Data transfer instructions move data within a computer without altering it. Common ones are load, store, move, exchange, input, and output. Data manipulation instructions perform arithmetic, logical, and shift operations on data to provide computational abilities. Arithmetic instructions include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logical instructions perform AND, OR, XOR operations on bits. Program control instructions alter a program's execution flow. They include branch, jump, call, return, compare, and test instructions which change the program counter to modify the program path.

2.  Data transfer instruction
cause transfer of data from
one location to another without
changing the binary
information.

3.  Data transfer instruction
 Data manipulation instruction
 Program control instruction

4.  Data transfer instruction move data from
one place in the computer to another
without changing data content.
 The most common transfer are memory
and processor register.
 Load instruction has been used designed
a transfer from memory processor an
accumualator.
 Store instruction transfer a proceesor
register into memory

5. MNEUMONIC
LOAD LD
STORE ST
MOVE MOV
EXCHANGE XCH
INPUT IN
OUTPUT OUT
INPUT PUSH
POP POP

6.  Data manipulation instructions
perform operation on data and provide
the computational capabilities for the
computer.
 These instruction perform arithmetic
logic and shift operation.

7.  Arithmetic instruction
 Logical and bit manipulation instruction
 Shift instructions

8.  The four basic arithmetic operation are
addition ,subtraction,multiplication and
division.
 Most computer provide instruction for all four
operation.
 The increment adds 1 to the value stored in
a register or memory word.

9. NAME NEMONIC
increment INC
decrement DEC
add ADD
subtract SUB
multiply MUL
divide DIV
Add with carry ADDC
Subtract with barrow SUBB
Negative(2’s complement) NEG

10.  Logical instructions perform binary
operation string of bits stored in register.
 The AND ,OR,XOR instruction produce
the corresponding logical operation on
individual bits of the operand.
 Manipulating individual bits or group of
bits represent binary code information.

11. NAME MNEMONIC
clear CLR
complement COM
AND AND
OR OR
Exclusive OR XOR
Clear carry CLRC
Set carry SETC
Complement carry COMC
Enable interrupt EI
Disable interrupt DI

12.  Instruction to shift the content of an operand
are quite useful and are provide in several
variations.
 Shift operation in bits of a word are moved
to left or right.
 Shift instruction may specify logical shifts,
arithmetic shift or rotate type operations.

13.  The program control instructions provide
decision making capabilities and change the
path taken by the program when executed in
computer.
 These instruction specify conditions for
altering the content of the program counter.
 The change in value of the program counter
as a result of the execution of the program
control instruction execution of program
control instruction.

14. NAME MNEMONIC
branch BR
jump JMP
skip SKP
call CALL
return RET
compare CAMP
test TST

15.  A subroutine call instruction consist of
an operation code together with an
address that specify the beginning of
the subroutine. The instruction is
executed by performing two tasks:
• The address of the next instruction available
in the program counter is stored in a
temprary location so subroutine where
return.
• Control is transferred to the beginning of the
subroutine.

16.  The interrupt procedure is usually
initiated by an external or internal signal
rather than from execution of an
instruction.
 The address of the interrupt services
program is determined by the hardware
from the address field of an instruction.
 An interrupt procedure usually stores all
the information necessary to define the
state of the cpu rather than storing only
the program counter.