This presentation was a hard work of investigation and searching time by veterinary students of ULPGC Gran Canaria university. we learned to much about cytology in the process of recompilation of information. We share this knowledge with the desire that it may be useful and instructive for some one interested in cience or maybe other student arround the world. enjoy it!

1. Veterinary
Cytology and Histology
Electron Microscopy
•Ian Mateo Mazzucchetti
•Mario MuleroTocado
•Indira Hernández Esteve
•Carlota Martín González

2. Index
• Cell Membrane
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosome, Endoplasmatic reticulum
• Golgi complex, Mitochondria
• Lysosome and Peroxisome
• Cell center, Centrioles, Cilia and Flagella
• Mitosis, Meiosis, Cell differentiation, Cell dedifferentiation, Cell death
• Epithelial Cell, Epithelial and glandular tissues of revetment
• Cell of connective tissues
• Osseous and cartilaginous tissue
• Muscular cell
• Nervous cell
• Bone marrow, Blood cells and Hematopoiesis
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3. Cell membrane
•Cell membrane
•Cell membrane connections
 Desmosomes
 Hemidesmosomes
 Adherens junction
 Gap junction
 Tight junction
 Interdigitations
• Cell membrane specializations
 Microvillus
 Cilium
 Stereocilia

4. Cell membrane
This is a biological membrane that
separates the interior of all cells from
the outside environment (the
extracellular space). It consists of a
lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
The basic function of the cell
membrane is to protect the cell from
its surroundings. The cell membrane
controls the movement of substances
in and out of cells and organelles

5. Desmosomes
Desmosomes, also termed as maculae adherentes, can
be visualized as rivets through the plasma membrane of
adjacent cells. Intermediate filaments composed of
keratin or desmin are attached to membrane-
associated attachment proteins that form a dense
plaque on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane.
Cadherin molecules form the actual anchor by
attaching to the cytoplasmic plaque, extending through
the membrane and binding strongly to cadherins
coming through the membrane of the adjacent cell

6. Hemidesmosomes
Hemidesmosomes form rivet-like
links between cytoskeleton and
extracellular matrix components such
as the basal laminae that underlie
epithelia. Like desmosomes, they tie
to intermediate filaments in the
cytoplasm, but in contrast to
desmosomes, their transmembrane
anchors are integrins rather than
cadherins
Hemidesmosomes along the base of an amphibian
epidermal cell with tonofilaments converging on them.
At the lower left are cross sections of collagen fibers in
the connective tissue underlying the epithelium

7. Adherens
junction
Adherens junctions share the
characteristic of anchoring cells
through their cytoplasmic actin
filaments. Similarly to desmosomes
and hemidesmosomes, their
transmembrane anchors are
composed of cadherins in those that
anchor to other cells and integrins in
those that anchor to extracellular
matrix. There is considerable
morphologic diversity among
adherens junctions. Those that tie
cells to one another are seen as
isolated streaks or spots, or as bands
that completely encircle the cell

8. Gap
junctions
Communicating junctions, or gap junctions allow for direct chemical communication between
adjacent cellular cytoplasm through diffusion without contact with the extracellular fluid. This is
possible due to six connexin proteins interacting to form a cylinder with a pore in the center called a
connexon.
The connexon complexes stretches across the cell membrane and when two adjacent cell connexons
interact, they form a complete gap junction channel. Connexon pores vary in size, polarity and
therefore can be specific depending on the connexin proteins that constitute each individual
connexon

9. Tight junction
Found in vertebrate epithelia, tight
junctions act as barriers that regulate
the movement of water and solutes
between epithelial layers. Tight
junctions are classified as a
paracellular barrier which is defined
as not having directional
discrimination; however, movement
of the solute is largely dependent
upon size and charge. There is
evidence to suggest that the
structures in which solutes pass
through are somewhat like pores.

10. Interdigitations
This structure allow to the
cells connect with others
through meccanic interaction

11. Microvillus
Microvillus are microscopic cellular
membrane protrusions that increase
the surface area for diffusion and
minimize any increase in volume, and
are involved in a wide variety of
functions, including absorption,
secretion, cellular adhesion, and
mechanotransduction.
Microvillus with
glucocalix

12. Stereocilia
Stereocilia are non-motile apical
modifications of the cell, which are
distinct from cilia and microvilli, but
closely related to the latter.
In structure, they are longer than
typical microvilli and have more of
the characteristics of the cellular
membrane proper. Like microvilli,
they contain actin filaments,
distinguishing them from
microtubule-containing cilia.

13. Ear stereocilia
In the inner ear, stereocilia are the
mechanosensing organelles of hair
cells, which respond to fluid motion
in numerous types of animals for
various functions, including hearing
and balance. They are about 10–50
micrometers in length and share
some similar features of microvilli.

14. Nucleus
• Nucleus
• Nucleus components
• Interphase nucleus
• Nucleoma
• Nucleolus

15. It consists of a structure of eukaryotic cells and inside it
contains the genetic material (DNA).
Its function is to regulate metabolism by transcription.
(process in which the DNA molecules are transcribed to
RNA).
Size: the average of these structures is 5-10 microns.
Shape: frequently it is usually oval and usually has a basal
disposition.
Nucleus of a lymphocyte (rat)

16. In some cells, the nucleus is affected
by other factors, such as in muscle
cells where the nucleus is displaced
towards the laterals due to the
myofibrils
Nucleus

17. Nucleus components
Nucleolus
Chromatin associated with
the nucleolus
Euchromatin
Peripheral chromatin
Heterochromatin
Nuclear envelope

18. Interphase
Nucleus

19. Nucleoma (Nuclear envelope)
2 trilaminar mbs (7 nm)
Space or perinuclear cistern (15 nm)
Ribosomes
Relationship with the RER
Nuclear pores

20. Nucleolus
It is a region of the nucleus that does not have a
membrane that limits it.
This structure we find RNA, DNA (organized
chromosomes) and proteins.
Granular component
Fibrilar component
Nucleolus of a human plasma cell

21. Function: synthesis of ribosomal
RNA (formation of the major and
minor subunits of the ribosome)
Nucleolus of a mucous salivary
gland cell (rat

22. Cytoplasm
•Cytoskeleton
•Glycogen inclusions
•Lipid inclusions
•Lipofuscin inclusions
•Hemosiderin inclusions
•Melanin inclusions

23. Cytoskeleton
Image of a longitudinal section of
centrioles where they are
observed to be constituted by
microtubules

24. Cytoskeleton
Intermediate filaments (of keratin)
Parallel axes of intermediate filaments

25. Glycogen
inclusions
•Beta particles
(20-30 nm)
[without forming
the whole]
•Alpha particles
(together)

26. Lipid
inclusions

27. Lipofuscin inclusions
• Lipofuscin inclusion (Pigment
wear)
• Neuron

28. Hemosiderin
inclusions

29. Melanin
iclusions

30. Ribosome, Endoplasmatic
reticulum
•Ribosome
•Rough endoplasmatic reticulum
•Smooth endoplasmatic reticulum

31. Ribosome
As the diagram indicates, in the electron microscope image we
observe a polyribosome (a set of ribosomes joined by mRNA)

32. Rough endoplasmatic reticulum
This is a studded organelle with protein-manufacturing ribosomes
giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name). The binding site of the
ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the translocon.

33. Smooth endoplasmatic reticulum
The function of the SER can vary, depending on cell type. In some cells, such as
those of the adrenal gland and certain other endocrine glands, it plays a key role
in the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol. In the liver, enzymes in the
SER catalyze reactions that render drugs, metabolic wastes, and harmful
chemicals water-soluble, thereby contributing to their detoxification, or removal,
from the body. The SER also plays a role in the conversion of glycogen to glucose,
with glucose-6-phosphatase, an enzyme present in SER, catalyzing the final step
in glucose production in the liver.

34. Golgi complex
and Mitochondria
•Golgi complex
•Mitochondria

35. Golgi complex
The Golgi apparatus is a major collection and
dispatch station of protein products received
from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proteins
synthesized in the ER are packaged into
vesicles, which then fuse with the Golgi
apparatus. These cargo proteins are modified
and destined for secretion via exocytosis or for
use in the cell

36. Golgi complex

37. Mitochondria
The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the
energy currency of the cell, ATP (phosphorylation of ADP),
through respiration, and to regulate cellular metabolism. The
central set of reactions involved in ATP production are
collectively known as the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle

38. Lysosome and
Peroxisome
•Lysosome
•Primary lysosome
•Secondary lysosome
•Peroxisome

39. Lysosome
With the appearance of the electron
microscope it was possible to confirm
the existence of these organelles
When we observe them under a
microscope, they are electron-dense
structures
That is a lysosome of a human
eosinophilic granulocyte

40. These appearance is heterogeneous
and are composed of acid hydrolases
inside

41. Heterophagy
This organelle carries out
the process of endocytosis
or Phagocytosis

42. Autophagy
In case the digestion is incomplete,
inside the lysosomes remain those
undigested substances that are called
residual bodies.

43. Primary
lysosome
They contain only
enzymes and have
not participated in
digestive processes
yet

44. Secodary
lysosome
They are a lysosomes formed by
the combination of a primary
lysosome and a phagosome or
pinosome and in which lysis
takes place through the activity
of hydrolytic enzymes

45. Peroxisome
They contain a slightly electron
dense matrix with fine granules
and in the middle a crystalloid
core of uric acid oxidase

46. Theses cristalliods consist of cristallin
Katalase or Uratoxidase or uric acid
oxidase.
In some cases cristalloid structures the
nucleoids with higher electron density
appear in microbodies.
It is not present even in birds, humans,
primates and Dalmatians

47. Cell center, Centrioles,
Cilium and Flagellum
•Centrioles
•Cilium
•Flagellum

48. Centriole
is a cylindrical cellular organelle
composed mainly of a protein called
tubulin. Centrioles are found in most
eukaryotic cells. A bound pair of
centrioles, surrounded by a shapeless
mass of dense material, called the
pericentriolar material (PCM), makes
up a structure called a centrosome.

49. Centriole
with 3 micro-tubulin structure in basal
body “Acrosome”

50. Cilium
This is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
Cilia are slender protuberances that project from
the much larger cell body.
There are two types of cilia: motile cilia and
nonmotile, or primary, cilia, which typically serve
as sensory organelles. In eukaryotes, motile cilia
and flagella together make up a group of
organelles known as undulipodia. Eukaryotic
cilia are structurally identical to eukaryotic
flagella, although distinctions are sometimes
made according to function and/or length.
The dynein in the axoneme forms bridges
between neighbouring microtubu
le doublets. When ATP activates the motor
domain of dynein, it attempts to walk along the
adjoining microtubule doublet. This would force
the adjacent doublets to slide over one another
if not for the presence of Nexin between the
microtubule doublets. And thus the force
generated by dyenin is instead converted into a
bending motion.
Cell membrane

51. Cilium
with 9 + 2
micro-tubulin
structure

52. Flagellum
This is a lash-like appendage that
protrudes from the cell body of
certain bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
The primary role of the flagellum is
locomotion, but it also often has
function as a sensory organelle,
being sensitive to chemicals and
temperatures outside the cell.
The similar structure in the archaea
functions in the same way but is
structurally different and has been
termed the archaellum.

53. Double Flagellum
of a microorganism

54. Base of Flagellum
structure

55. Spermatozoon
Flagellum

56. Mitosis, Meiosis, Cell
differentiation, Cell
dedifferentiation, Cell death
•Mitosis
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
• Meiosis
• Cell differentiation
• Cell dedifferentiation
• Cell death

57. Mitosis
It’s a type of cell division in which one cell divides into two cells that are exactly the
same and with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.
There are five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

58. Prophase
Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus
condensation of chromosomes

59. Prometaphase
The nuclear envelope around the
chromosomes breaks down
sister chromatids are free

60. Metaphase
The centrosomes have moved to the
poles of the cell.
the chromosomes are in a center line
The Chromosomes are prepared for
division

61. Anaphase
The sister chromatids apart and
move from the cell’s equator to the
poles of the cell

62. Telophase
The final stage in mitosis, the cell is
ready to divide
The chromosomes are divided now
at each pole of the cell, and both are
identical

63. Meiosis
It’s a special type of division different
than mitosis. Meiosis results in cells that
only have half the usual number of
chromosomes, one from each pair.
The phases are:
Meiosis I
• Prophase I
• Metaphase I
• Anaphase I
• Telophase I
Meiosis 2
• Prophase II
• Metaphase II
• Anaphase II
• Telophase II

64. Cell
Differentiation
When a cell differentiates (becomes more
specialized), it may undertake major changes
in its size, shape, metabolic activity, and
overall function.
Mammary epithelial cell

65. Cell
dedifferentiation
Cellular process in which a partially or
terminally differentiated cell reverts to
an earlier developmental stage, usually
as part of a regenerative process.
Epithelial cells litle differentiation

66. Cell death
It’s when a biological cell lose the functions.
This may be the result of the natural process of
old cells dying and being replaced by new ones,
or the result from such factors as disease,
localized injury, or the death of the organism
they are part.

67. A cell death (injury)
Tuberculosis

68. Epithelial Cell, Epithelial and
glandular tissues of revetment
•Epithelium
 Simple squamous epithelium
 Simple cuboidal epithelium
 Simple columnar epithelium
 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
 Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
 Transitional epithelium
•Glands
 Globet cells
 Mucous gland
 Serous gland
 Seromucous gland

69. Epithelium
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue,
along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous
tissue.

70. Simple squamous epithelium
It is a simple squamous epithelium
and consists of a single layer of thin,
flat cells.

71. Simple cuboidal epithelium
Note the cuboidal morphology of the
cells and the central location of the
nucleus.

72. Simple columnar epithelium
This epithelium consists of tall,
narrow cells, and usually the nuclei
are oval and are located near the
base of each cell.
The cells have prominent microvilli

73. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Because the cells are irregular in
shape and size, and their nucleus are
located at various levels, this
epithelium appears to have several
layers.
All cells rest on the basement
membrane but not all reach the
surface.
Globet cells are dispersed among the
columnar cells reaching the surface.

74. Nonkeratinized stratified epithelium
This epithelium consists of several
layers of cells, with only the
superficial cells having a squamous
shape.
The flattened superficial cells retain
their nucleus.
The degree of keratinization varies
with the species.

75. Keratinized stratified epithelium
The cells on the surface layer have
lost their nucleus and are filled with
keratin

76. Transitional epithelium
is a type of stratified epithelium –
tissue consisting of multiple layers of
epithelial cells which can contract
and expand as needed. It is so named
because of this function in the
transition of degree of distension. It
has a basement membrane. This
tissue structure type is found in
urothelium, including that of the
renal pelvis, urinary bladder, the
ureters, the superior urethra, and the
prostatic and ejaculatory ducts of the
prostate.

77. Glands
A gland is a group of cells that synthesizes
substances (like hormones) and its can be
endocrine gland or exocrine gland.

78. Globet cells
The globet cell is an example of
unicellular gland, and consists of a
single secretory cell in a nonsecretory
epithelium.
Globet cells are PAS-positive.
Produces mucinogen

79. Mucous gland
The cells of the mucus-secreting units are filled
with mucinogen, the precursor of mucus, which
stains light with HE
Nucleus are displaced toward the basal part of
the cell and are flattened against the cell
membrane
Its are present in the submucosa layer of the
esophagus in some species
Mucous glands are PAS-positive

80. Serous gland
The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists
of serous glandular acini
Apical cytoplasm filled with small secretory
granules
Cytoplasm surrounding the nuclear region:
basophil
Nucleus near the center of the cells

81. Seromucous gland
Its contain both mucous and serous
cells.

82. Cell of connective
tissues
•Fibroblast
•Chondrocytes
•Endothelial cell
•Adipocyte
•Mesenchymal steam cell
•Glandular cell

83. Fribroblast
This is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and
collagen, produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues,
and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common
cells of connective tissue in animals.

84. Chondrocytes
Chondrocytes are the only cells found in
healthy cartilage. They produce and
maintain the cartilaginous matrix,
which consists mainly of collagen and
proteoglycans. Although the word
chondroblast is commonly used to
describe an immature chondrocyte, the
term is imprecise, since the progenitor
of chondrocytes (which are
mesenchymal stem cells) can
differentiate into various cell types,
including osteoblasts
Osseous and
cartilaginous tissue

85. Endothelial
cell
This refers to cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between
circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. It is a thin layer of simple, or single-layered,
squamous cells called endothelial cells. Endothelial cells in direct contact with blood are called vascular endothelial
cells, whereas those in direct contact with lymph are known as lymphatic endothelial cells.

86. Adipocyte
also known as lipocytes and fat cells,
are the cells that primarily compose
adipose tissue, specialized in storing
energy as fat. Adipocytes are derived
from mesenchymal stem cells which
give rise to adipocytes, osteoblasts,
myocytes and other cell types
through adipogenesis.
Lipid inclusion

87. Mesenchymal
steam cell
This are multipotent stromal cells
that can differentiate into a variety of
cell types, including osteoblasts
(bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage
cells), myocytes (muscle cells) and
adipocytes (fat cells which give rise to
marrow adipose tissue)

88. Glandular cell
is a kind of cell extremely specialiced
in an animal's body that synthesizes
substances (such as hormones) for
release into the bloodstream
(endocrine gland) or into cavities
inside the body or its outer surface
(exocrine gland)
Goblet
cell
Vesicles of
secretion
Nucleus

89. Osseous and
cartilaginous tissue
•Elastic cartilage
•Hyaline cartilage
•Chondroblast
•Chondrocyte
•Osteoblast
•Osteocyte
•Osteon
•Osteoclast

90. Elastic
cartilage
This is a type of cartilage present in the outer ear, Eustachian tube and epiglottis. It contains elastic fiber
networks and collagen type II fibers. The principal protein is elastin.
Extracelular
matrix of
colagen II and
elastine
3 chondrocytes in
their lacunae

91. Hyaline
cartilage
This tissue is the glass-like (hyaline) but translucent cartilage found on many joint surfaces. It is
also most commonly found in the ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea. Hyaline cartilage is pearl-grey
in color, with a firm consistency and has a considerable amount of collagen. It contains no
nerves or blood vessels, and its structure is relatively simple.
chondrocytes
Cartilage with
extracelular
matrix of
colagen II

92. Chondroblast
•Where we observe the actin
filaments
Chrondroblast or perichondrial cells, is the name
given to mesenchymal progenitor cells in situ which,
from endochondral ossification, will form
chondrocytes in the growing cartilage matrix.
Another name for them is subchondral cortico-
spongious progenitors. They have euchromatic
nuclei and stain by basic dyes. These cells are
extremely important in Chondrogenesis due to their
role in forming both the Chondrocytes and cartilage
matrix which will eventually form cartilage.

93. Osteoblast
These are cells with a single nucleus
that synthesize bone. However, in
the process of bone formation,
osteoblasts function in groups of
connected cells. Individual cells
cannot make bone. A group of
organized osteoblasts together with
the bone made by a unit of cells is
usually called the osteon.

94. Osteocyte
Osteocyte is a star-shaped type of bone cell, is the
most commonly found cell in mature bone tissue,
and can live as long as the organism itself. The
adult human body has about 42 billion osteocytes.
In mature bone, osteocytes and their processes
reside inside spaces called lacunae (Latin for a pit)
and canaliculi, respectively. When osteoblasts
become trapped in the matrix that they secrete,
they become osteocytes. Osteocytes are
networked to each other via long cytoplasmic
extensions that occupy tiny canals called
canaliculi, which are used for exchange of
nutrients and waste through gap junctions.

95. Osteocytes
Extracelular matrix of
calcium Hydroxyapatite
“bone”

96. Osteon
This structure Is the fundamental
functional unit of much compact bone.
Osteons are roughly cylindrical
structures that are typically several
millimeters long and around 0.2 mm in
diameter.[1] They are present in many
bones of most mammals and some bird,
reptile, and amphibian species.
Lacunae
Central haversian canal
Lamellae
Canaliculi

97. Osteoclast This is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue. This function is critical in the
maintenance, repair, and remodelling of bones of the vertebral skeleton. The osteoclast
disassembles and digests the composite of hydrated protein and mineral at a molecular
level by secreting acid and a collagenase, a process known as bone resorption. This
process also helps regulate the level of blood calcium.

98. Osteoclast

99. Muscle cells
•Diagram of muscle cell structure
•Kinds of muscles cells
•Skeletal muscle
•Myofibril’s Organization
•Heart muscle
•Smooth muscle

100. Diagram of Muscle
cell structure Transverse
tubules
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Opening
into
T-tubules
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Myofibril
Sarcoplasm
Plasmalemma
Terminal cisternae

101. Kinds of muscles
cells Skeletal muscle
Heart muscle
Smooth muscle

102. They have very long cells
(fibers) that can reach up
to 30 cm. They have a
diameter of between 10 -
100 microns.
They present a large number
of nucleus located on the
sides. They are cells
specialized in contraction.
Skeletal muscle

103. Band A
(anisotropic)
Band I
(isotropic)
Line Z
Band H
Line M
(In the middle of
the band H)
Myofibril’s
Organization

104. Heart muscle
They are cells with terminal bifurcation
that have one or two central nucleus. It
has intercal discs whose specialization
is union.
Intercal discs
As for the intercalary discs (cell
junctions) they always coincide
with the Z line

105. Heart muscleIt is formed by many blood
vessels (capillaries) and has more
mitochondria and glycogen than
skeletal ones.

106. Smooth muscle
Longitudinal section of a
smooth muscle cell (monkey) with
Organelles + actin filaments
is an involuntary non-striated muscle. It
is divided into two subgroups; the
single-unit (unitary) and multiunit
smooth muscle. Within single-unit cells,
the whole bundle or sheet contracts as a
syncytium.
Smooth muscle cells are found in the
walls of hollow organs, including the
stomach, intestines, urinary bladder and
uterus, and in the walls of passageways,
such as the arteries and veins of the
circulatory system, and the tracts of the
respiratory, urinary, and reproductive
systems.

107. Nervous cell
•Nervous tissue
•Myelin sheath
•Unmyelin sheath
•Neuroglia
•Astrocytes
•Oligodendrocytes
•Microglia

108. Nervous tissue
He has a specialization in communication and his origin is the
ectoderm
Myelinated axon form the brain (rat)
Astrocyte of fibre-type (rat)

109. It is composed of neurons that are
responsible for the main functions
(irritability and conductivity) and
neuroglia that is formed by macroglia
(collaborates in the transmission of
impulse) and by microglia (their cells
behave as phagocytes).
Nerve cells (blue).
Glial cells (red)
Color scanning electron micrograph
(SEM)

110. Central nervous system (is
composed of the brain and
spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system
(it is constituted by the
nerves and by the
peripheral nervous cellular
agglomerations that
constitute the peripheral
nervous ganglia)
astrocyte
Apical
dendrite
lipofuscin
mitochondrion
lysosome
axon

111. Myelin sheath
Central Nervous System: Oligodendrocytes
Each oligodendrocyte is able to produce myelin for several axons.
Peripheral nerves system: Schwann cell

112. Unmyelin Sheath
Unmielinic axons: it occurs on smaller
axons and that is why they are
related to several axons at the same
time. A cell harbors several axons
without forming myelin sheath in
them. It also occurs in the peripheral
system

113. Neuroglia
They are cells of the central nervous
system that accompany neurons
We can find the following types:
oligodendrocytes
Microglia cell
astrocytes

114. Astrocytes
We can find;
- Fibrous: they occur in the white
substance that accompanies the
axons.
- Protoplasmic: occur in the gray matter
near the bodies of neurons (it is one of
the types of satellite cell)
Inclusions

115. Astrocytes
MitochondrionAstrocyte soma

116. Oligodendrocytes
We can find;
- White substance: they
constitute the myelin sheath in
case it is present in the neuron.
-Gray substance: accompanies
the bodies of the neurons and
constitute the largest number of
satellite cells.
Create the myelin sheath in the
central nervous system

117. Oligodendrocytes
Axons
Cell
soma
Nucleus

118. Microglia
Is the set of astrocytes and
oligodendrocytes and has a different
origin to the rest of cells of the
nervous system
It has a macrophage function
neuron
Microglial
cell

119. Bone marrow, Blood
cells and Hematopoiesis
•Myoloid cells
 Erithrocytes
 Mast
 Megakaryocytes
 Thrombocytes
•Granulocyte cells
 Basophile
 Eosinophile
 Neutrophile
 Monocyte
 Macrophage
•Agranulocyte cells
 Lympochyte B
 LympochyteT
 Plasmatic cell

120. Erithrocytes
Are the most common type of blood
cell and the vertebrate's principal
means of delivering oxygen to the body
tissues.
The cytoplasm of erythrocytes is rich in
hemoglobin, an iron-containing
biomolecule that can bind oxygen and
is responsible for the red color of the
cells and the blood. The cell membrane
is composed of proteins and lipids, and
this structure provides properties
essential for physiological cell function
such as deformability and stability
while traversing the circulatory system
and specifically the capillary network.

121. Mast cells
Is a type of white blood cell. Specifically, it is a type of granulocyte
derived from the myeloid stem cell that is a part of the immune
and neuroimmune systems and contains many granules rich in
histamine and heparin. Although best known for their role in
allergy and anaphylaxis, mast cells play an important protective
role as well, being intimately involved in wound healing,
angiogenesis, immune tolerance, defense against pathogens, and
blood–brain barrier function.
Granules rich in
heparin and histamin
Receptors for
immunoglobulin E (IgE)

122. Megakaryocytes This kind of cell is a large bone
marrow cell with a lobated nucleus
responsible for the production of
blood thrombocytes (platelets)
large and lobulated
nucleus by endomitosis

123. Thrombocyte
This “cells” are a component of
blood whose function (along with
the coagulation factors) is to
react to bleeding from blood
vessel injury by clumping,
thereby initiating a blood clot.[1]
Platelets have no cell nucleus:
they are fragments of cytoplasm
that are derived from the
megakaryocytes
α granules (alpha granules) – containing P-selectin,
platelet factor 4, transforming growth factor-β1,
platelet-derived growth factor, fibronectin, B-thromboglobulin,
vWF, fibrinogen, and coagulation factorsV and XIII.
δ– cgranules (delta or dense
granules) ontaining ADP or ATP,
calcium, and serotonin.
γ granules (gamma granules) –
similar to lysosomes and contain
several hydrolytic enzymes.
λ granules (lambda granules) –
contents involved in resorption
during later stages of vessel repair.
Surface-connecting tubule

124. Basophil
This blood cells appear in many specific kinds of
inflammatory reactions, particularly those that cause
allergic symptoms. Basophils contain anticoagulant
heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too
quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine,
which promotes blood flow to tissues. They can be
found in unusually high numbers at sites of
ectoparasite infection
histamine, proteoglycans (heparin and chondroitin),
proteolytic enzymes (elastase and lysophospholipase).
They also secrete lipid mediators like leukotrienes
(LTD-4), and several cytokines
Nucleus

125. Eosinophil
This cells are a variety of white blood cells and one
of the immune system components responsible for
combating multicellular parasites and certain
infections in vertebrates.
Along with mast cells and basophils, they also
control mechanisms associated with allergy and
asthma. They are granulocytes that develop during
hematopoiesis in the bone marrow before migrating
into blood, after which they are terminally
differentiated and do not multiply
crystalline inclusions

126. Neutrophile
This cells are phagocytes, capable of ingesting
microorganisms or particles. For targets to be
recognized, they must be coated in opsonins—a process
known as antibody opsonization. They can internalize
and kill many microbes, each phagocytic event resulting
in the formation of a phagosome into which reactive
oxygen species and hydrolytic enzymes are secreted
Lobed nucleus

127. Monocyte
Monocytes and their macrophage and dendritic-cell progeny serve three main functions in the immune
system. These are phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine production. Phagocytosis is the
process of uptake of microbes and particles followed by digestion and destruction of this material.
Monocytes can perform phagocytosis using intermediary (opsonising) proteins such as antibodies or
complement that coat the pathogen
ameboid membrane
for phagocytosis process

128. Macrophage
This cell is a type of white blood cell, of the immune system,
that engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances,
microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have
the type of proteins specific to healthy body cells on its
surface
ameboid membrane
for phagocytosis process

129. LympochyteT
This is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of
white blood cell) that plays a central role in
cell-mediated immunity. T cells can be
distinguished from other lymphocytes, such
as B cells and natural killer cells, by the
presence of a T-cell receptor on the cell
surface. They are called T cells because they
mature in the thymus from thymocytes

130. Lympochyte B
This is a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte
subtype. They function in the humoral immunity
component of the adaptive immune system by
secreting antibodies. Additionally, B cells present
antigen (they are also classified as professional
antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete
cytokines in mammals

131. EffectorT cell
Effector cells are the superset of all the various T
cell types that actively respond immediately to a
stimulus, such as co-stimulation. This includes
helper, killer, regulatory, and potentially other T
cell types. Memory cells are their opposite
counterpart that are longer lived to target future
infections as necessary

132. Plasmatic cells Lymphyte cells differentiate into plasma cells
that produce antibody molecules closely
modelled after the receptors of the precursor
B cell. Once released into the blood and
lymph, these antibody molecules bind to the
target antigen (foreign substance) and initiate
its neutralization or destruction