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1. Prokaryotic Cells Essay
Prokaryotic Cells
All living things are made of cells, and cells are the smallest units that can be alive. Life on Earth is classified into five kingdoms, and they each have
their own characteristic kind of cell. However the biggest division is between the cells of the prokaryote kingdom (monera, the bacteria) and those of
the other four kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi and protoctista), which are all eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than
eukaryotic cells, and do not have a nucleus. Prokaryotic means 'pre–nucleus' and eukaryotic means 'true nucleus'. The nucleus in eukaryotic cells
contains the DNA in linear chromosomes and is bounded by a nuclear membrane, but since...show more content...
The cell membrane is made of phospholipids and proteins, like eukaryotic membranes, and controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the
cell. The mesosome is a tightly folded region of the cell membrane containing all the membrane–bound proteins required for respiration and
photosynthesis. The flagellum is a rigid rotating helical–shaped tail used for propulsion. The motor is embedded in the cell membrane and is driven by
a H+ gradient across the membrane. A clockwise rotation drives the cell forwards, while an anticlockwise rotation causes a chaotic spin. This is an
example of a rotating motor in nature. The prokaryotic flagellum does not have the same the same structure as eukaryotic flagellum. The cytoplasm
contains all the enzymes needed for all metabolic reactions, since there are no organelles. Nutrients and reserves may be stored in the cytoplasm in
the form of granules of glycogen, lipids, polyphosphate, or in some cases, sulphur or nitrogen. The ribosomes are for protein synthesis just like
eukaryotic ribosomes but they are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes. Plasmids are small circles of DNA, which carry additional genes and are used
to exchange DNA between bacterial cells. DNA is always circular, and not associated with any proteins to form chromatin, it carries the genes for the
proteins the cell needs. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles, like
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2. Plant Cell Structures
Name: Ezeugo Okechukwu David
Date: 5/16/17
Instructors name: Mathew Routh
Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 2 Lab Report
Title: Animal and Plant Cell Structures
Animal cell
NumberCell structureDescription and Function
1Nuclear pore This is a protein lined channel or Microscopic channel which allows ions and small molecules in and out of nucleus
2Chromatin (DNA)It consists of DNA and histones, it helps to put the DNA into a small Volume and serves as a body that helps to control DNA and
expression.
3NucleolusIt is located inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cell and sits in the nucleus and assembles the ribosomes
4Nuclear envelopIt separates the nucleus from cytoplasm in the eukaryotic cells and It encloses the nucleus and allows content to move...show more
content...
16Peroxisomes Organelle present in the cytoplasm of many cells, bound by a single membrane and roughly spherical.
17Plasma membrane Every living cells possess a plasma membrane which encloses their content.
18CentriolesAn organelle which is made up of protein strands called microtubules. that makes copies of themselves and helps divide cells
19Golgi bodyA layered organelle located near the nucleus which is present in most eukaryotic cells. It processes a bundle lipids and protein as they are
synthesized within the cell
20Centrosome An organelle located inside the nucleus of a cell which are made from two centrioles. They help to organize microtubules which are
utilized during cell

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4. Eukaryotic Cells Essay
Eukaryotic Cells The cell may be regarded as the basic unit of an organism, it carries out the essential processes that make the organism a living entity.
All cells share certain structural and functional features and they are of almost universal occurrence in living organisms. Biologists have devoted a
great deal of attention to its structure and the processes that go on inside it. They have recognised a major distinction between two types of cells,
Eukaryotic cells that have a nucleus and Prokaryotic cells that do not have a nucleus. There are many other differences between these two cells, in
particular eukaryotic cells have a full complement of membrane...show more content...
The formation of the proteins and phospholipids is called the lipid bylayer. The proteins take the form of globules dotted about in a mosaic pattern with
some being attached to the urface of the membrane while others penetrate into it to varying extents. Some of these proteins act as enzyme catalysing
chemical reactions within the membrane and also as pumps and channels transporting molecules into and out of the cell. The plasma membrane is
perforated by pores and allows substances to pass in and out of the cell by Diffusion Active Transport, osmosis, Endocytosis and Exocytosis. The
external cell membrane contains lipids and proteins combined with sugar molecules called Glycolipids and Glycoproteins. The sugar molecules only
attach to the outside of the cell membrane and form what is known as the Glycocalyx or cell coat. The Glycocalyx is sticky and enables animal cells
to adhere to each other. In the development of organisms cells must migrate from one region to another and recognise what kind of cells are their
proper neighbours and what kinds are not. This recognition ability appears to lie within the Glycocalyx.
The endoplasmic reticulum is found in the cytoplasm of the cell and like the plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids and protein. ER is an
intracellular transport system moving materials from one
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5. Essay about The Cell
The cell is the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa;
others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specialized components of multi–cellular organisms. Cells range in size from the smallest bacteria–like
mycoplasmas, which are 0.1 micrometer in diameter, to the egg yolks of ostriches, which are about 8 cm (about 3 in) in diameter. Although they may
differ widely in appearance and function, all cells have a surrounding membrane and an internal, water–rich substance called the cytoplasm, the
composition of which differs significantly from the external environment of the cell. Within the cell is genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid...show
more content...
All cells are dynamic at some stage of their life cycle, in the sense that they use energy to perform a variety of cell functions: movement, growth,
maintenance and repair of cell structure, reproduction of the cell, and manufacture of specialized cell products such as enzymes and hormones. These
functions are also the result of interactions of organic molecules.
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane, a continuous double layer of phospholipid molecules 75 to 100 angstroms thick, constitutes the boundary between the cell and
its external environment. In addition to lipids, the plasma membrane has protein components (polypeptides) that are associated with either the outer or
inner surfaces of its layers or are buried within them. The structure as a whole is selectively permeable, or semipermeable; that is, it permits the
exchange of water and selected atoms and molecules between the cell exterior and interior. This is vital to the cell because while the plasma membrane
helps maintain high local concentrations of organic molecules within the cell, it also allows interaction between the cell and its external environment.
The plasma membrane mediates such interactions in various ways. The exchange of mineral ions and small nutrient molecules is controlled by plasma
membrane proteins that act as pumps, carriers, and channels. The plasma membrane also participates in the exchange of larger molecules through
phagocytosis, the
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6. Essay on Cells and their parts
Cells are some of the smallest organisms around. All living things consist of cells, and yet they are invisible to the naked eye. Cells are the basic
structural and functional units of life. Cells are made up of many different parts which allow them to function properly.
All cells are separated from their surrounding by a cell membrane. The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also aids in the
protection and support of the cell. A cell membrane is similar to the walls surrounding your house.
In plants the cell membrane is surrounded by a cell wall. The cell wall is outside the cell membrane, and its purpose is to help the membrane protect
and support the cell. Since the cell wall is very porous, water, oxygen,...show more content...
Chromosomes contain the genetic information that must be passed to each new generation of cells. Chromosomes are what you pass on to your
children to make them who they are, it's the DNA of a cell.
The cytoplasm is the area between the nucleus and the cell membrane. The cytoplasm contains many important structures. This area is basically the
main place where you will find structures that help the cells stay alive.
Mitochondrion is an importance structure that lies in the cytoplasm area. Mitochondrion is the plural word for mitochondria, which is the key
organelle that converts energy from one form to another. Mitochondria changes the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more
convenient for the cell to use. The mitochondrion contains two special membranes. The outer membrane surrounds the organelle, and the inner
membrane has many folds that increase the surface area of the mitochondrion.
Ribosomes are the structures in which proteins are made. Cells that are active in protein synthesis are often crowded with ribosomes. Ribosomes are
composed of RNA and protein. Some ribosomes are attached to the membranes, and some are free in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are among the smallest
of organelles. They are no larger than 25 nanometers in diameter. A nanometer is equal to one billionth of a meter.
Many cells are filled with a complex network of tube like things known as the endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic

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8. Cell Theory
1.Cell Theory is an explanation that says everything is made of cells. It continues on to say that those cells came from preexisting cells. Cell Theory is
a theory because it is a frame–worked explanation of an observation made by many biologists like Anar Van Leeuwenhoek. Van Leeuwenoek studied
plant stems, pond water, and gathered a conclusion that generally, all of those things are made of cells. Other biologists like Louis Pasteur added onto
this idea that all organisms are composed of cells. Atheory is also composed of two components; a sequence of patterns in the world and the thing or
catalyst that is responsible for the pattern. The sequence of the pattern in Cell theory is that every organism in the world are made up of cells....show
more content...
The fatal flaw in my experiment of cloning a single plant, creating a population of 100 plants that are genetically identical, and raising these plants in
identical environments with no variation in traits is that there is no variation to show any difference(s) in the experiment.
3.A salt crystal dropped into a beaker of water becomes smaller and eventually seems to disappear. However, the same salt crystal remains intact at
the bottom of a beaker of octane because Sodium Chloride is ionic and would get attracted to the water. The octane is hydrophobic and has nothing for
the salt crystal to bond with. The water is polar and hydrophobic, which gives the salt the ability for the oxygen atoms in the water to be attracted to the
Sodium ion, and the hydrogen atoms to the chloride ion.
4.Molecules with carbon–carbon bonds have more potential energy and lower entropy than carbon dioxide because the carbon to carbon bonds are
held together loosely. Because the carbon to carbon bonds are held loosely together, the bond has low entropy, high potential energy, and more usable
energy. The Carbon dioxide is held tightly together, has high entropy, and will have low potential energy because the charges will be attracted to the
oxygen. This results in the carbon dioxide to have less usable
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9. Biology Cell Parts Essay
Nucleus– "the brain" or control center of the cell. The Nucleus, a membrane–bound structure of a cell, plays two crucial roles in controlling the cell.
The nucleus carries the cell's genetic information that determines if the organism will develop, for instance, into a tree or a human; and it directs most
cell activities including growth, metabolism, and reproduction by controlling protein synthesis. The presence of a nucleus distinguishes the more
complex eukaryotic cells of plants and animals from the simpler prokaryotic cells of bacteria and cyanobacteria that lack a nucleus. The nucleus is the
most predominate structure in the cell. It is typically round and occupies 10% of the cells total volume. The nucleus is wrapped in a...show more
content...
Chromatin– a collection of separate structures called Chromosomes. Within the nucleus the DNA is organized along with proteins into Chromatin.
During Mitosis, the chromosomes condense into what is known as Chromosomes, which allows the genetic information of the previous cell to be
passed on.
Chromosome– Chromosomes are the microscopic structure within cells that carries the molecule deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the hereditary
material that influences the development and characteristics of each organism. In bacteria and bacteria–like organisms called archaebacteria,
chromosomes are simple circles of DNA that float around in the cell. In more complex cells, or Eukaryotes, chromosomes are stored within a well
developed and defined nucleus. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are highly complex structures in which the shape of the DNA molecules is linear,
rather than circular. Chromosomes consist chiefly of proteins and DNA. Tiny chemical subunits called nucleotide bases form the structure of DNA.
A sequence of these bases that are along a DNA strand will create a code for the production of a special protein also known as a gene. Genes occupy
precise locations on the chromosome. Each cell contains enough DNA to form a thread extending about 2 m (about 7 ft). Proteins called histones play
a key role in packaging DNA within chromosomes. Sections of
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10. Essay On Hair Cells
Hair cells are alive and must have an appropriate nutrition. Human beings have 100 to 150 thousand strands of hair; each one grows almost 13 cm
(5 inches) in 5 to 6 years. When each strand dies, the period for regrowth lasts almost 4 months. Keratine is the main fibrous proteine of the hair made
of amino acids such as sulfur containing cysteine and methionine. The disulfide bonds are abundantly present in curly hair as disulfide bonds. Perms
and relaxing treatments take advantage of these disulfide bonds to change the structure of the hair. Who has curly hair and wants it straight, with the
use of chemical solutions that can break up or "relax" these bonds it is possible reaching the goal. The shape of our follicles is also...show more
content...
Hair loss that runs in the family can be treated with medicines or hair transplant surgery. When hair loss is inherited, the hair won't grow back
naturally, treatment can help some hair grow back, but not all of it. If diseases, medicines, stress, or hair damage causes the hair loss, it often will
grow back after the cause is taken away. * Trichotillomania (TTM), the hair pulling disorder, is characterised by the urge in the pulling out of one's
own hair, this could run in family or be caused and triggered by trauma and stress. This occurs to such a degree that leads to the hair loss. The hair on
the head and the hair around the eyes (eyebrow and eyelid) are most commonly being attacked. In this case the medications clomipramin and
N–acetylcysteine which is a glutamate modulator could be helpful along with psychotherapy. *Acne is a very common and disturbing condition that
involves a big portion of the people especially in puberty. The treatmaent, diagnosis and cure of it is quite difficult and a dermatologist must consider
numerous factors such as age, gender, hormonal function, wealth, nutrition, stress, cosmetics and soaps that are being used, blood values, and a few
more details. When it comes to the cure there are different medications; tetracycline, corticosteroids, retinoids, azelaic acid, azitromycine, rifampin, and
chloramphenicol are part of the medications
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