This document discusses the design and simulation of a thermal MEMS gyroscope. It begins with background on gyroscopes and different MEMS gyroscope designs, including tuning fork, vibrating wheel, and wine glass resonator designs. It then focuses on the design, modification, modeling, and COMSOL simulation of a thermal MEMS gyroscope. The simulation aims to analyze the effects of angular rate on the pressure difference of the thermal gyroscope design to evaluate its sensitivity and applicability. Further research is recommended to improve the simplified model and simulation.
A short presentation on MEMS gyroscope. Contents are as below:
Gyroscope
Gyroscopic Principle
Introduction to MEMS
MEMS Gyroscope
Fundamental Concept and Design Principle
Working Principle
Fabrication Technologies
Applications & Future Scope
Conclusion
References
A short presentation on MEMS gyroscope. Contents are as below:
Gyroscope
Gyroscopic Principle
Introduction to MEMS
MEMS Gyroscope
Fundamental Concept and Design Principle
Working Principle
Fabrication Technologies
Applications & Future Scope
Conclusion
References
Accelerometer introduction, working, types, advantages and diadvantages are well explained for all the types of accelerometer focusing on automobile applications
MEMS technology consist of micro electronic elements actuators, sensors and mechanical structures built onto a substrate which is usually “Silicon”. They are developed using microfabrication techniques : deposition, patterning, etching.
The most common forms of MEMS production are :
Bulk micromachine, surface micromachine etc.
The benefits of this small scale integrated device brings the technology of nanometers to a vast no. of devices.
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, is a technology that in its most general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements that are made using the techniques of micro fabrication. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to several millimeters.
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are miniature devices comprising of integrated mechanical (levers, springs, deformable membranes, vibrating structures, etc.) and electrical (resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) components designed to work in concert to sense and report on the physical properties of their immediate or local environment, or, when signaled to do so, to perform some kind of controlled physical interaction or actuation with their immediate or local environment
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, is a technology that in its most general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements (i.e., devices and structures) that are made using the techniques of microfabrication. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to several millimeters. Likewise, the types of MEMS devices can vary from relatively simple structures having no moving elements, to extremely complex electromechanical systems with multiple moving elements under the control of integrated microelectronics. The one main criterion of MEMS is that there are at least some elements having some sort of mechanical functionality whether or not these elements can move. In other words Microsystems are miniaturized integrated systems in a small package or more specifically, micro-sized components working together as a system and assembled into a package that fits on a pinhead. In the United States, these devices are referred to as microelectromechanical systems or MEMS. European countries referred to such devices as microsystems or MST. These two terms – MEMS and MST – are often used interchangeably. Microsystems are microscopic, integrated, self-aware, stand-alone products that can sense, think, communicate and act. Some systems can do all of these things, plus scavenge for power.
This presentation outlines some of the most exciting medical MEMS and sensors devices that were introduced to the marketplace in the past few years. Some of the devices are already in volume production, and some are still being commercialized.
MEMS is a technique of combining electrical and mechanical components together on a chip. It produces a system of miniature dimensions i.e the system having thickness less than the thickness of human hair. The components are integrated on a single chip using micro fabrication technology which allows the microsystem to both sense & control the environment.
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, is a technology that in its most general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements (i.e., devices and structures) that are made using the techniques of microfabrication. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to several millimeters. Likewise, the types of MEMS devices can vary from relatively simple structures having no moving elements, to extremely complex electromechanical systems with multiple moving elements under the control of integrated microelectronics. The one main criterion of MEMS is that there are at least some elements having some sort of mechanical functionality whether or not these elements can move. The term used to define MEMS varies in different parts of the world. In the United States they are predominantly called MEMS, while in some other parts of the world they are called “Microsystems Technology” or “micromachined devices”.
Micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS, also written as micro-electro-mechanical, Micro Electro Mechanical or micro electronic and micro electro mechanical systems and the related micromechatronics) is the technology of microscopic devices, particularly those with moving parts. It merges at the nano-scale into nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) and nanotechnology. MEMS are also referred to as micromachines in Japan, or micro systems technology.
Micro Electromechanical systems or MEMS, represent an extraordinary technology that promises to transform whole industries and drive the next technological revolution. These devices can replace bulky actuators and sensors with micron-scale equivalent that can be produced in large quantities by fabrication processes used in integrated circuits photolithography. This reduces cost, bulk, weight and power consumption while increasing performance, production volume, and functionality by orders of magnitude. For example, one well known MEMS device is the accelerometer (it’s now being manufactured using mems low cost, small size, more reliability). Furthermore, it is clear that current MEMS products are simply precursors to greater and more pervasive applications to come, including genetic and disease testing, guidance and navigation systems, power generation, RF devices (especially for cell phone technology), weapon systems, biological and chemical agent detection, and data storage. Micro mirror based optical switches have already proven their value; several start-up companies specializing in their development have already been sold to large network companies for hundreds of millions of dollars. The promise of MEMS is increasingly capturing the attention of new and old industries alike, as more and more of their challenges are solved with MEMS.
After extensive development, todays commercial MEMS – also known as Micro System Technologies (MST), Micro Machines (MM) have proven to be more manufactural, reliable and accurate, dollar for dollar, than their conventional counterparts. However the technical hurdles to attain these accomplishments were often costly and time- consuming, and current advances in this technology introduce newer challenges still. Because this field is still in its infancy, very little data on design, manufacturing processes or liability are common or shared.
IMU (inertial measurement unit) has already played significant roles in the control system of aerospace and other vehicle platforms. Due to the maturity and low cost of MEMS technology, IMU starts to penetrate consumer products such as smartphone, wearables and VR/AR devices.
This sharing will focus on the general introduction of IMU components, signal characteristics and application concepts, with an attempt to guide those who is interested in the IMU-based system integration and algorithm development.
MEMS Technology & its application for Miniaturized Space SystemIJSRD
MEMS- Micro electro mechanical system. Over the last decade Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) have evoked great interest in the scientific and engineering communities. They are formed by integration of electronic and mechanical components at micron level. MEMS has gained acceptance as viable products for many commercial and government applications. This paper will give an introduction to these exciting developments of MEMS, the fabrication technology used and application in various fields. Future applications of miniaturized space systems will have special needs on MEMS components. This paper addresses the needs, status and perspectives of the MEMS Technology for miniaturized space system from the perspectives of a spacecraft developer. First, the needs of the future space missions on MEMS components are discussed. Then, the state-of-the-art MEMS technologies are reviewed based upon these needs. Finally, perspectives of space-based MEMS technology will be addressed based on the analysis of both future mission needs and technological trends. Lastly, it concludes saying that MEMS have enough potential to establish a second technological revolution of miniaturization.
Accelerometer introduction, working, types, advantages and diadvantages are well explained for all the types of accelerometer focusing on automobile applications
MEMS technology consist of micro electronic elements actuators, sensors and mechanical structures built onto a substrate which is usually “Silicon”. They are developed using microfabrication techniques : deposition, patterning, etching.
The most common forms of MEMS production are :
Bulk micromachine, surface micromachine etc.
The benefits of this small scale integrated device brings the technology of nanometers to a vast no. of devices.
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, is a technology that in its most general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements that are made using the techniques of micro fabrication. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to several millimeters.
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are miniature devices comprising of integrated mechanical (levers, springs, deformable membranes, vibrating structures, etc.) and electrical (resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) components designed to work in concert to sense and report on the physical properties of their immediate or local environment, or, when signaled to do so, to perform some kind of controlled physical interaction or actuation with their immediate or local environment
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, is a technology that in its most general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements (i.e., devices and structures) that are made using the techniques of microfabrication. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to several millimeters. Likewise, the types of MEMS devices can vary from relatively simple structures having no moving elements, to extremely complex electromechanical systems with multiple moving elements under the control of integrated microelectronics. The one main criterion of MEMS is that there are at least some elements having some sort of mechanical functionality whether or not these elements can move. In other words Microsystems are miniaturized integrated systems in a small package or more specifically, micro-sized components working together as a system and assembled into a package that fits on a pinhead. In the United States, these devices are referred to as microelectromechanical systems or MEMS. European countries referred to such devices as microsystems or MST. These two terms – MEMS and MST – are often used interchangeably. Microsystems are microscopic, integrated, self-aware, stand-alone products that can sense, think, communicate and act. Some systems can do all of these things, plus scavenge for power.
This presentation outlines some of the most exciting medical MEMS and sensors devices that were introduced to the marketplace in the past few years. Some of the devices are already in volume production, and some are still being commercialized.
MEMS is a technique of combining electrical and mechanical components together on a chip. It produces a system of miniature dimensions i.e the system having thickness less than the thickness of human hair. The components are integrated on a single chip using micro fabrication technology which allows the microsystem to both sense & control the environment.
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, is a technology that in its most general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements (i.e., devices and structures) that are made using the techniques of microfabrication. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to several millimeters. Likewise, the types of MEMS devices can vary from relatively simple structures having no moving elements, to extremely complex electromechanical systems with multiple moving elements under the control of integrated microelectronics. The one main criterion of MEMS is that there are at least some elements having some sort of mechanical functionality whether or not these elements can move. The term used to define MEMS varies in different parts of the world. In the United States they are predominantly called MEMS, while in some other parts of the world they are called “Microsystems Technology” or “micromachined devices”.
Micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS, also written as micro-electro-mechanical, Micro Electro Mechanical or micro electronic and micro electro mechanical systems and the related micromechatronics) is the technology of microscopic devices, particularly those with moving parts. It merges at the nano-scale into nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) and nanotechnology. MEMS are also referred to as micromachines in Japan, or micro systems technology.
Micro Electromechanical systems or MEMS, represent an extraordinary technology that promises to transform whole industries and drive the next technological revolution. These devices can replace bulky actuators and sensors with micron-scale equivalent that can be produced in large quantities by fabrication processes used in integrated circuits photolithography. This reduces cost, bulk, weight and power consumption while increasing performance, production volume, and functionality by orders of magnitude. For example, one well known MEMS device is the accelerometer (it’s now being manufactured using mems low cost, small size, more reliability). Furthermore, it is clear that current MEMS products are simply precursors to greater and more pervasive applications to come, including genetic and disease testing, guidance and navigation systems, power generation, RF devices (especially for cell phone technology), weapon systems, biological and chemical agent detection, and data storage. Micro mirror based optical switches have already proven their value; several start-up companies specializing in their development have already been sold to large network companies for hundreds of millions of dollars. The promise of MEMS is increasingly capturing the attention of new and old industries alike, as more and more of their challenges are solved with MEMS.
After extensive development, todays commercial MEMS – also known as Micro System Technologies (MST), Micro Machines (MM) have proven to be more manufactural, reliable and accurate, dollar for dollar, than their conventional counterparts. However the technical hurdles to attain these accomplishments were often costly and time- consuming, and current advances in this technology introduce newer challenges still. Because this field is still in its infancy, very little data on design, manufacturing processes or liability are common or shared.
IMU (inertial measurement unit) has already played significant roles in the control system of aerospace and other vehicle platforms. Due to the maturity and low cost of MEMS technology, IMU starts to penetrate consumer products such as smartphone, wearables and VR/AR devices.
This sharing will focus on the general introduction of IMU components, signal characteristics and application concepts, with an attempt to guide those who is interested in the IMU-based system integration and algorithm development.
MEMS Technology & its application for Miniaturized Space SystemIJSRD
MEMS- Micro electro mechanical system. Over the last decade Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) have evoked great interest in the scientific and engineering communities. They are formed by integration of electronic and mechanical components at micron level. MEMS has gained acceptance as viable products for many commercial and government applications. This paper will give an introduction to these exciting developments of MEMS, the fabrication technology used and application in various fields. Future applications of miniaturized space systems will have special needs on MEMS components. This paper addresses the needs, status and perspectives of the MEMS Technology for miniaturized space system from the perspectives of a spacecraft developer. First, the needs of the future space missions on MEMS components are discussed. Then, the state-of-the-art MEMS technologies are reviewed based upon these needs. Finally, perspectives of space-based MEMS technology will be addressed based on the analysis of both future mission needs and technological trends. Lastly, it concludes saying that MEMS have enough potential to establish a second technological revolution of miniaturization.
A short introduction on the device GYROSCOPE and a brief description on its properties, history, applications, types and future work.
Source:-
1. Theory of Machines by R.S.Khurmi and J.K.Gupta
2. www.google.co.in
2. www.wikipedia.org
Closed Loop Control of Gimbal-less MEMS Mirrors for Increased Bandwidth in Li...Ping Hsu
we presented a low SWaP wirelessly controlled MEMS mirror
-
based LiDAR
prototype
which utilized an OEM
laser rangefinder for distance measurement
[1]
.
The MEMS mirror was run in open loop based on its e
xceptional
ly fast
design and high
repeatability performance.
However, to
further
extend the bandwidth and incorporate necessary eye
-
safety features, we recently focused on providing mirror position feedback and running the system in closed loop control.
A micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) gyroscope is commonly used to monitor the angular rate of a moving body due to its benefits. The most promising advantages include its small size, low cost, and a high degree of integration. MEMS gyroscope has different fabrication processes and micromachining techniques. LIGA (Lithography-Galvanoformung-Abformung), bulk micromachining, surface micromachining, Silicon-on-glass (SOG) and Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) are the known fabrication techniques for MEMS gyroscope. This paper systematically reviewed the fabrication techniques used to fabricate the MEMS gyroscope. The current review paper also focuses on the performance of MEMS gyroscope which included several recent developments. For the conclusion of results, the variable typically used is the rate of turn (°/s) for MEMS angular rate sensors with respect to bandwidth frequency. Finally based on the review some analysis on fabrication technology, key principles, and performance parameters are discussed.
Introduction to Micro Sensors and Transducers. Application of MEMS in industries and their basic architecture. MEMS accelerometer and gyroscope explored a bit i.e. their structures and their applications.
A Fast Single-Pixel Laser Imager for VR/AR Headset TrackingPing Hsu
In this work we demonstrate a highly flexible laser imaging system for 3D sensing applications such as in tracking of VR/AR headsets, hands and gestures. The system uses a MEMS mirror scan module to transmit low power laser pulses over programmable areas within a field of view and uses a single photodiode to measure the reflected light...
Optimization of Air Preheater for compactness of shell by evaluating performa...Nemish Kanwar
Designing of an Air Preheater with increased performance from an existing design through alteration in baffle placement. Analysis of 4 Baffle designs for segmented Baffle case was done using Ansys Fluent. The net heat recovery rate was computed by subtracting pump work from heat recovered. Based on the result, Air Preheater design was recommended.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
MEMS Pressure difference based Gyroscope
1. Thermal Gyroscope
Study of Various MEMS Gyroscopes design, there advantages and Simulation of Thermal Gyroscope on COMSOL
Nemish Kanwar
2012A4PS305P
Akershit Agarwal
2012A4PS340P
Varun Prabodh Sharma
2012A4PS294P
Submitted to
Dr N N Sharma
11/16/2014
2. Table of Contents
1.
Abstract
2
2.
History
2
3.
MEMS Gyroscopes
4
4.
About Various MEMS Gyroscope Designs
4
5.
Application
8
6.
Principle
9
7.
Design
10-12
8.
Modification
13
9.
Model
14-16
10.
COMSOL Simulation Result
17-18
11.
Results
19-20
12.
Conclusion
20
13.
References
21
1
3. Abstract
Gyroscopes are attracting a lot of research these days, and MEMS gyroscopes are expected to make a huge impact on the market in the near future. They have found automotive applications such as vehicle stability control, navigation assist, and roll-over detection in high-end cars, where cost is not a major factor. Examples of consumer applications are 3D input devices, robotics, platform stability, camcorder stabilization, virtual reality, and more. With cost prohibitive existing designs, new models must be studied.
This report is intended to study various existing MEMS gyroscope designs, and to propose a modified design simulation of the thermal gyroscope. COMSOL has been used to create the simplified model and to simulate the effects of angular rate on the pressure difference. Hence, the device’s sensitivity and applicability have been obtained. The study is not expected to be conclusive, since it is only for a particular design based on thermal principles, and further research is recommended.
A Brief History of Gyroscope
In order to discuss MEMS gyroscopes we must first understand gyroscopes in general and what role they play in science. Technically, a gyroscope is any device that can measure angular velocity. As early as the 1700s, spinning devices were being used for sea navigation in foggy conditions. The more traditional spinning gyroscope was invented in the early 1800s, and the French scientist Jean Bernard Leon Foucault coined the term gyroscope in 1852. In the late 1800s and early 1900ís gyroscopes were patented for use on ships. Around 1916, the gyroscope found use in aircraft where it is still commonly used today. Throughout the 20th century improvements were made on the spinning gyroscope. In the 1960s, optical gyroscopes using lasers were first introduced and soon found commercial success in aeronautics and military applications. In the last ten to fifteen years, MEMS gyroscopes have been introduced and advancements have been made to create mass-produced successful products with several advantages over traditional macro-scale devices.
2
4. Traditional Gyroscopes
Usually, when one talks about gyroscopes, most people think of heavy spinning disks, tops or bicycle wheels. However, a number of devices are based on the gyroscope’s principle that look nothing like the mechanical gyroscope.
Gyroscopes function differently depending on their type. Traditional spinning gyroscopes work on the basis that a spinning object that is tilted perpendicularly to the direction of the spin will have a precession. The precession keeps the device oriented in a vertical direction so the angle relative to the reference surface can be measured.
Optical gyroscopes are most commonly ring laser gyroscopes. These devices send two lasers around a circular path in opposite directions. If the path spins, a phase shift can be detected since the speed of light always remain constant. Usually the rings are triangles or rectangles with mirrors at each corner. Optical gyroscopes are a great improvement to the spinning mass gyroscopes because there is no wear, greater reliability and smaller size and weight. 3
5. MEMS Gyroscopes
Even after the introduction of laser ring gyroscopes, a lot of properties were desired. MEMS vibrating mass gyroscopes aimed to create smaller, more sensitive devices. Many types of MEMS gyroscopes have appeared in the literature, with most falling into the categories of tuning-fork gyros, oscillating wheels, Foucault pendulums, and wine glass resonators. Conventional (non-MEMS) spinning wheel gyros are common, but levitation and rotation of a MEMS device with no springs has not yet been commercialized.
About Various MEMS Gyroscope Designs
1. Tuning Fork Gyroscopes
Tuning fork gyros contain a pair of masses that are driven to oscillate with equal amplitude but in opposite directions. When rotated, the Coriolis force creates an orthogonal vibration that can be sensed by a variety of mechanisms. The Draper Lab gyro uses comb-type structures to drive the tuning fork into resonance. 4
6. The first working prototype of the Draper Lab comb drive tuning fork gyro is shown here in an SEM image. Due to the superior mechanical properties of single-crystal silicon, a much better performance was achieved using single-crystal silicon with the dissolved wafer process.
Rotation causes the proof masses to vibrate out of plane, and this motion is sensed capacitively with a custom CMOS ASIC. The technology has been licensed to Rockwell, Boeing, Honeywell, and others.
The resonant modes of a MEMS inertial sensor are extremely important. In a gyro, there is typically a vibration mode that is driven and a second mode for output sensing. In some cases, the input and output modes are degenerate or nearly so. If the I/O modes are chosen such that they are separated by ~10%, the open-loop sensitivity will be increased due to the resonance effect. It is also critical that no other resonant modes be close to the I/O resonant frequencies.
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7. 6
2. Vibrating-Wheel Gyroscopes
Many reports of vibrating-wheel gyros also have been published. In this type of gyro, the wheel
is driven to vibrate about its axis of symmetry, and rotation about either in-plane axis results in
the wheel's tilting, a change that can be detected with capacitive electrodes under the wheel.
The vibrating wheel gyro made by Bosch Corp., with capacitive sensing under the wheel, can be
used to detect two in-plane rotational axes.
It is possible to sense two axes of rotation with a single vibrating wheel. A surface micro-machined
polysilicon vibrating wheel gyro has been designed at the U.C. Berkeley Sensors and
Actuators Center.
This polysilicon surface micro-machined vibrating wheel gyro was designed at the Berkeley
Sensors and Actuators Center. The potential for combining the mechanical resonator and sense
and drive electronics on a single chip permits extreme miniaturization.
3. Wine Glass Resonator Gyroscopes. A third type of gyro is
the wine glass resonator. Fabricated from fused silica, this device
is also known as a hemispherical resonant gyro. Researchers at
the University of Michigan have fabricated resonant-ring gyros in
planar form. In a wine glass gyro, the resonant ring is driven to
resonance and the positions of the nodal points
8. The Silicon Sensing Systems gyro is fabricated from single-crystal silicon with metal added for higher conductivity. This device measures 29 by 29 by 18 mm and is used to stabilize the Segway Human Transporter.
Analog Devices has been working on MEMS gyros for many years, and has patented several concepts based on modified tuning forks. The company has recently introduced the ADXRS family of integrated angular rate-sensing gyros, in which the mass is tethered to a polysilicon frame that allows it to resonate in only one direction. Capacitive silicon sensing elements inter- digitized with stationary silicon beams attached to the substrate measure the Coriolis-induced displacement of the resonating mass and its frame.
The iMEMS ADXRS angular rate-sensing gyro from Analog Devices integrates an angular rate sensor and signal processing electronics onto a single piece of silicon. Based on the Coriolis Effect, it’s very low noise output makes it a good choice for GPS receivers, where critical location information is required during temporary disruptions of GPS signals.
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9. These devices are based on a vibrating rod that is typically oriented out of the plane of the chip. They are therefore challenging to build with planar fabrication tools, but recent advances in MEMS technology allow very high aspect ratio MEMS that make it possible to fabricate the pendulum without hand assembly of the rod.
Application
• Space Orientation: The Oscillation can also be used and controlled in vibrating structure gyroscope for the positioning of spacecraft such as Cassini-Huygens
• Automotive: Automotive yaw rate sensors detect error in predicted yaw response in a car in conjunction with Steering wheel sensor. Advanced systems are able to detect rollover of a car
• Entertainment: Different gaming companies like Nintendo, Sony employ gyroscope to make controllers for providing good gaming experience to its customers
• Cameras: Image Stabilization System on Camera and Videos employ Vibratory Gyroscope
• Industrial Robotics: Vibrations in Robots are detected via MEMS gyroscopes, this helps robot to work with more precision
With gyros costing as little as $10.00 per sensed axis, they should soon claim a sizeable market share.
Summary
MEMS inertial sensing is an established industry, with performance-to-cost rapidly improving each year. Gyroscopes and angular accelerometers are entering the marketplace and will soon make many non-MEMS components obsolete. They should also open up new applications due to their small size and weight, modest power consumption and cost, and high reliability.
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10. Principle
The operating principle of the Thermal MEMS gyroscope is the deflection of a current of moving hot fluid by the Coriolis force. The Coriolis force refers to the appearance of an object in rectilinear motion being deflected from its course if observed from a rotating frame of reference. The Coriolis force is sometimes referred to as a “fictitious” force, since it disappears when the physics of the situation are described within an inertial frame of reference. 퐹푐표푟푖표푙푖푠=2푚(휔ሬሬ⃗×푉ሬ⃗)
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11. Design
In this device, 2 heaters are placed on the opposite side of device and are switched on/off alternatively. This creates an oscillating flow of fluid within the sensor, from Heater-On to Heater-Off. This flow is deflected in the y-direction due to Coriolis force which is directly proportional to x-velocity of fluid. Shown below is the plot of velocity vector represented by arrow 10
12. This deviation of air flow results in Temperature gradient between sensor 1 and sensor 2 as shown below
The temperature difference is plotted for different angular velocity of device 11
13. Periodically reversing the direction of air flow by changing the point of heat influx, helps cancel out the effect of linear acceleration, which needs to be filtered out to get pure rotation effect. In the device frame, the Coriolis force direction reverses when the velocity changes direction for same rotation-sense. If acceleration was linear and not a rotation, the temperature difference would not fluctuate in sign, and this difference can be noticed by the electronics in order to filter out the effect.
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14. Modification
• We have modified our model in terms of feasibility in the practical model. In the given model there was no inlet and outlet for the fluid which would continuously raise its temperature. Hence we have given an inlet and an outlet for the fluid.
• We have given constant velocity and removed the heaters.
• Instead of temperature sensors we are measuring the pressure difference using pressure sensors.
• Due to the rotation of the body the air is deflected on one side and we get a higher pressure on the side where it deflects and lower on the other side.
In this manner we can judge in which direction the body rotates.
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15. Our Model
For the simulation, a cubic volume of air was taken as the domain of study. The following model was made on COMSOL Multiphysics version 4.3:
Geometry
Units
Length unit
μm
Angular unit
deg
Materials
Air [gas] was taken as the material from the Material Browser inbuilt into COMSOL. This would be the easiest material to obtain when considering cost. 14
16. Properties of Material
Property
Material
Property Group
Density
Air [gas]
Basic
Dynamic Viscosity
Air [gas]
Basic
Laminar Flow was assumed, and the results confirmed that this was the right choice of physics.
Equations
These did not have to be modified, since the correct physics (laminar flow) was chosen.
Boundary Conditions
Inlet
Normal Inflow Velocity
1 μm/s
Outlet 15
17. Pressure
0 Pa
Volume Force
Coriolis force is a body-force or volume force, acting on each moving point in the non-inertial frame It acts in y direction for x direction velocity and z axis of rotation. Since this is not an inbuilt function, we had to apply the equation for coriolis force in the body-force section. We have negleced the y-velocity in the force calculation since it is much less than the x direction velocity, as observed in the simulation.
x
0
y
2*1.15[kg/m^3]*omega[1/s]*u
z
0
Mesh
Normal mesh has been used, with element size varying from 0.03 to 0.1micro-m
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18. COMSOL Simulation Results:
Velocity Distribution:
Evidently, the velocity profile is shifted towards the Coriolis force direction, as expected.
Line Graph
Corresponding points have been chosen on opposite ends of the block, in the y direction. Since the force direction is y, the pressure at the point of higher y is expected to be higher. The two pressures are measured, and knowledge of velocity and pressure-difference gives us the magnitude of rotational velocity at that instant.
X=0.5 y=0.01 z=0.5 = Blue
X=0.5 y=0.99 z=0.5 = Green
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20. Result
Line Plots at P1: x=0.5 y=0.01 z=0.5 P2: x=0.5 y=0.99 z=0.5
The following data was obtained from COMSOL (휔,푃푟푒푠푠푢푟푒 푎푡 푃1 푎푛푑 푃2)
1.00E+08
2.00E+08
3.00E+08
4.00E+08
5.00E+08
6.00E+08
7.00E+08
8.00E+08
9.00E+08
1.00E+09
8.74E-05
-4.62E-05
-1.72E-04
-2.90E-04
-3.97E-04
-4.91E-04
-5.70E-04
-6.28E-04
-6.60E-04
-6.58E-04
3.74E-04
5.25E-04
6.81E-04
8.42E-04
1.01E-03
1.18E-03
1.36E-03
1.55E-03
1.76E-03
1.97E-03
Using Matlab, The data Pressure difference was plotted for different angular velocity
And plot was also made for Omega v/s pressure difference and a correlation was found 19
21. Conclusion
Correlation between ω and ΔP was found out to be
ω=3.8e11*ΔP-2.3e7
The slope is too high, and the sensitivity is expected to be too low to be of practical importance. Apart from this, additional sensors will be required to correct for velocity fluctuations. This is likely to drive up the cost of the device. However, if the sensing method is changed, and an independent oscillation driving mechanism is added, the sensitivity can be made high enough to become practical. Cost cannot be estimated without solving these problems first. 20
22. References
1. Aaron Burg,Azeem Meruani,Bobsand Heinrich,Michael Wickmann, MEMS Gyroscope and there applications
2. Nilgoon Zarei, Thermal MEMS Gyroscope Design and Characteristics Analysis, B.Sc., Shiraz University, 2009
3. Rui Feng, Jamal Bahari, John Dewey Jones, Albert M. Leung, MEMS thermal gyroscope with self-compensation of the linear acceleration effect, Elsevier ,30 September, 2013
4. Steven Nasiri, A Critical Review of MEMS Gyroscopes Technology and Commercialization Status, 2013
5. History of the Gyroscope, http://www.gyroscopes.org/history.asp
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