The document summarizes the key components and structures of plant cells. It describes the cell wall, cell membrane, plasmodesmata, nuclear membrane, nucleus, vacuole, cytoplasm, plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, microbodies, microtubules, and microfilaments. Each plays an important role in functions like protection, structure, transport, photosynthesis, protein production, and cell structure.

2. Cell Wall Cell Wall Cell wall is the outermost tough and rigid layer, which comprises cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin and at other times, lignin. As expected, it remains connected with the cell walls of other cells. The prime functions of cell wall are protection, giving structural support and helping in the filter mechanism.

3. Cell Membrane Cell membrane, also called plasma membrane, is present inside the cell wall and surrounds the cytoplasm. It connects the intracellular components (organelles and cytoplasm) with the extracellular environment, and helps in protection and transportation. The cell membrane is permeable to specific substances only.

4. Plasmodesmata Plasmodesma (plural plasmodesmata) is a small opening, which connects plant cells with each other. Present only in some types of algal cells and plants cells, this connecting channel enables transport of materials and allows communication between the cells. In a single plant cell, about 1,000-100,000 plasmodesmata are present.

5. Nuclear Membrane The nuclear membrane and the nuclear envelope mean one and same thing. As the name reveals, it is the outer covering of the nucleus. It separates the cytoplasmic contents from the nuclear contents. Nonetheless, minute pores (nuclear pores) are present for exchanging materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

6. Nucleus Nucleus is a specialized organelle, which contains the plant's hereditary material i.e. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid). Inside the nucleus, a dense, spherical body called nucleolus is present. The nucleus contains structures, which regulates the cell cycle, growth, protein synthesis and reproductive function.

7. Vacuole Vacuoles are large membrane-bound compartments, which store water and compounds. They function as storage, excretory and secretory organelles. The membrane surrounding a vacuole is called tonoplast. A mature plant cell has a single vacuole at the near center of the cell (central vacuole), which contributes to about 30-80 percent of the cell's volume.

8. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is filled up by cytosol, which is a gelatinous and semitransparent fluid. All the organelles of the plant cell are present in this cytoplasm. This part of the plant cell is the site for cell division, glycolysis and many other cellular activities. Also, the cytoskeleton elements (microtubules and microfilaments) are present in the cytosol.

9. Plastids are organelles responsible for photosynthetic activity, manufacturing and storage of chemical compounds in plants. Chloroplast is an important form of plastid containing chlorophyll pigment, which helps in harvesting light energy and converting it to chemical energy. Likewise, chromoplast and other plastids are present in a plant cell. Plastid (Chloroplast)

10. Mitochondria Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) are oblong shaped organelles, which are also known as 'the powerhouse of the cell'. They are responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrate and sugar molecules to simpler forms, which the plants can use. Other than this, mitochondria are crucial for cell signaling, cycle, division, growth and death.

11. Endoplasmic Reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) organelle plays a major role in manufacturing and storage of chemical compounds, like glycogen and steroids. It is also involved in translation and transportation of protein. ER is also connected to the nuclear membrane, so as to make a channel between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

12. Golgi Apparatus Golgi apparatus also known as golgi complex and golgi body. It is an organelle responsible for processing of macromolecules (like carbohydrates, proteins and fats) and packaging them into membrane-bound vesicles for transportation purposes. Golgi bodies are present near to the nucleus of the plant cell.

13. Ribosome Ribosomes are organelles, which are made up of 60% RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) and 40% protein, and play an important role in protein translation. It won't be wrong to say that the main site of protein synthesis is ribosome. Endoplasmic reticulum having ribosomes is referred to as rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).

14. Microbodies Microbodies are single, membrane-bound, globular shaped organelles, which are found in the cytoplasm. They range in size from 0.5-1 micrometer, and contain degradative enzymes. Many kinds of microbodies are present in a plant cell, of which the two most common types are peroxisomes and glyoxysomes.

15. Microtubules Microtubules are straight, hollow, tubular cylinders, which are major elements of the cytoskeleton. These plant cell structures are involved in synthesizing cell wall. Function wise, they are crucial for structural support, cell division and transport of vesicles. Microtubules in a plant cell are simpler, as compared to those of an animal cell.

16. Microfilaments Microfilaments are thin, filament like structures found in the cytosol, which contain actin subunits. These along with the microtubules make up the cytoskeleton of plants cells. Similar to the microtubules, the microfilaments are responsible for giving structural support, flexibility and shape to the cell.

17. Manuela Bedoya Ms. Moore P.5 Science