This document summarizes a study on vibration analysis of a single row ball bearing for predictive maintenance applications. The study analyzed vibrations from the bearing under different load and speed conditions, as well as with and without a misaligned coupling. It was found that acceleration increases linearly with both load and speed for a properly aligned coupling. With a misaligned coupling, acceleration increases more significantly with load and speed. The results indicate vibration analysis can help detect faults and monitor damage by analyzing how acceleration changes with operating conditions.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
DSP-Based Sensorless Speed Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor us...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, experimental results of 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) sensorless speed control are presented. To estimate the rotor position, a sliding mode current observer (SMCO) was implemented. This observer estimates the back emfs of the motor in the stationary reference frame using only the measured voltages and currents of the motor. These emfs were utilized to obtain the rotor position. The speed of the motor was calculated by differentiating the rotor position angle. The stability of the proposed SMCO was verified using Lyapunov method to determine the observer gain. The saturation function was adopted in order to reduce the chattering phenomenon caused by the SMCO. A vector control method was employed to achieve the sensorless drive system. The control application was developed in C/C++ language and implemented using the Texas Instruments TMS320LF2812 digital signal processor (DSP). This new processor enables intelligent control for motors. We used to test the drive the MCK2812 which is a professional development kit available from Technosoft Company. The theoretical finding is validated with experimental results that show the effectiveness of the real-time implementation.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
DSP-Based Sensorless Speed Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor us...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, experimental results of 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) sensorless speed control are presented. To estimate the rotor position, a sliding mode current observer (SMCO) was implemented. This observer estimates the back emfs of the motor in the stationary reference frame using only the measured voltages and currents of the motor. These emfs were utilized to obtain the rotor position. The speed of the motor was calculated by differentiating the rotor position angle. The stability of the proposed SMCO was verified using Lyapunov method to determine the observer gain. The saturation function was adopted in order to reduce the chattering phenomenon caused by the SMCO. A vector control method was employed to achieve the sensorless drive system. The control application was developed in C/C++ language and implemented using the Texas Instruments TMS320LF2812 digital signal processor (DSP). This new processor enables intelligent control for motors. We used to test the drive the MCK2812 which is a professional development kit available from Technosoft Company. The theoretical finding is validated with experimental results that show the effectiveness of the real-time implementation.
Speed Sensorless Direct Rotor Field-Oriented Control of Single- Phase Inducti...IAES-IJPEDS
Nowadays, Field-Oriented Control (FOC) strategies broadly used as a vector based controller for Single-Phase Induction Motors (SPIMs). This paper is focused on Direct Rotor FOC (DRFOC) of SPIM. In the proposed technique, transformation matrices are applied in order to control the motor by converting the unbalanced SPIM equations to the balanced equations (in this paper the SPIM with two different stator windings is considered). Besides this control technique, a method for speed estimation of SPIM based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to achieve the higher performance of SPIM drive system is presented. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the high performance of the presented techniques.
• Sensorless speed and position estimation of a PMSM (Master´s Thesis)Cesar Hernaez Ojeda
Field Oriented Control (FOC) was chosen to control the motor. A Voltage Switch Inverter (VSI) controls the machine currents using Space Vector Modulation (SVM). Back-EMF method was used to estimate the position and a Phase Locked Loop to estimate the speed. The project was tested experimentally in the laboratory using a Danfoss power converter and dSpace.
Structural Health Monitoring for Bridges are used for assessment as well as prioritizing which bridge needs repair or upgrade urgently. Dynamic Tests can be used to estimate the load carrying capacity of bridges
High Performance Speed Control of Single-Phase Induction Motors Using Switchi...IJPEDS-IAES
The aim of this research is to provide a high performance vector control of
single-phase Induction Motor (IM) drives. It is shown that in the rotating
reference frame, the single-phase IM equations can be separated into forward
and backward equations with the balanced structure. Based on this, a method
for vector control of the single-phase IM, using two modified Rotor Field-
Oriented Control (RFOC) algorithms is presented. In order to accommodate
forward and backward rotor fluxes in the presented controller, an Extended
Kalman Filter (EKF) with two different forward and backward currents that
are switched interchangeably (switching forward and backward EKF), is
proposed. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed
algorithm.
The velocity control of the electro hydraulic servo systemeSAT Journals
Abstract In general two basic methods are used for controlling the velocity of a hydraulic cylinder. First by an axial variable-displacement pump for controls flow to the cylinder. This configuration is commonly known as a hydrostatic transmission. Second by proportional valve powered by a constant-pressure source, such as a pressure compensated pump, drives the hydraulic cylinder. In this study, the electro-hydraulic servo system (EHSS) for velocity control of hydraulic cylinder is investigated experimentally and its analysis theoretically. Where the controlled hydraulic cylinder is altered by a swashplate axial piston pump or by proportional valve to achieve velocity control. The theoretical part includes the derivation of the mathematical model equations of combination system. Velocity control system for hydraulic cylinder using simple (PID) controller to get constant velocity range of hydraulic cylinder under applied external variable loads . An experimental set-up is constructed, which consists of the hydraulic test pump unit, the electro-hydraulic proportional valve unit, the hydraulic actuator unit , the external load control unit and interfacing electronic unit. The experimental results show that PID controller can be achieve good velocity control by variable displacement axial piston pump and also by proportional valve under external loads variations. Keywords: Velocity control, Swashplate, Proportional valve, Hydraulic cylinder, PID controller, Axial piston pump
Numerous studies had been made to improve the switched reluctance motor operation depend on the modification of the machine design, proposing the converter designs and/or applying a suitable control method. This paper introduces the field orientation control method for that motor using a simple and very efficient DC-DC converter topology. This control method is presented by two techniques; first technique is the advance of the turn-on switching angle and the other technique is the retard/delay of the turn-off switching angle. Instantaneous and average motor characteristics are obtained using Matlab/Simulink software package. Comparison between the simulation results presented using two converter types. A precise speed and torque control are obtained. The average total torque per current is maximized.
Effect of Discrete Yaw Direction Setting for 4 Roter Helicopter Control: Comp...AM Publications
In this paper, the effectiveness of discrete yaw direction setting in 4 rotor helicopter control was evaluated by simple computer simulation and Parrot AR. Drone 4 rotor helicopter in horizontal plane automatic position fixing control. For 4 rotor system, it is necessary to control the attitude of the drone and the position in the space simultaneously in order to realize stable flight of the system. The attitude control can be realized by the internal acc / gyro sensors with high sampling rate (near 1 kHz), on the contrary, the position control in the outdoor situation is necessary to realize by the external 3D position measurement method with relatively low sampling rate techniques (lower than 100 Hz) such as GPS. The low sampling rate reduces the positional control stability, and it is causing the control problem such applications of inspection work at high height and long distance. Our attempt is to evaluate the effect of adding discrete yaw direction setting while normal 4 rotor helicopter roll and pitch control in horizontal plane movement by a simple computer simulation and model implementation. By adding the discrete yaw direction setting to the target direction, the fixed position movement control performance of the 4 rotor system could increase comparing with without the yaw direction setting of the 4 rotor system. The proposed method would be useful to improve the 4 rotor system control performance under the relatively low sampling rate positional information acquired situation.
Passive Control of a Vibrating Bar with a Dynamic Vibration AbsorberAM Publications
The passive control of a vibrating bar is analyzed in this paper. It has been controlled passively by a Dynamic Vibration Absorber (DVA) which consists of a mass and a spring. A bar, which is fixed at one end and free at the other end is subjected to a harmonically excited force being positioned at the free end. By analyzing the motion of a bar, the equation of motion for a bar was derived by using a method of variation of parameters. To define the optimal conditions of a DVA, the cost function, which denotes the reduction of a force being transmitted to the fixed end of a bar was evaluated and discussed. The possibility of reduction of the force transmissibility was found to depend on the location and the spring stiffness of a DVA
In this article, we are interested in the improvement of the performances of Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) operating in motor mode by the use of the direct torque control (DTC). Firstly, we focused on the modeling of the DFIM and the study of the principle of functioning of the DTC control. Then, we implement this control on the Matlab/Simulink environment. Secondly, we present the simulation results of the proposed control. The analysis of these results shows clearly that the system based on the DFIM studied follows perfectly the set points, what allowed us to justify the efficiency of the elaborate control.
Speed Sensorless Direct Rotor Field-Oriented Control of Single- Phase Inducti...IAES-IJPEDS
Nowadays, Field-Oriented Control (FOC) strategies broadly used as a vector based controller for Single-Phase Induction Motors (SPIMs). This paper is focused on Direct Rotor FOC (DRFOC) of SPIM. In the proposed technique, transformation matrices are applied in order to control the motor by converting the unbalanced SPIM equations to the balanced equations (in this paper the SPIM with two different stator windings is considered). Besides this control technique, a method for speed estimation of SPIM based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to achieve the higher performance of SPIM drive system is presented. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the high performance of the presented techniques.
• Sensorless speed and position estimation of a PMSM (Master´s Thesis)Cesar Hernaez Ojeda
Field Oriented Control (FOC) was chosen to control the motor. A Voltage Switch Inverter (VSI) controls the machine currents using Space Vector Modulation (SVM). Back-EMF method was used to estimate the position and a Phase Locked Loop to estimate the speed. The project was tested experimentally in the laboratory using a Danfoss power converter and dSpace.
Structural Health Monitoring for Bridges are used for assessment as well as prioritizing which bridge needs repair or upgrade urgently. Dynamic Tests can be used to estimate the load carrying capacity of bridges
High Performance Speed Control of Single-Phase Induction Motors Using Switchi...IJPEDS-IAES
The aim of this research is to provide a high performance vector control of
single-phase Induction Motor (IM) drives. It is shown that in the rotating
reference frame, the single-phase IM equations can be separated into forward
and backward equations with the balanced structure. Based on this, a method
for vector control of the single-phase IM, using two modified Rotor Field-
Oriented Control (RFOC) algorithms is presented. In order to accommodate
forward and backward rotor fluxes in the presented controller, an Extended
Kalman Filter (EKF) with two different forward and backward currents that
are switched interchangeably (switching forward and backward EKF), is
proposed. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed
algorithm.
The velocity control of the electro hydraulic servo systemeSAT Journals
Abstract In general two basic methods are used for controlling the velocity of a hydraulic cylinder. First by an axial variable-displacement pump for controls flow to the cylinder. This configuration is commonly known as a hydrostatic transmission. Second by proportional valve powered by a constant-pressure source, such as a pressure compensated pump, drives the hydraulic cylinder. In this study, the electro-hydraulic servo system (EHSS) for velocity control of hydraulic cylinder is investigated experimentally and its analysis theoretically. Where the controlled hydraulic cylinder is altered by a swashplate axial piston pump or by proportional valve to achieve velocity control. The theoretical part includes the derivation of the mathematical model equations of combination system. Velocity control system for hydraulic cylinder using simple (PID) controller to get constant velocity range of hydraulic cylinder under applied external variable loads . An experimental set-up is constructed, which consists of the hydraulic test pump unit, the electro-hydraulic proportional valve unit, the hydraulic actuator unit , the external load control unit and interfacing electronic unit. The experimental results show that PID controller can be achieve good velocity control by variable displacement axial piston pump and also by proportional valve under external loads variations. Keywords: Velocity control, Swashplate, Proportional valve, Hydraulic cylinder, PID controller, Axial piston pump
Numerous studies had been made to improve the switched reluctance motor operation depend on the modification of the machine design, proposing the converter designs and/or applying a suitable control method. This paper introduces the field orientation control method for that motor using a simple and very efficient DC-DC converter topology. This control method is presented by two techniques; first technique is the advance of the turn-on switching angle and the other technique is the retard/delay of the turn-off switching angle. Instantaneous and average motor characteristics are obtained using Matlab/Simulink software package. Comparison between the simulation results presented using two converter types. A precise speed and torque control are obtained. The average total torque per current is maximized.
Effect of Discrete Yaw Direction Setting for 4 Roter Helicopter Control: Comp...AM Publications
In this paper, the effectiveness of discrete yaw direction setting in 4 rotor helicopter control was evaluated by simple computer simulation and Parrot AR. Drone 4 rotor helicopter in horizontal plane automatic position fixing control. For 4 rotor system, it is necessary to control the attitude of the drone and the position in the space simultaneously in order to realize stable flight of the system. The attitude control can be realized by the internal acc / gyro sensors with high sampling rate (near 1 kHz), on the contrary, the position control in the outdoor situation is necessary to realize by the external 3D position measurement method with relatively low sampling rate techniques (lower than 100 Hz) such as GPS. The low sampling rate reduces the positional control stability, and it is causing the control problem such applications of inspection work at high height and long distance. Our attempt is to evaluate the effect of adding discrete yaw direction setting while normal 4 rotor helicopter roll and pitch control in horizontal plane movement by a simple computer simulation and model implementation. By adding the discrete yaw direction setting to the target direction, the fixed position movement control performance of the 4 rotor system could increase comparing with without the yaw direction setting of the 4 rotor system. The proposed method would be useful to improve the 4 rotor system control performance under the relatively low sampling rate positional information acquired situation.
Passive Control of a Vibrating Bar with a Dynamic Vibration AbsorberAM Publications
The passive control of a vibrating bar is analyzed in this paper. It has been controlled passively by a Dynamic Vibration Absorber (DVA) which consists of a mass and a spring. A bar, which is fixed at one end and free at the other end is subjected to a harmonically excited force being positioned at the free end. By analyzing the motion of a bar, the equation of motion for a bar was derived by using a method of variation of parameters. To define the optimal conditions of a DVA, the cost function, which denotes the reduction of a force being transmitted to the fixed end of a bar was evaluated and discussed. The possibility of reduction of the force transmissibility was found to depend on the location and the spring stiffness of a DVA
In this article, we are interested in the improvement of the performances of Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) operating in motor mode by the use of the direct torque control (DTC). Firstly, we focused on the modeling of the DFIM and the study of the principle of functioning of the DTC control. Then, we implement this control on the Matlab/Simulink environment. Secondly, we present the simulation results of the proposed control. The analysis of these results shows clearly that the system based on the DFIM studied follows perfectly the set points, what allowed us to justify the efficiency of the elaborate control.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Assessment of Gearbox Fault DetectionUsing Vibration Signal Analysis and Acou...IOSR Journals
Maintenance is a set of organised activities that are carried out in order to keep an item in its best
operational condition with minimum cost acquired. Predictive maintenance (PdM) is one of the maintenance
program that recommends maintenance decisions based on the information collected through condition
monitoring techniques, statistical process control or equipment performance for the purpose of early detection
and elimination of equipment defects that could lead to unplanned downtime of machinery or unnecessary
expenditures. Particularly Gears and rolling element bearings are critical elements in rotating machinery, so
predictive maintenance is often applied to them. Fault signals of gearboxes or rolling-element bearings are nonstationary.
This paper concludes with a brief discussion on current practices of PDM methodologies such as
vibration analysis and Acoustic Emission analysis, which are widely used as they offers a complimentary tool
for health monitoring or assessment of gears in rotating machineries
Conditioning Monitoring of Gearbox Using Different Methods: A ReviewIJMER
Gears are important element in a variety of industrial applications such as machine tool
and gearboxes. An unexpected failure of the gear may cause significant economic losses. For that
reason, fault diagnosis in gears has been the subject of intensive research. Vibration signal analysis
has been widely used in the fault detection of rotation machinery. Fault diagnosis plays an important
role in condition monitoring to enhance the machine time. In view of this, the present investigation
focused on the development of Fault diagnosis system of gearboxes based on the vibration signatures
and Artificial Neural Networks. In the present investigation to generate the vibration signatures an
experimental set-up has been fabricated with sensing and measuring equipment. The prominent faults,
wear, crack, broken tooth and insufficient lubrication of the gear were practically induced in the
present investigation. Vibration signatures of the gearbox were collected by transmitting the motion at
constant speed with gears having no fault, without applying any load. By inducing one fault at a time,
vibration signatures were collected with different degrees of wear on a gear tooth, a gear with a
broken tooth, tooth with crack and with insufficient lubrication. As the vibration data of maximum
amplitudes was found to be inseparable, fault diagnosis based on this data was not possible. Five
prominent statistical features were extracted based on data pertaining to maximum amplitudes of
vibration and used fault diagnosis. Due overlapping of this data, it was decided to use ANN based
fault diagnosis system for the present investigation. The set of statistical features were extracted based
on data pertaining to maximum amplitudes of vibration and used them as input parameters to the
ANN based fault diagnosis system designed.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings using artificial neural network IJECEIAES
Bearings are essential components in the most electrical equipment. Procedures for monitoring the condition of bearings must be developed to prevent unexpected failure of these components during operation to avoid costly consequences. In this paper, the design of a monitoring system for the detection of rolling element-bearings failure is proposed. The method for detecting and locating this type of fault is carried out using advanced intelligent techniques based on a perceptron multilayer artificial neural network (MLP-ANN); its database uses statistical indicators characterizing vibration signals. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated using experimentally obtained bearing vibration data, and the results have shown good accuracy in detecting and locating defects.
Acoustic emission condition monitoring an application for wind turbine fault ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Acoustic emission condition monitoring an application for wind turbine fault...eSAT Journals
Abstract Low speed rotating machines which are the most critical components in drive train of wind turbines are often menaced by several technical and environmental defects. These factors contribute to mount the economic requirement for Health Monitoring and Condition Monitoring of the systems. When a defect is happened in such system result in reduced energy loss rates from related process and due to it Condition Monitoring techniques that detecting energy loss are very difficult if not possible to use. However, in the case of Acoustic Emission (AE)technique this issue is partly overcome and is well suited for detecting very small energy release rates. Acoustic Emission (AE) as a technique is more than 50 years old and in this new technology the sounds associated with the failure of materials were detected. Acoustic wave is a non-stationary signal which can discover elastic stress waves in a failure component, capable of online monitoring, and is very sensitive to the fault diagnosis. In this paper the history and background of discovering and developing AE is discussed, different ages of developing AE which include Age of Enlightenment (1950-1967), Golden Age of AE (1967-1980), Period of Transition (1980-Present). In the next section the application of AE condition monitoring in machinery process and various systems that applied AE technique in their health monitoring is discussed. In the end an experimental result is proposed by QUT test rig which an outer race bearing fault was simulated to depict the sensitivity of AE for detecting incipient faults in low speed high frequency machine. Index Terms: Low speed rotating machine, and Condition Monitoring Systems, Acoustic Emission (AE)
Condition Monitoring of Rotating Equipment Considering the Cause and Effects ...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to summarise and review the recent research and developments in diagnostics and prognostics of mechanical systems implementing Condition Monitoring with emphasis on models, algorithms and technologies for data processing and maintenance decision-making. Realising the increasing trend of using multiple sensors in condition monitoring, the authors also discuss different techniques for multiple sensor data fusion. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on current practices, possible future trends of Condition Monitoring with a brief outline on the novelty of the current research work.
diagnosis of faults in bearings is very crucial for the reliable. This paper focuses on fault diagnosis of induction motor
bearing having localized defects using Daubechies wavelets-based feature extraction. In present study Machinery Fault
Simulator (MFS) test rig used for fault diagnosis of NSK-6203 deep groove ball bearing. Vibration signals collected from
the various bearing conditions- healthy bearing (HB), outer race defect (ORD), inner race defect (IRD), ball defect (BD)
and combined bearing defect (CBD). The extraction of statistical features carried out using various Daubechies wavelet
coefficients from raw vibration signals. Lastly, the bearing faults are classified using these statistical features as input to
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique used for faults classifications. The test result shows that ANN identifies the
fault categories of rolling element bearing more accurately for Db4 and has a better diagnosis performance as compared to
other Daubechies wavelets with ANN classifier.
Fault Diagnostics of Rolling Bearing based on Improve Time and Frequency Doma...ijsrd.com
The neural network based approaches a feed forward neural network trained with Back Propagation technique was used for automatic diagnosis of defects in bearings. Vibration time domain signals were collected from a normal bearing and defective bearings under various speed conditions. The signals were processed to obtain various statistical parameters, which are good indicators of bearing condition, then best features are selected from graphical method and these inputs were used to train the neural network and the output represented the bearing states. The trained neural networks were used for the recognition of bearing states. The results showed that the trained neural networks were able to distinguish a normal bearing from defective bearings with 83.33 % reliability. Moreover, the network was able to classify the bearings into different states with success rates better than those achieved with the best among the state-of-the-art techniques.
Bearing fault detection using acoustic emission signals analyzed by empirical...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
BALL BEARING ANALYSIS OF FAULT SIMULATION USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD - A REV...ijiert bestjournal
Effectiveness of transient analysis of the finite dement bearing model to simulate the vibration signal emanating from ball bearing with faults is presented in this work. It is difficult to identify the ball bearing defect either in frequency spectrum or time domain when the defect is at incipient stage. Further,it is difficult to experimentally obtain vibration signals from bearing having fault at incipient stage. Thus,need for accurate simulation of ball bearing fault at incipient stage is considered essential. A Computer Aided Design (CAD) model of a ball bearing having a mi nor crack in outer - race was created using commercially available software. It was shown that iden tification of ball bearing defect in frequency spectrum is difficult. The results were validated with experimental results.
Performance Monitoring of Vibration in Belt Conveyor SystemIJERA Editor
We are always using some kind of machines in our daily life starting from fan, refrigerator and washing machines at home. In case of industries of industrial machinery items condition monitoring is important to know onset impending defects. There are so many types of indicating phenomenon such as vibration, heat, debris in oil, noise and sounds which emanate from these in efficiently running machines. This paper presents the vibration related fault identification and maintenance of belt conveyor systems (BCS). After analyzing the spectrum and vibration readings, it was observed that a combination of parallel and angular misalignment between motor & gear box was present causing high axial and radial vibration. The defect was rectified by mechanical maintenance activities and latter the vibration was found reduced within limit. Also the vibration readings were taken after rectification. The above results are presented in this paper.
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Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
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A0260105
1. Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering And Science
Issn: 2278-4721, Vol.2, Issue 6 (March 2013), Pp 01-05
Www.Researchinventy.Com
1
Vibration Analysis for Predictive Maintenance Application to A
Single Row Ball Bearing
1,
Khalid El Had, 2,
Mustapha Boudlal, 3,
Abdelhamid Elamri, 4,
Abdelilah
Hachim, 5,
Abdelkader Benali, 6,
Mohamed El Ghorba
1
Laboratoire de Contrôle et Caractérisation Mécanique des Matériaux et des structures, B.P 8118, Oasis-Route
El Jadida – ENSEM / Casablanca, Maroc.
2
Institut Supérieur des Etudes Maritimes ISEM, Km 7 Route El Jadida Casablanca Maroc
3
Faculté des sciences Ain Chock, laboratoire de mécanique Km 8, Route D’El Jadida B.P 5366 Maarif,
Casablanca, Maroc.
Abstract: In the aim of a preparation for predictive maintenance, the vibration analysis turns out to be a
brilliant tool for some decades for the industry. Its use is intended to provide three levels of analysis:
monitoring, diagnosis and monitoring of the state of equipment damage. Practically, the recorded vibration
signals are the result of a different sources mixture for components of machine, which makes it difficult to
interpret the state of damage of a particular component.
The propose is to separate the contribution of different vibratory sources generally and directly linked
to a fault more or less important of a mechanical component, from many measures taken with an accelerometer.
The separation will permit not only the localization of the faults on components, but also the follow up of
damage evaluation of each one. The principle is then to improve the diagnosis.
The objective of our work aims the study of load impact and the coupling misalignment of driving
system dedicated to vibratory accelerations.
In addition, we will examine the relationship between acceleration and load for average speeds and high
speeds, the other part will deal with the coupling alignment.
Keywords- Maintenance, bearing, vibration analysis, accelerometers, coupling.
I. Introduction
The industry is continuously on move. It develops, relocates and invents in order to keep or gain a part
in the market facing a fierce competition. This competition is amplified with the globalization; the transport is
more and more fast, the influence of the shareholder. These reasons made the maintenance among the priorities
for the companies. It has a big task not only for increasing availability of equipments, but also the guarantee of
the safety of property and people. There are three main types of maintenance: the corrective which is beneficial
in the case of the inexpensive and safe equipments, the systematic preventive maintenance: which is based on a
schedule defined by the breakdown history and the condition-based maintenance: relays on the continuous
monitoring of the running condition via specific indicators.
Generally that‟s the last type of maintenance which interests industries due to its capacity to grasp the
functioning of equipments. Literature works are incorporated within the framework of the condition-based
maintenance by using the vibration analysis. It‟s possible to detect the defective elements and possibly locate
them, thanks to the vibration analysis. When a fixed threshold (tallying with the limit vibration level) is reached,
it is possible to estimate the residual lifetime of the component under a given running conditions from the
knowledge of the damage law [1].The comparison of vibratory measures taken at determined intervals in similar
conditions allows the monitoring of the evolution of a fault by using the vibration signal [2]. The excitation
signal form spalling representing fault which can appear on the outer ring of the bearing is difficult to be
determined. Nevertheless, it is generally admitted that such a signal is a mixture of three signals having a
triangular, rectangular and semi-sinusoidal form [3]. Different works [4] proved that, taken separately, the three
forms of the excitation signals give a close enough results.The way of using the accelerometer has an essential
key role in the measurement, the sensor is placed as near as possible of the potential fault in order to avoid the
extern perturbations. Estocq [5] studies the optimum measure points if inaccessible bearing.Two other types of
the sensors can be proved interesting in the imminent future: The first sensor, patented by Bolaers, Pottier, Dron
[6], is based on the capacitive phenomenon; it is marked out for the fault detection of the rotating machines.
2. Vibration Analysis For Predictive Maintenance…
2
The most frequent damages on the bearings are the spalling fault. In the beginning of the rotation, a set
of pulses is generated by these faults, on a defined frequency called “Characteristic frequency” of the bearing
fault. This periodic signal is the origin of many bearing fault detection methods.A pretreatment is sometimes
required to have a good quality of the recording; it is essentially the noise cancellation and the signal filtering.
The noise cancellation for the signal gives the possibility of keeping just the useful signal. Many
techniques exist, among the best known: The spectral subtraction suggested by DRON & BELL [8], [9]. The
signal is cut in M blocs, processed by Fourier transform and averaged. This average is then processed by the
inverse Fourier transform to remove the noise.Also we find the synchronous averaging suggest by Braun [10],
[11]. It is about the acquiring of many signals from a „Top tour‟ or a rising edge (while a shock for example) and
averaging the set of the signals. And the SANC Method (Self adaptive noise cancelation) [12]. This method is
about the determining of an adaptive filter allowing the estimation of the perturbation noise in order to remove it
from the signal. The thresholding in wavelets studied by Donoho [13]. This thresholding is used to process the
Gaussian stationary noise. This technique can be used to extract the vibratory faults from a heavily noised
signal. The source separation method suggested by HASSANI [14], which allows separating two signals
statically independent. We can give as an example a speech mixed with a vehicle noise.
II. Experimentation
2.1 EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE
The experimental device is illustrated in the figure 1. It consists of a three-phase motor group with an
encoder fixed on a baseplate with an alignement device.The motor controller consists of a frequency converter
destinated to adjust progressively the running speed. More over, it has a running speed indicator and an idicator
of the power absorbed by the motor.
Figure 1: Expérimental mounting.
In order to simulate vibrations with the device of the base and carry out the test, the following parts are
necessary for the mounting: - A device for braking and loading made up from a magnetic powder brake and a
controller with a command.- Two new ball bearing complete supports. The support placed beside de motor has
an elastic bearing. This allows having enough play for the vibrations generated by the coupling. The other,
placed beside the load of this test, is rigid bearing where the sensors are placed.- Two piezoelectric sensors for
the acceleration (one horizontal and the other vertical). These latter convert the measured vibrations into signals.
They allow recording the signals for the vibration analysis.- A reference sensor witch is a direct reflection cell
whose function is the instant record of the rotating speed.- An elastic coupling with tight arm fitted at the end of
the shaft.- A rigid flange coupling with radial play whose the shaft bore is offset with δ= 0.2mm.- A measure
amplifier permits to supply the acceleration sensors. The signal is digitized in the USB measure device and
transferred to the PC. (figure 2)
3. Vibration Analysis For Predictive Maintenance…
3
Figure 2: Speed specter recording for the two accelerometers
2.2 THE OPERATING METHOD
The tests were conducted on flat test doubly notched whose dimensions are shown in Figure 1 below.
An ideal machine mustn‟t create vibration because the vibration is always a form of energy waste. Practically,
the vibrations are used while the transfer of the forces.First Phase, we made an off-load test with varying the
speed (700, 1400, 2100 RPM) and we recorded the signals corresponding to the accelerations.In the second
time, we considered the applied load and we made the same last operation, varied the applied torque C (1N.m,
2N.m and 3 N.m).In the third phase, we executed the on-load test with a misalignment.
For this last test, we just changed the coupling with a radial play.
Table 1: Single-row ball bearing characteristics
Bearing
type
Category
Inside
Diameter
Outside
diameter
Thickness Weight
SKF
6004
Ball
bearing
20 mm 42 mm 12 mm
0.072
kg
III. Results and Discussion
3.1 ACCELERATION VARIATION ACCORDING TO THE LOAD WITH A FAULTLESS
COUPLING
The figure 3 illustrate the results of the test on a faultless single-row ball bearing, type SKF 6004, after different
readings of the acceleration according to the load for three running speeds (700, 1400 and 2100 RPM).
Figure 3: Acceleration variation according to the load for three different speeds
4. Vibration Analysis For Predictive Maintenance…
4
This experiment is based on the idea of getting the three parameters acceleration, speed and load. In a
first time, we varied the load for the three rotating speeds of the driving motor in order to determine its impact
on the acceleration.We notice that acceleration increases sensibly and linearly for the speeds (1400 and 2100
RPM), however, it remains constant for the speed of 700 RPM because this latter is low, (Fig.3)We observe on
the low speeds range, that the load has really an insignificant impact on the acceleration as this latter remained
sensibly constant.
III. ACCELERATION VARIATION ACCORDING TO THE LOAD WITH A MISALIGNMENT
The rotating machine is coupled by a coupling. The noncompliant and inappropriate coupling could generate
vibrations on the machine. The studied coupling allows simulating different faults and studies the effects on the
vibrating behavior. It permits to compare the characteristics of the two different types of the coupling.
The figure 4 illustrates the results of the tests of the single-row ball bearing SKF 6004 with a misalignment. It
shows the different variations of the acceleration according to the load for three rotating speeds.
Figure 4: Acceleration variation as function of load for three studied speeds
According the figure 4, we notice that:
a. By increasing the driving speed, the acceleration increases according to load.
b. Whatever the driving speed, the acceleration increases linearly with the load.
c. Between two driving speeds, the difference of the acceleration at each load is increased.
d. The slope of the curve increases with the running speed.
e. For the speed of 700 RPM, The slope is very low because the effect of the load is negligible.
f. By increasing the load, the slope increases considerably with the three speeds.
g. The three curves are linear.
3.2 Comparison Of Results Of The Two Experiments
a. In comparison of the faultless coupling, the vibration acceleration increased.
b. The faulty coupling acceleration increases considerably compared with the faultless coupling.
c. For the speed of 700 rpm, the acceleration remains constant for the first case, while it increases sensibly for
the second case due to the misalignment.
IV. CONCLUSION
When the structure is balanced, just the low vibrations are generated. With ageing of the machine, the
foundation subsides, the components degrade, and then, the dynamic properties of the machine change.
Our work‟s objective aimed the study of the impact of the load and the misalignment of the coupling of the
driving mechanism on the accelerations. We can conclude in the case of a faultless coupling that:
a. There is no slope with the low driving speeds.
b. By increasing the driving speed the slope increases.
c. For the low speed range, the acceleration remains constant whatever the applied load.
d. The acceleration increases linearly with the load for the medium and high speeds.
e. The effect of the acceleration variation according to the load for the high speeds is due essentially to the
inertia effect.
5. Vibration Analysis For Predictive Maintenance…
5
f. In the case of a misalignment, we can conclude that:
g. While increasing the running speed, the acceleration increases as function of load.
h. Whatever the running speed, the acceleration increases linearly with the load.
i. Between two driving speeds, the difference of the acceleration at each load is increased.
j. The slope of the curve increases with the running speed.
k. For the speed of 700 RPM, The slope is very low because the effect of the load is negligible.
l. By increasing the load, the slope increases considerably with the other speeds
m. The three curves of the figure 4 are linear as the used bearing is new.
n. For the faultless bearing, the acceleration of the vibration increases sensibly while it increases considerably
for the faulty coupling.
o. For the speed of 700 RPM, the acceleration remains constant for the first case while it rises sensibly for the
second case due to the misalignment.
REFERENCES
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