states under both static
and dynamic state estimations are discussed in brief. The
authors are opinion that the scope of pursuing research in the
area of state estimation with PMU and SCADA measurements
is the state of the art and timely.
Detection of Broken Bars in Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor using F...Dr.NAGARAJAN. S
Finite element method is more precise than the winding function approach, as it is based on the actual geometry of the machine and the machine model can easily be modified in order to study the effect of faults on the machine’s performance. Accurate models of the machine under healthy and faulty conditions are developed. This paper presents simulations of broken bars detection in a three phase squirrel cage induction motor under no load, half load and full load conditions for two and eight broken bars. The analysis is done using MagNet.
Current mode controlled fuzzy logic based inter leaved cuk converter SVM inve...Dr.NAGARAJAN. S
Recent developments in intelligent control methods and power electronics have amended PhotoVoltaic (PV) based DC to AC converters related to AC drives. Interleaved cuk converter and inverter find their way in interconnecting PV and Induction Motor Drive (IMD). Simulation studies were done for closed loop InterLeaved Cuk Converter and Inverter fed Induction Motor Drive (ILCCIIMD) systems with conventional and intelligent controllers.
These studies were carried out using MATLAB simulink based models for ILCCIIMD. For production of DC- voltage in the input of the inverter, PV fed InterLeaved Cuk-regulator is recommended. Cuk-regulator is utilized for enhancing the output of the PV system. Closed loop Proportional-Integral (PI), Proportional- Resonant(PR) and Fuzzy-Logic(FL) controlled ILCCIIMD systems are simulated and their outcome like dy- namic responses and torque ripple are related for an Electric Vehicle(EV) application. The proposed IL- CCIIMD system with FLC is found to have better dynamic characteristics and lesser torque ripple when compared to the system with conventional controller.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Three phase induction motors are complex electro-mechanical devices widely used in most industrial applications. Induction motors are susceptible to many types of fault in industrial application such as rotor bar broken fault, stator inter turn fault, eccentricity fault. Out of these faults eccentricity is very specific in squirrel cage induction motor. If the initial stage of motor failure is not identified will cause the severe damage and production shutdowns. This paper presents the simulations of eccentricity fault detection in three phase squirrel cage induction motor under various load conditions for healthy and faulty conditions. In this paper, dynamic model of induction motor is developed using CAD package called MagNet for static and transient 2D analysis. The various machine parameters like stator current, magnetic flux density, and magnetic torque are calculated and their values are compared under healthy and faulty conditions.
This paper proposes an improvement of the direct power control (DPC) scheme of a grid connected three phase voltage source inverter based on artificial neural networks (ANN) and fuzzy logic (FL) techniques for the renewable energy applications. This advanced control strategy is based on two intelligent operations, the first one is the replacement of the conventional switching table of a three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) by a selector based on artificial neural networks approach, and the second one is the replacement of the hysteresis comparators by fuzzy logic controllers for the instantaneous active and reactive power errors. These operations enable to reduce the power ripples, the harmonic disturbances and increase the response time period of the system. Finally, the simulation results were obtained by Matlab/Simulink environment, under a unity power factor (UPF). These results verify the transient performances, the validity and the efficiency of the proposed DPC scheme.
Dynamic model of zeta converter with full state feedback controller implement...eSAT Journals
Abstract Zeta converter is a fourth order dc-dc converter that can increases (step-up) or decreases (step-down) the input voltage. By considering dynamic model of the converter, the accuracy of the converter’s modeling and simulation are increased thus make it easier to produce the hardware version of the converter. State-space approach is a time-domain method for modeling, analyzing, and designing a wide range of systems which can be described by differential equations or difference equations. This gives great advantages because it particularly suited for digital computer implementation for their time-domain approach and vector-matrix description. The converter needs feedback control to regulate its output voltage. This paper presents the dynamic model of zeta converter. The converter is modeled using state-space averaging (SSA) technique. Full-state feedback controller is implemented on the converter to regulate the output voltage. The simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and the steady-state performance subjected to input and load disturbances. Index Terms: Modeling, Zeta converter, SSA technique, Full-state feedback controller
A real-time fault diagnosis system for high-speed power system protection bas...IJECEIAES
This paper puts forward a real-time smart fault diagnosis system (SFDS) intended for high-speed protection of power system transmission lines. This system is based on advanced signal processing techniques, traveling wave theory results, and machine learning algorithms. The simulation results show that the SFDS can provide an accurate internal/external fault discrimination, fault inception time estimation, fault type identification, and fault location. This paper presents also the hardware requirements and software implementation of the SFDS.
Current Controller Based Power Management Strategy for Interfacing DG Units t...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a power management strategy of parallel inveters based system, to enhance the power generation capacity of the existing system with distributed energy sources one has to choose DG source based inverter connected in parallel with the existing system.Two DG sources PV, Fuel cells feeds the DC voltage to two parallel inverters connected to the grid. Fixed band hysteresis current control with Instantaneous p-q power theory is adopted to create an artificial environment. Two parallel inverters are able to deliver the harvested power from PV, FC to grid and able to balance the load Without communication between parallel inverters this controller having the capability of load following, the harmonic components of currents at output of inverter are also very low; this will automatically reduces the circulating currents between parallel inverters. Simulation studies are carried out to investigate the results of PV, FC systems connected to the utility grid.
Two parallel single phase rectifiers by using single phase to three phase ind...eSAT Journals
Abstract A single-phase to three-phase drive system composed of two parallel single-phase rectifiers, a three-phase inverter and an induction motor was proposed. The system combines two parallel rectifiers without the use of transformers. The system model and the control strategy, including the PWM technique, have been developed. The complete comparison between the proposed and standard configurations has been carried out in this paper. Compared to the conventional topology, the proposed system permits to reduce the rectifier switch currents, the THD of the grid current with same switching frequency or the switching frequency with same THD of the grid current and to increase the fault tolerance characteristics. In addition, the losses of the proposed system may be lower than that of the conventional counterpart. The initial investment of the proposed system (due to high number of semiconductor devices) cannot be considered a drawback, especially considering the scenario where the cited advantages justify such initial investment. The experimental results have shown that the system is controlled properly, even with transient and occurrence of fault
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Power quality improvement of grid interconnected distribution system using fs...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a fuzzy step size least mean square (LMS) algorithm for grid connected renewable energy source. The main objective is to mitigate the harmonics and the neutral current compensation. The conventional controllers may fail due to the rapid change in the dynamics of the highly non-linear system. The fuzzy step size least mean square (FSS-LMS) algorithm in handling theuncertainties and learning from the processes is proved to be advantageous while the inverter operating at fluctuatingoperating conditions. The inverter is controlled tocompensate the harmonics and current imbalance of a three phase four wire non-linear load with generatedrenewable power injection in to the grid.The grid will always supply/absorb a balanced set offundamental currents at unity power factor even in the presence of three phase four wire non-linear unbalance load at point of common coupling(PCC).The proposed system is developed and simulated inMATLAB/SimPowerSystem environment under differentoperating conditions.
Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
TRANSIENT STABILITY ENHANCEMENT BY USING DSSC AND PSSIAEME Publication
Synchronous operation of generators in power system is required to supply continuous electricity to customers. Proper transient stability must be maintained for stable operation of power system. To enhance the transient stability of power system FACTS or D-FACTS technology can be used. In this paper, Distributed Static Series Compensator (DSSC) which, belongs to D-FACTS technology is used to enhance the transient stability of two-machine system with Power System Stabilizer (PSS) as an auxiliary controller and it is found that DSSC along with PSS is able to maintain required transient stability during severe three-phase to ground fault.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis and mitigation of unbalance due to load in distribution system by us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Distribution network losses can vary significantly depending on the load unbalance. Here, an analysis of distribution system losses is presented that considers load unbalance and the effect of explicitly represented neutral wire. A general power flow algorithm for three-phase four-wire radial distribution networks, based on the current summation backward-forward technique is applied. Loss analysis results obtained from three-phase four-wire medium and low voltage test feeders with unbalanced load scenarios are presented and discussed an active power filter is designed, simulated, implemented, and tested. It can work in different modes: active power filtering, power factor correction, and load unbalance compensation. It is based on a current controlled voltage-source inverter with fixed carrier PWM. The control algorithm generates the source reference currents based on the controlled DC link voltage. The dimensioning criteria of the inductive and capacitive power components are discussed. The implementation is validated with simulated and experimental results obtained in a 5 kVA prototype. Keywords: distribution networks, losses, load unbalance, power flow
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive
survey on power system state estimation techniques. The
algorithms used for finding the system states under both static
and dynamic state estimations are discussed in brief. The
authors are opinion that the scope of pursuing research in the
area of state estimation with PMU and SCADA measurements
is the state of the art and timely.
Detection of Broken Bars in Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor using F...Dr.NAGARAJAN. S
Finite element method is more precise than the winding function approach, as it is based on the actual geometry of the machine and the machine model can easily be modified in order to study the effect of faults on the machine’s performance. Accurate models of the machine under healthy and faulty conditions are developed. This paper presents simulations of broken bars detection in a three phase squirrel cage induction motor under no load, half load and full load conditions for two and eight broken bars. The analysis is done using MagNet.
Current mode controlled fuzzy logic based inter leaved cuk converter SVM inve...Dr.NAGARAJAN. S
Recent developments in intelligent control methods and power electronics have amended PhotoVoltaic (PV) based DC to AC converters related to AC drives. Interleaved cuk converter and inverter find their way in interconnecting PV and Induction Motor Drive (IMD). Simulation studies were done for closed loop InterLeaved Cuk Converter and Inverter fed Induction Motor Drive (ILCCIIMD) systems with conventional and intelligent controllers.
These studies were carried out using MATLAB simulink based models for ILCCIIMD. For production of DC- voltage in the input of the inverter, PV fed InterLeaved Cuk-regulator is recommended. Cuk-regulator is utilized for enhancing the output of the PV system. Closed loop Proportional-Integral (PI), Proportional- Resonant(PR) and Fuzzy-Logic(FL) controlled ILCCIIMD systems are simulated and their outcome like dy- namic responses and torque ripple are related for an Electric Vehicle(EV) application. The proposed IL- CCIIMD system with FLC is found to have better dynamic characteristics and lesser torque ripple when compared to the system with conventional controller.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Three phase induction motors are complex electro-mechanical devices widely used in most industrial applications. Induction motors are susceptible to many types of fault in industrial application such as rotor bar broken fault, stator inter turn fault, eccentricity fault. Out of these faults eccentricity is very specific in squirrel cage induction motor. If the initial stage of motor failure is not identified will cause the severe damage and production shutdowns. This paper presents the simulations of eccentricity fault detection in three phase squirrel cage induction motor under various load conditions for healthy and faulty conditions. In this paper, dynamic model of induction motor is developed using CAD package called MagNet for static and transient 2D analysis. The various machine parameters like stator current, magnetic flux density, and magnetic torque are calculated and their values are compared under healthy and faulty conditions.
This paper proposes an improvement of the direct power control (DPC) scheme of a grid connected three phase voltage source inverter based on artificial neural networks (ANN) and fuzzy logic (FL) techniques for the renewable energy applications. This advanced control strategy is based on two intelligent operations, the first one is the replacement of the conventional switching table of a three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) by a selector based on artificial neural networks approach, and the second one is the replacement of the hysteresis comparators by fuzzy logic controllers for the instantaneous active and reactive power errors. These operations enable to reduce the power ripples, the harmonic disturbances and increase the response time period of the system. Finally, the simulation results were obtained by Matlab/Simulink environment, under a unity power factor (UPF). These results verify the transient performances, the validity and the efficiency of the proposed DPC scheme.
Dynamic model of zeta converter with full state feedback controller implement...eSAT Journals
Abstract Zeta converter is a fourth order dc-dc converter that can increases (step-up) or decreases (step-down) the input voltage. By considering dynamic model of the converter, the accuracy of the converter’s modeling and simulation are increased thus make it easier to produce the hardware version of the converter. State-space approach is a time-domain method for modeling, analyzing, and designing a wide range of systems which can be described by differential equations or difference equations. This gives great advantages because it particularly suited for digital computer implementation for their time-domain approach and vector-matrix description. The converter needs feedback control to regulate its output voltage. This paper presents the dynamic model of zeta converter. The converter is modeled using state-space averaging (SSA) technique. Full-state feedback controller is implemented on the converter to regulate the output voltage. The simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and the steady-state performance subjected to input and load disturbances. Index Terms: Modeling, Zeta converter, SSA technique, Full-state feedback controller
A real-time fault diagnosis system for high-speed power system protection bas...IJECEIAES
This paper puts forward a real-time smart fault diagnosis system (SFDS) intended for high-speed protection of power system transmission lines. This system is based on advanced signal processing techniques, traveling wave theory results, and machine learning algorithms. The simulation results show that the SFDS can provide an accurate internal/external fault discrimination, fault inception time estimation, fault type identification, and fault location. This paper presents also the hardware requirements and software implementation of the SFDS.
Current Controller Based Power Management Strategy for Interfacing DG Units t...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a power management strategy of parallel inveters based system, to enhance the power generation capacity of the existing system with distributed energy sources one has to choose DG source based inverter connected in parallel with the existing system.Two DG sources PV, Fuel cells feeds the DC voltage to two parallel inverters connected to the grid. Fixed band hysteresis current control with Instantaneous p-q power theory is adopted to create an artificial environment. Two parallel inverters are able to deliver the harvested power from PV, FC to grid and able to balance the load Without communication between parallel inverters this controller having the capability of load following, the harmonic components of currents at output of inverter are also very low; this will automatically reduces the circulating currents between parallel inverters. Simulation studies are carried out to investigate the results of PV, FC systems connected to the utility grid.
Two parallel single phase rectifiers by using single phase to three phase ind...eSAT Journals
Abstract A single-phase to three-phase drive system composed of two parallel single-phase rectifiers, a three-phase inverter and an induction motor was proposed. The system combines two parallel rectifiers without the use of transformers. The system model and the control strategy, including the PWM technique, have been developed. The complete comparison between the proposed and standard configurations has been carried out in this paper. Compared to the conventional topology, the proposed system permits to reduce the rectifier switch currents, the THD of the grid current with same switching frequency or the switching frequency with same THD of the grid current and to increase the fault tolerance characteristics. In addition, the losses of the proposed system may be lower than that of the conventional counterpart. The initial investment of the proposed system (due to high number of semiconductor devices) cannot be considered a drawback, especially considering the scenario where the cited advantages justify such initial investment. The experimental results have shown that the system is controlled properly, even with transient and occurrence of fault
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Power quality improvement of grid interconnected distribution system using fs...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a fuzzy step size least mean square (LMS) algorithm for grid connected renewable energy source. The main objective is to mitigate the harmonics and the neutral current compensation. The conventional controllers may fail due to the rapid change in the dynamics of the highly non-linear system. The fuzzy step size least mean square (FSS-LMS) algorithm in handling theuncertainties and learning from the processes is proved to be advantageous while the inverter operating at fluctuatingoperating conditions. The inverter is controlled tocompensate the harmonics and current imbalance of a three phase four wire non-linear load with generatedrenewable power injection in to the grid.The grid will always supply/absorb a balanced set offundamental currents at unity power factor even in the presence of three phase four wire non-linear unbalance load at point of common coupling(PCC).The proposed system is developed and simulated inMATLAB/SimPowerSystem environment under differentoperating conditions.
Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
TRANSIENT STABILITY ENHANCEMENT BY USING DSSC AND PSSIAEME Publication
Synchronous operation of generators in power system is required to supply continuous electricity to customers. Proper transient stability must be maintained for stable operation of power system. To enhance the transient stability of power system FACTS or D-FACTS technology can be used. In this paper, Distributed Static Series Compensator (DSSC) which, belongs to D-FACTS technology is used to enhance the transient stability of two-machine system with Power System Stabilizer (PSS) as an auxiliary controller and it is found that DSSC along with PSS is able to maintain required transient stability during severe three-phase to ground fault.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Applications of layered theory for the analysis of flexible pavementseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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Abstract As the power grid failure problems continue to persist in the country, need arises to make it more efficient and effective. This is a
demonstration devised to provide such kind of a system that could detect the failure in synchronous working of the power grid in
case any external supply source that is supplying to the grid is encountering any kind of abnormalities may be in current levels,
voltage levels, temperature and oil level. There are various generation units that usually supply power to the grids such as
thermal plants, solar plants, hydro-electric plants etc. All the generation units that connect to the grid have to obey the rules or
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variation and temperature variation within these specified limits. If there are any kind of abnormalities or deviations from the
acceptable limits laid down by the grid, it then gets crucial that the particular feeding source should get automatically
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of events of black outs. Hence it would be beneficial and wise if we could have a system that would be so efficient that it could
issue intimations about the potential variations in the arrangements and in addition provide the exact distance of the fault
location on a feeder line from the base grid and keep the particular source temporarily on a standby basis while this process takes
place. Variation of the system voltage should be around +-5% as per central electricity authority of India Regulations, 2010. This
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a smart grid.
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active method, passive method.
Dsp based implementation of field oriented control of three phase induction m...eSAT Journals
Abstract
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Index Terms: digital signal processor, field oriented control, induction motor, Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
PWM-Switching pattern-based diagnosis scheme for single and multiple open-swi...ISA Interchange
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Open-Switch Fault-Tolerant Control of a Grid-Side Converter in a Wind Power G...IJPEDS-IAES
A fault-tolerant technique of a grid-side converter (GSC) is a very important
task because the unbalanced grid power endangers the overall system. Since
the GSC is very sensitive to grid disturbance, the complete system needs to
be stopped suddenly once an open-switch fault occurs. To improve the
reliability of system, the continuous operation should be guaranteed. In this
paper, a redundant topology based fault-tolerant algorithm is proposed for a
GSC in a wind power generation system. The proposed scheme consists of
the fault detection and fault-tolerant algorithms. The fault detection
algorithm employs the durations of positive and negaitive cycles of threephase
grid currents as well as normalized root mean square (RMS) currents.
Once a fault is detected, the corresponding faulty phase is identified and
isolated to enable the fault-tolerant operation. The faulty phase is replaced by
redundant one rapidly to recover the original shape of the grid currents,
which ensures the continuity in operation. In contrast with the conventional
methods, the proposed fault detection and fault-tolerant algorithms work
effectively even in the presence of the open faults in multiple switches in the
GSC. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed fault
diagnosis and fault-tolerant control algorithms.
Integrated grid inverter with frequency control scheme for wind mill applicat...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Emc model for modern power electronic systems for harmonics, losses & emi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Electromagnetic compatibility of power electronic systems becomes an engineering discipline and it should be considered at the
beginning stage of a design. Thus, a power electronics design becomes more complex and challenging and it requires a good
communication between EMI and Power electronics experts. Three major issues in designing a power electronic system are Losses,
EMI and Harmonics. These issues affect system cost, size, efficiency and quality and it is a tradeoff between these factors when we
design a power converter, filter. In this paper the EMC model is discussed which should be considered while designing the power
electronics systems. The design considerations in this paper help us to remove losses, harmonics & EMI elimination and power
quality improvement of Power systems.
Index Terms: Converter, EMI, EMC, Filter, Harmonics
A Fault Detection and Classification Method for SC Transmission Line Using Ph...paperpublications3
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OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
The dynamic performance of an asynchronous machine when operated with cascaded Voltage Source Inverter using Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique is presented in this paper. A classical model of Induction Motor Drive based on Direct Torque Control (DTC) method is considered which displays
appreciable run-time operation with very simple hysteresis control scheme. Direct control of the torque and flux variables is achieved by choosing suitable inverter voltage space vector from a lookup table. Under varying torque conditions the performance of the drive system is verified using MATLAB/Simulink software tool. The ripple content in the torque parameter is significant when traditional PI controller and Fuzzy approach are configured in the proposed system. Finally, by replacing the PI-Fuzzy controller with Hybrid Controller the torque ripple minimization can be achieved during no-load and loaded conditions.
Design and development of grid tie inverter with closed loop spwm single stag...eSAT Journals
Abstract The project aims the devise topology of single stage, three switch, closed loop SPWM control photovoltaic inverter for grid tie residential application. Predictable buck-boost GTI used in photovoltaic application are of manifold stage inverter systems, encompass dc-ac-dc converters added to achieve a raised dc voltage before inversion. Additional stage require more power machinery and also more power loss results, Even though a two-stage buck-boost inverter can reach significantly high power capability, which introduces circuit density as well as adds up the cost. In disparity with existing system project proposes the intend of a three-switch single stage grid connected buck-boost inverter, where switching losses to a great extent reduced as number of switches and also flyback, buck boost function principles are applied to match up with solar energy accessibility variation. For switching power circuit blend of square wave and SPWM is used, with kind of combination switching frequency reduces to such a level where switching losses significantly reduced. To realize Grid synchronization Strategy sine wave beginning from grid will be used as orientation signal for SPWM. To regulate inverter immediate ac output closed loop control scheme is engaged. Implementation of simple controller format with which output is stabilized as fast as probable. Advantages of this method are established by simulation of a grid-connected single-stage three switch, closed loop SPWM buck-boost inverter.. Keywords: GTI, Buck-Boost, SPWM, and Square wave etc…
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Open switch fault diagnosis in three phase inverter
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 636
OPEN SWITCH FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN THREE PHASE INVERTER
USING DIAGNOSTIC VARIABLE METHOD
Mala Ratan Ubale1
, R. B. Dhumale2
, S. D. Lokhande3
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
SCOE, Pune, Maharashtra, India
1
malaubale448@gmail.com, 2
rbd.scoe@gmail.com, 3
sdlokhande.scoe@sinhgad.edu
Abstract
The reliability of power electronics system such as three phase inverter is important in various applications. Different types of
faults occur in it, which may influence the operation of system. Such faults require unexpected maintenance, which increases the
cost of manufacturing. Therefore fault diagnosis of such devices plays vital role in industry. One possible fault that occurs in
inverter is an open switch fault. This paper provides a new technique based on diagnostic variable which detects single as well as
multiple open switch fault in three phase inverter. In this method, diagnostic variables are used to detect faulty phase. Along with
these diagnostic variables, an average current of three phase inverter is used for the detection of single as well as multiple faulty
switches.
Key Words: Power electronics, open switch fault, diagnostic variables.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The voltage source inverter (VSI) is one of the most used
circuit configurations for speed control of three-phase
induction motors. The main objective of inverter is to
produce an ac output waveform from a dc power supply. A
fixed dc input voltage is given to the inverter and a
controlled ac output voltage is obtained by adjusting the on
and off periods of the inverter components. Three phase
inverter provides a three-phase voltage source, where the
amplitude, phase, and frequency of the voltages should
always be controllable. The Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) is used to control the output voltage of inverter.
Three phase PWM inverter is used in many industrial
applications such as electric motor drives, UPS, active
power filters, etc. Different types of unexpected faults may
occurs in it. These AC drives systems are sensitive to
different types of fault occurring at the input rectifier, or at
the power inverter stage, or at the control sub system. In
general, when one of these faults occurs, system may
damage. The cost of these steps can be high. These inverter
faults may influence the operation of whole system. It is
necessary to avoid this harmful influence and to enhance the
reliability of the system. Therefore, fault detection and
diagnosis are needed.
It is estimated that among all types of faults in variable-
speed ac drives in industry, about 38% of the faults are due
to failures of power devices [1]. Most of these inverters use
insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) as the power
device because of their high voltage and current ratings and
ability to handle short-circuit currents for periods exceeding
10 μs. But they suffer failures due to excess electrical and
thermal stress that are experienced in many applications.
IGBT failures can be broadly classified as open-circuit
faults, short-circuit faults, and intermittent gate-misfiring
faults. There are several methods are available for detection
of inverter faults. In [2] and [3], the technique using Park’s
vector was proposed in which neural network is used for
diagnosis. But this technique requires very complex pattern
recognition algorithm. In [4] a fault detection using voltage
sensors was proposed. This method is fast but it requires
additional sensors. A method using a discrete Fourier
transform (DFT) was proposed in [5]. In this method Fourier
coefficients of current signal are used for fault diagnosis. In
[6] and [7], neural network is used. This neural network is
trained with the seven fault patterns which are calculated by
average current Concordia vector trajectory.
Most methods are used to find single switch fault and not
multiple switch faults. In this paper, open-circuit fault in
inverter is discussed. Presented method is able to detect
single as well as multiple open switch fault in three phase
inverter. The average absolute values of current are used to
calculate diagnostic variables. Some characteristics are
obtained with these diagnostic variables and average current
of inverter which are used to detect faulty phase and faulty
switches. This method is more robust to false alarm.
2. THREE PHASE INVERTER
An inverter is an electronic device which converts Direct
Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC). This AC can be
of any required voltage and frequency. The Variable
Frequency Drive (VFD) mostly is of two types, Voltage
Source Inverter (VSI) and Current Source Inverter (CSI).
VSI has advantages like higher efficiencies, minimizing
installation timing, eliminating interconnect power cabling
costs, and reducing building floor space. Efficiencies are
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 637
97% with high power factor through all load and speed
ranges. Fig. 1 shows basic structure of a three phase voltage
source inverter. In this model S1 to S6 are Insulated Gate
Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) which can be on or off
Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is a common
technique for controlling the switches. The average value of
voltage fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch
between supply and load on and off at a high frequency.
Fig -1: Three Phase PWM Inverter
The simplest way to generate a PWM signal is the
intersective method, which requires a triangle waveform and
a comparator. When the value of the reference signal is
more than the modulation waveform, the PWM signal is in
the high state, otherwise it is in the low state.
In open circuit fault condition, the IGBT falls in the off state
and remains in this situation regardless of the gate voltage
value. Open-circuit fault occurs due to lifting of bonding
wires caused by thermic cycling. It may be caused by a
driver fault or a short-circuit-fault-induced IGBT rupture.
Open circuit faults generally do not cause system shutdown,
but degrade its performance. Therefore, these diagnostic
methods can be used in device-fault-tolerant systems.
3. FAULT DIAGNOSTIC METHOD:
3.1 Park’s vector approach:
The Park’s vector approach or dq transformation is
mathematical transformation which simplifies three phase
circuit. This method is used to transform three phase current
of voltage source inverter ( , , ) into two phase current
( , ). The Park’s vector components are given by [1],
=
2
3
−
1
√6
−
1
√6
(1)
i =
√
(i − i ) (2)
Using dq transformation the current patterns can be obtained
which indicates faulty situation of inverter current. It gives
different six patterns. A normal operation is represented by a
circle. If an open switch fault has occurred, there is a change
in the phase current value at the location of fault. Therefore,
a change in the circle shape represents the occurrence of an
open fault condition. When fault occurs, circle becomes
semicircle. Fig.2 shows dq transformation for normal and
faulty phase current of three phase inverter.
3.2 Normalization of currents:
The proposed method uses the dq transformation which
transforms three phase current into two phase. This method
requires only three phase currents as inputs and it does not
require any extra sensors.
(a) For normal operation
Fig -2: DQ transformation
Therefore, system complexity reduces. The normalization of
measured current is used to overcome the problem of
operating condition dependency and false diagnostics [8].
For normalization, dq transformation or Park’s vector
approach is used to calculate Park’s vector modulus, given
as
ǀ ǀ= + (3)
Where and are the Park’s vector components. The
normalization is done by dividing three phase current by
Park’s vector modulus. The normalized three phase current
is given by,
=
ǀ ǀ
(4)
Where n=a,b,c. Therefore, assuming that the motor is fed by
a healthy inverter generating a perfectly balanced three-
phase sinusoidal current system
=
"
#
$
= %& sin()*+ + ,)
= %& sin -)*+ −
.
/
+ ,0
= %& sin -)*+ +
.
/
+ ,0
1 (5)
where %& is the currents maximum amplitude, )* is the
motor currents frequency, and 3 is the initial phase angle.
Because of this normalization process, the normalized motor
phase currents will always take values within the range of
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
DQ Transformation
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 638
±
/
, which is independent of the measured currents
amplitude,
=
"
55
#
55
$ =
/
sin ()*+ + ,)
=
/
sin ()*+ −
.
/
+ ,)
=
/
sin ()*+ +
.
/
+ ,)
1 (6)
3.3 Average absolute value of currents:
Average absolute values of three phase normalized currents
< ǀ ǀ > are given by,
)*
28
9 ǀ ǀ:+
;<
=
>
=
1
8
8
3
(7)
3.4 Diagnostic variables:
The three diagnostic variables A (where n=a,b,c) are
obtained from the errors of the normalized current’s average
absolute values, given by
A = B − 〈ǀ ǀ〉 (8)
Where B is a constant value equivalent to the average
absolute value of the normalized motor phase currents under
normal operating conditions given by (7), that is
B =
.
E
/
≈ 0.5198 (9)
The three diagnostic variables used for fault diagnosis
because they have specific characteristics [9]. For normal
operation, all the diagnostic variables will take values near
to zero. If an inverter open-circuit fault is introduced, at
least one of the diagnostic variables will takes positive
value. But these variables only give the information about
the faulty phase and not about faulty switches. Hence, along
with diagnostic variables, current’s average value is used to
detect faulty switches.
J =
"
#
$
K L A < 0
0 L 0 ≤ A < NO
P L NO ≤ A < N
Q L A ≥ N
1 (9)
S = T
U L 〈 〉 < 0
V L 〈 〉 > 0
1 (10)
The values of J and S are used to generate a distinct fault
signature. The threshold value NO is directly related to any
fault detection, while N performs an important role in case
of a double failure in the same inverter phase. Since the
method is normalized, it is not required to adjust these
values for each load and speed conditions. Table 1 gives
different diagnostic signatures. Here, value of NO and N are
considered as 0.00006 and 0.1996 respectively.
4. ARCHITECTURE OF FAULT DIAGNOSIS
First step of fault diagnosis of three phase PWM inverter is
to measure the three phase current and voltage. Measuring
of current and voltage is done with different conditions.
These measurements of current and signals are used for
further processing.
Table -1: Diagnostic signatures for faulty switch detection
Faulty
Switches
Ea Eb Ec Ma Mb Mc
S1 P N N L - -
S2 P N N H - -
S3 N P N - L -
S4 N P N - H -
S5 N N P - - L
S6 N N P - - H
S1,S2 D - - - - -
S3,S4 - D - - - -
S5,S6 - - D - - -
S1,S3 P P N L L H
S2,S4 P P N H H L
S3,S5 N P P H L L
S4,S6 N P P L H H
S1,S5 P N P L H L
S2,S6 P N P H L H
Data acquisition board is used to collect these signals and
transfer them from analog to digital signals. Because signal
processing can be done in digital domain. These signals then
import in MATLAB. The diagnostic variable method can be
applied on these signals to find whether inverter signals are
faulty or not. If so, then it will calculate location of faulty
switch. Fig. 3 shows fault diagnostic system for real time
application.
Fig -3: Fault detection system for real time application.
In this model, three phase inverter uses sinusoidal pulse
width modulation technique. Input for inverter is 1 ph 40 V,
50 Hz. Output voltage of inverter is 0 to 25 AC. Load is
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 639
resistive in star or delta. Output frequency is 0 to 50 Hz.
Speed is controlled by frequency control. Data acquisition
is the process of sampling signal that measure real world
physical conditions and converting samples into digital
numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer. It
converts analog waveforms into digital values for
processing. It includes sensors to convert physical parameter
to electrical signal and signal conditioning circuitry to
convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted to a
digital form.
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
For simulation results, inverter should be simulated in
MATLAB for every fault mode. In this paper three distinct
faulty operations are considered, a single IGBT open-circuit
fault, a single-phase open-circuit fault (double fault in the
same inverter leg), and a double switch open-circuit fault.
Open switch fault can be introduced by removing respective
gate signal of switches.
a) Single IGBT open switch fault
Fig. 4 shows the time-domain waveforms of the three phase
inverter currents, the diagnostic variables and the
normalized current’s average values. An IGBT open-circuit
fault in switch S1 is introduced by removing its gate signal.
When the fault in IGBT S1 occurs, the diagnostic variable of
the corresponding phase A immediately increases,
converging to a value of 0.23. The other two remaining
errors will decrease until they reach a value of
approximately −0.08. S1 is upper switch of phase a,
therefore the current flows through bottom IGBT switch
which is large negative average value of current.
b) Single phase open circuit fault
Fig. 5 shows simulation results for single phase open circuit
fault in IGBT S1 and S2. In this case, the fault is introduced
in S1 and S2 by removing corresponding gate signals. As a
result, the diagnostic variable A will immediately increase
to a final value of 0.51. Remaining two diagnostic variables
will decreases, converging both to a value of about −0.18.
c) Double power switches open circuit fault
When the faults in transistors S1 and S3 are introduced, both
the diagnostic variables eX and e will increase and reach
values higher than kZ. The diagnostic variable of the normal
phase will decreases to negative value.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig -4: Simulation results of (a) inverter three phase
current,(b) diagnostic variables and (c) normalized currents
average values when open switch fault in switch S1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig -5: Simulation results of (a) inverter three phase
current,(b) diagnostic variables and (c) normalized currents
average values when open switch fault introduced in switch
S1 and S2.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new diagnosis scheme for three phase
inverter IGBT open switch faults is presented. In proposed
method, three phase current of inverter is used as input to
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Three phase current of inverter
Ia
Ib
Ic
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Diagnostic Variables
ea
eb
ec
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Normalized current average values
<IaN>
<IbN>
<IcN>
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Three phase current of inverter
Ia
Ib
Ic
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Diagnostic Variables
ea
eb
ec
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Normalized current average values
<IaN>
<IbN>
<IcN>
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 640
diagnostic method. This method avoids extra sensors and
therefore reduces cost of manufacturing. The diagnostic
variables provide the information about faulty phase. Along
with this, average normalized three phase current, faulty
switches can be detected. This method gives detection of
single as well as multiple faulty switches. Because of
normalization method, this method becomes independent on
load level or motor speed.
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6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 |
pISSN: 2321-7308
___________________________________________________________________________
____________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 641