This document discusses CPU organization and how data is transferred and manipulated. It describes different register organizations like general register and stack organizations. It also discusses instruction formats, addressing modes, and different types of instructions for data transfer, manipulation, and program control. Specific instructions like load, store, move, branch, and call are described. The document also covers subroutine calls, returns, program interrupts, and the status register for storing condition codes.

1. CPU Organization,DataCPU Organization,Data
Transfer andTransfer and
ManipulationManipulation
By:-
NITISH KUMAR(##EID203)

2. IntroductionIntroduction

3. General Register OrganizationGeneral Register Organization

4. Stack OrganizationStack Organization
Can be implemented in two ways:
◦ Register Stack
◦ Memory Stack

5. Register StackRegister Stack

6. Memory StackMemory Stack

7. Instruction FormatsInstruction Formats
Depend on the organization of the
computer. There are mainly following
types of organization:
◦ Accumulator Based Organization
◦ Register Based Organization
◦ Stack Based Organization

8. Instruction FormatsInstruction Formats
Zero Address Instruction
One Address Instruction
Two Address Instruction
Three Address Instruction
RISC Instruction

9. Addressing ModesAddressing Modes
Implied Mode
Immediate Mode
Register Mode
Register Indirect Mode
Auto increment or Auto decrement Mode
Direct Addressing Mode
Indirect Addressing Mode
Relative Addressing Mode
Indexed Addressing Mode
Base Register Addressing Mode

10. Data Transfer andData Transfer and
ManipulationManipulation
Most computer instructions can be classified into three
categories:
1)Data transfer,
2) Data manipulation,
3) Program control instructions

11. Data Transfer InstructionData Transfer Instruction
Data transfer instructions move data from
one place in the computer to another
without changing the data content
The most common transfers are between
memory and processor registers,between
processor registers and input or
output,and between the processor
registers themselves.

12. Typical Data Transfer Instruction :
» Load : transfer from memory to a processor register, usually an AC (memory
read)
» Store : transfer from a processor register into memory (memory write)
» Move : transfer from one register to another register
» Exchange : swap information between two registers or a register and a
memory word
» Input/Output : transfer data among processor registers and input/output
device
» Push/Pop : transfer data between processor registers and a memory stack
NAME Mnemonic
Load LD
Store ST
Move MOV
Exchange XCH
Input IN
Output OUT
Push PUSH
pop POP

13. Data Manipulation InstructionData Manipulation Instruction
Data Manipulation Instructions perform
operations on data and provide the
computational capabilities for the
computer.
It is divided into three basic types:
1) Arithmetic,
2) Logical and bit manipulation,
3) Shift Instruction

14. AIAI
NAME Mnemonic
Increment INC
Decrement DEC
Add ADD
Subtract SUB
Multiply MUL
Divide DIV
Add with
carry
ADDC
Subtract
with borrow
SUBB
Negate (2’s
complement
)
NEG

15. LOGIC N BITLOGIC N BIT
NAME Mnemonic
Clear CLR
Complement COM
AND AND
OR OR
Exclusive-or XOR
Clear carry CLRC
Set carry SETC
complement carry COMC
Enable interrupt EI
Disable interrupt DI

16. SISI
NAME Mnemonic
Logical shift right SHR
Logical shift left SHL
Arithmetic shift
right
SHRA
Arithmetic shift
left
SHLA
Rotate right ROR
Rotate left ROL
Rotate right
through carry
RORC
Rotate left
through carry
ROLC

17. Program controlProgram control
Program control instructions specify
conditions for altering the content of
the program counter , while data
transfer and manipulation instructions
specify condtions for data-processing
operations.
NAME Mnemonic
Branch BR
Jump JMP
Skip SKP
Call CALL
Return RET
Compare(by subtraction) CMP
Test(by ANDing) TST

18. Status Bit ConditionsStatus Bit Conditions
• It is convinent to supplement the ALU
circuit in the CPU with a status register
where status bit condition can be stored
for further analysis.
• Status bits are also called condition code
bit or flag bit.
• The four status bits are symbolized by
C,S,Z and V.
• The bits are set or cleared as a result of
an operation performed in the ALU

19. 4-bit status register4-bit status register

20. Conditional Branch Instructions :Conditional Branch Instructions :

21. Subroutine Call and ReturnSubroutine Call and Return
It is a self-contained sequence of
instructions that performs a given
computational task.
During the execution of a program,a
subroutine may call when it is called, a
branch is executed to the beginning of the
subroutine to start executing its set of
instructions. After the subroutine has
been executed,a branch is made back to
the main program.

22. A subroutine call is implemented with the
following microoperations:
CALL:
SP SP-1← : Decrement stack point
M[SP] PC← : Push content of PC onto
the stack
PC←Effective Address : Transfer control
to the subroutine
RETURN:
PC M[SP]← : Pop stack and transfer to
PC
SP SP+1← : Increment stack pointer

23. Program InterruptProgram Interrupt
» Transfer program control from a currently
running program to another service
program
as a result of an external or internal
generated request
» Control returns to the original program
after the service program is executed

24. Types of InterruptsTypes of Interrupts
1) External Interrupts
» come from I/O device, from a timing device, from a
circuit
monitoring the power supply, or from any other external
source
2) Internal Interrupts or TRAP
» caused by register overflow, attempt to divide by zero,
an invalid operation code, stack overflow, and protection
violation
3) Software Interrupts
» initiated by executing an instruction (INT or RST)
» used by the programmer to initiate an interrupt
procedure at any desired point in the program