The document discusses various techniques for summarizing quantitative and categorical data in statistics. It describes measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode, as well as measures of variability such as range, variance and standard deviation. It also discusses derived scores, standard scores, frequency polygons, histograms, stem and leaf plots, the normal curve, correlation, frequency tables, bar graphs and pie charts as common techniques for summarizing different types of data. Worked examples are provided for finding descriptive statistics measures and visualizing data distribution using graphs and tables.

1. Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

2. Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

3. STATISTICS
Data
Collect
Arrange
AnalyzeInterpret
Present

4. Types of Statistics
Descriptive
Inferential
Statistics
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

5. Descriptive Statistics
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

6. Descriptive Statistics
Measure of
central
tendency
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
Measure of
variability
• Range
• variance
• Standard
Deviation
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

7. What do you mean by Measure of
Central tendency?????
A measurement of data that indicates
where the middle of the data lies.
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

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11. Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

12. Measure of Dispersion
way of describing how
spread out a set of data is
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

13. Range
The Range is the difference
between the lowest and
highest values.
Example: In {4, 6, 9, 3, 7} the
lowest value is 3, and the
highest is 9.
• So the range is 9-3 = 6.
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

14. Variance
• Variance is a measurement of
the spread between numbers in a data
set. The variance measures how far each
number in the set is from the mean.
• Formula:
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

15. Standard Deviation
• a quantity expressing by how much the
members of a group differ from the mean
value for the group.
• Formula: The positive square root of the
Variance
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

16. Descriptive Statistics
Measures of
location
Mean
Median
Mode
Measures of
dispersion
Range
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

17. Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

18. Use this data and
find out Mean,
Median, Mode,
Range, Variance
and Standard
Deviation on
Excel
A B
1 45
2 56
3 76
4 87
5 88
6 61
7 34
8 67
9 55
10 88
11 92
12 85
13 78
14 84
15 77
16 71.53
17 77
18 17.7
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

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21. Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

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29. Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

30. Derived scores
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

31. Standard scores
• Standard scores use a common scale to
indicate how an individual compares to other
individuals in a group. The simplest form of
standard score is a z score.
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

32. Techniques for summarizing
Quantitative data
• Frequency polygon
• Skewed polygon
• Histogram
• Stem and leaf plots
• The Normal curve
• Averages
• Correlation
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

33. Normal Curve and 68-95-99.7 Rule
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

34. Frequency polygon
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

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37. Stem and leaf Plot
Marks in Math Quiz:
29, 37,32,46,45,45,54,51,55,55,55,60.
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

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40. -ve and +ve Correlation
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

41. Correlation Co-efficient
• It shows the degree of relationship between
two variables.
• Denoted by “r”
• Value lies between -1 to +1
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

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44. Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

45. Techniques for summarizing
Categorical Data
• Frequency Table
• Bar Graph
• Pie Charts
• The Cross Table
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

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47. Bar graph on the base of
Frequency Table
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education

48. Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education
Techniques for summarizing Quantitative data

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