Cytokines
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From this ppt you can gather information about cytokine, How they are produced, how they work, what are their types , properties and functions, How they act and what their therapeutic uses are. references are also given in case you want more information about cytokines.
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Cytokines
Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins or peptides that are important signaling molecules that regulate immunity and inflammation. They act as intercellular messengers to regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses by binding to receptors on target cells. There are four main structural families of cytokines - hematopoietin receptor family, interferon receptor family, TNF receptor family, and chemokine receptor family. Cytokines can act through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine signaling and activate signaling pathways like JAK-STAT. An imbalance in the levels of cytokines produced by TH1 and TH2 cells can lead to different disease outcomes. Cytokine-related diseases include septic shock, toxic shock syndrome, and some cancers and infections.
Cells & organs of immune system
This document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It discusses the history of immunology including the discoveries of Metchnikoff, Behring, and Fleming. It also describes the innate and adaptive immune systems. The main cells of the immune system are B cells, T cells (including T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, and T suppressor cells), and natural killer cells. Primary lymphoid organs that support immune cell development include the bone marrow and thymus. Secondary lymphoid organs where immune responses occur include lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patches, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
T cellppt
T cells can be categorized into several subsets including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells. Helper T cells assist other immune cells, cytotoxic T cells destroy infected and tumor cells, memory T cells provide faster responses upon reexposure to pathogens, and regulatory T cells suppress immune activation and prevent autoimmunity. Understanding regulatory T cells in HIV-1 could lead to new immunotherapy or vaccine strategies, but their exact role in HIV-1 pathogenesis requires further study.
pI3K pathway
The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway is an intracellular signal transduction pathway that promotes metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. Key components include receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K, PIP2, PIP3, and Akt. Akt is activated by phosphorylation and regulates various proteins involved in functions like cell growth. Dysregulation of this pathway can lead to cancer due to abnormal cell proliferation and is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
Effector functions of immune system
1) Clonal selection theory states that when a B cell encounters its specific antigen, it is activated to multiply and produce clones that secrete antibodies against that antigen.
2) Effector cells like plasma cells and activated T cells carry out immune responses by secreting antibodies or performing cell-mediated responses.
3) Memory cells are also produced and provide faster secondary immune responses upon reexposure to the same antigen.
Immunology (Innate and adaptive immune systems) (ANTIGENS (Ag))
The document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It defines key terms like immunity, the immune system, and immune response. It describes the two main branches of the immune system: innate (natural) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. The innate system provides non-specific resistance and is the body's first line of defense. The adaptive system provides antigen-specific immunity and develops memory to enhance the response. The document also outlines the major cells involved in the immune response, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. It discusses the functions of phagocytic cells in phagocytosis and intracellular/extracellular killing of pathogens.
Primary and secondary lymphoid organs
Identify the organs of primary and secondary immune system- lymphoid organs, Know the functions of lymphoid organs, Understand the importance of lymphoid organs and Lymphatic circulatory system
PI3 kinase pathway
The PI3-Kinase pathway is a complex signaling pathway that regulates many important cellular processes like growth, translation, and apoptosis. Studies in simpler organisms helped illuminate the basic pathway but it is more complex in mammals. At its core, extracellular signals activate PI3K which catalyzes the formation of PIP3 from PIP2 to transmit signals by recruiting proteins to the membrane like AKT. AKT then phosphorylates many substrates to influence processes like cell growth, survival and metabolism. Deregulation of this pathway through mutations in genes like PI3K, PTEN and AKT is strongly implicated in cancer development.
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Cytokines
Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins or peptides that are important signaling molecules that regulate immunity and inflammation. They act as intercellular messengers to regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses by binding to receptors on target cells. There are four main structural families of cytokines - hematopoietin receptor family, interferon receptor family, TNF receptor family, and chemokine receptor family. Cytokines can act through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine signaling and activate signaling pathways like JAK-STAT. An imbalance in the levels of cytokines produced by TH1 and TH2 cells can lead to different disease outcomes. Cytokine-related diseases include septic shock, toxic shock syndrome, and some cancers and infections.
Cells & organs of immune system
This document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It discusses the history of immunology including the discoveries of Metchnikoff, Behring, and Fleming. It also describes the innate and adaptive immune systems. The main cells of the immune system are B cells, T cells (including T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, and T suppressor cells), and natural killer cells. Primary lymphoid organs that support immune cell development include the bone marrow and thymus. Secondary lymphoid organs where immune responses occur include lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patches, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
T cellppt
T cells can be categorized into several subsets including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells. Helper T cells assist other immune cells, cytotoxic T cells destroy infected and tumor cells, memory T cells provide faster responses upon reexposure to pathogens, and regulatory T cells suppress immune activation and prevent autoimmunity. Understanding regulatory T cells in HIV-1 could lead to new immunotherapy or vaccine strategies, but their exact role in HIV-1 pathogenesis requires further study.
pI3K pathway
The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway is an intracellular signal transduction pathway that promotes metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. Key components include receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K, PIP2, PIP3, and Akt. Akt is activated by phosphorylation and regulates various proteins involved in functions like cell growth. Dysregulation of this pathway can lead to cancer due to abnormal cell proliferation and is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
Effector functions of immune system
1) Clonal selection theory states that when a B cell encounters its specific antigen, it is activated to multiply and produce clones that secrete antibodies against that antigen.
2) Effector cells like plasma cells and activated T cells carry out immune responses by secreting antibodies or performing cell-mediated responses.
3) Memory cells are also produced and provide faster secondary immune responses upon reexposure to the same antigen.
Immunology (Innate and adaptive immune systems) (ANTIGENS (Ag))
The document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It defines key terms like immunity, the immune system, and immune response. It describes the two main branches of the immune system: innate (natural) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. The innate system provides non-specific resistance and is the body's first line of defense. The adaptive system provides antigen-specific immunity and develops memory to enhance the response. The document also outlines the major cells involved in the immune response, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. It discusses the functions of phagocytic cells in phagocytosis and intracellular/extracellular killing of pathogens.
Primary and secondary lymphoid organs
Identify the organs of primary and secondary immune system- lymphoid organs, Know the functions of lymphoid organs, Understand the importance of lymphoid organs and Lymphatic circulatory system
PI3 kinase pathway
The PI3-Kinase pathway is a complex signaling pathway that regulates many important cellular processes like growth, translation, and apoptosis. Studies in simpler organisms helped illuminate the basic pathway but it is more complex in mammals. At its core, extracellular signals activate PI3K which catalyzes the formation of PIP3 from PIP2 to transmit signals by recruiting proteins to the membrane like AKT. AKT then phosphorylates many substrates to influence processes like cell growth, survival and metabolism. Deregulation of this pathway through mutations in genes like PI3K, PTEN and AKT is strongly implicated in cancer development.
interleukins
Interleukins are a group of cytokines that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells and act as signaling molecules between immune cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helper T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. There are several common families of interleukins that play various roles, such as interleukin 1 which participates in immune responses and inflammation, interleukin 2 which induces T cell proliferation, and interleukin 6 which stimulates antibody production.
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiation
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiationKamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Virudhunagar
This presentation is a part of Anna University B.Tech Biotechnology Semester 6 BT6602 Immunology syllabus Unit 2Cytokines
This document provides an overview of cytokines, which are proteins that mediate cell-to-cell communication during immune responses. Cytokines are secreted by white blood cells and other cells in response to stimuli. They regulate immune cell development and functions such as inflammation. Cytokines bind to specific cell surface receptors and initiate signaling pathways that regulate gene expression. The document discusses the four main families of cytokines, their properties, functions, receptors, and antagonists. It also describes how T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 cells secrete different cytokine profiles that determine the type of immune response mounted.
Immunological tolerance
This document discusses immunological tolerance and regulatory T cells. It defines tolerance as unresponsiveness to antigen induced by previous exposure. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus through deletion of self-reactive T cells. Peripheral tolerance occurs through several mechanisms in tissues, including regulatory T cells that suppress immune responses. The key transcription factor controlling regulatory T cells is FOXP3. Mutations in FOXP3 can lead to immune dysregulation diseases like IPEX syndrome.
Antigen Recognition
T lymphocytes recognize short peptide fragments of proteins bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. There are two classes of MHC molecules - MHC class I presents peptides to CD8+ T cells on all nucleated cells, while MHC class II presents peptides to CD4+ T cells on professional antigen-presenting cells. Peptides bind to MHC molecules through anchor residues in a specific sequence motif, and a single MHC molecule can bind many different peptides. MHC molecules are highly polymorphic, which limits T cell recognition to peptides bound to self MHC molecules only.
Natural killer cells
NK cells are lymphocytes that constitute 5-10% of cells in human peripheral blood. They play an important role in the innate immune response by killing infected or abnormal cells. NK cells are divided into two main subpopulations, CD56dim NK cells which are highly cytotoxic and mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and CD56bright NK cells which rapidly produce cytokines and chemokines upon activation. A specialized NK cell population in the uterus, uterine NK cells, help form the placenta during pregnancy by enlarging blood vessels to supply the growing fetus.
Clonal selection
The clonal selection theory proposes that when B cells encounter an antigen, they proliferate and differentiate into clones of plasma cells that secrete antibodies specific to that antigen. Some of these cells become memory cells that allow for a rapid secondary immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen. The theory was developed in the 1950s by Niels Jerne and further expanded by Frank Macfarlane Burnet to explain how antibodies are produced and how immune memory develops. According to the theory, the immune system maintains a vast repertoire of B cells that can be selected and activated to respond to a diverse array of pathogens.
T dependent and t independent antigens
this slide can help you to know full details about the major type of antigen based on its activity on B or T cell. This slide consists of images to clarify your doubts
Cytokine Receptors, Mohammad Mufarreh Ali
A detailed description of the nature, types, and mechanisms of action of cytokine receptors.
Describes the different functions of cytokines and their role in the regulation of the immune response.
Cytokine receptor signalling and their regulation and the role of cytokines in disease is also covered briefly.
Tumor antigen
Tumor antigens are substances produced by tumor cells that trigger an immune response. There are two main types: tumor-specific antigens that are unique to tumor cells, produced due to genetic mutations; and tumor-associated antigens that are normally expressed during fetal development but also expressed in tumor cells. The immune system tries to detect and eliminate tumor cells by targeting these antigens, but tumors can evade the immune response through various mechanisms. Immunotherapies aim to enhance the immune response against tumor antigens and defenses against cancer.
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMORS
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMORS-Humoral immunity
-Cellular Immunity- Failure of Host Defenses
- Evasion of Immune Responses by Tumors
- Cancer Immunosurveillance vs Immunoediting- Immunotherapy
Immune responses to infectious diseases
The document summarizes resistance and immune responses to infectious diseases. It discusses the four main types of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths) and provides details on immune responses to specific pathogens like influenza virus, diphtheria bacteria, malaria protozoa (Plasmodium), and parasitic worms. It also notes that microbes have evolved ways to evade the immune system, such as antigenic variation, hiding in protected niches, and suppressing immune responses.
Cytokines in diseases
Cytokines are proteins that are involved in cell signaling and communication during immune responses and inflammation. They modulate processes like immune cell differentiation, activation of lymphocytes and phagocytes, and the development of adaptive immunity. Corticosteroids suppress immunity by blocking cytokine synthesis and release. Cytokines play roles in diseases like cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and septic shock by regulating immune and inflammatory processes. They can be measured clinically to monitor certain conditions.
Complementactivation.ppt
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Immunological basis of graft rejection and mechanism of graft rejection
It contains, what is transplantation and their types and also include the mechanism graft rejections. the treatment of graft rejection.
T CELL ACTIVATION AND IT'S TERMINATION
T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
Antigen lecture-51 (1)
Antigens are substances that stimulate an immune response and react with the products of that response. They can be classified based on their origin (exogenous, endogenous, autoantigens, tumor antigens) and properties (immunogenicity, antigenicity, epitopes). Antigens are recognized by B cells and T cells and can stimulate both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Adjuvants are substances that enhance the immune response to antigens.
Cytokines ppt
The document discusses cytokines, their properties, classification, receptors, and signaling pathways. It notes that cytokines exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy and antagonism. Major cytokine families include hematopoietins, interferons, chemokines, and TNF. Cytokine receptors include Ig superfamily, class 1, class 2, TNF and chemokine receptors. Cytokine binding induces receptor dimerization and JAK/STAT pathway activation. Cytokines play essential roles in hematopoiesis and immunity, but imbalances can lead to disease.
T and B cell activation
B-cell activation can occur through two routes - dependent or independent of T helper cells. T-helper cells interact with antigen-bound B-cells via CD40/CD40L and B7-CD28 costimulation, releasing cytokines that cause the B-cell to proliferate and differentiate into a plasma cell. The interaction of cytokines and proliferation factors released by T-helper cells provides signals needed for B-cell proliferation and class switching.
T-cell activation requires interaction between the TCR and antigen-bound MHC on an antigen presenting cell, as well as CD28-B7 costimulation, which causes cytokine release and leads to T-cell proliferation, clonal expansion, and differentiation into memory and
Dendritic cells
Dendritic cells are a type of white blood cell that are part of the innate immune system. They are named for their long membrane extensions resembling dendrites. Their main function is to process antigens and present them on their surface to T-cells, acting as antigen presenting cells. Dendritic cells can be found in the skin, inner linings of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines, and in an immature state in the blood. They activate T-cells, induce immune tolerance, and help maintain immune memory with B-cells.
Cytokines.pptx
Cytokines are soluble mediators of immunity that are secreted by immune cells and have various functions. They can be classified into several groups including pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cytokines that regulate immune responses like interleukin-12, and cytokines that help hematopoiesis like granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Pro-inflammatory cytokines cause metabolic and vascular effects and induce fever. Chemokines recruit different immune cells to sites of inflammation, such as RANTES attracting T cells and eosinophils. Cytokines play roles in both periodontal diseases and bone resorption.
CYTOKINES (Introduction and Description) by Mohammedfaizan Shaikh
Secreted, low-molecular-weight proteins that
Regulate the nature, intensity and duration of the immune
Response by exerting a variety of effects on lymphocytes and/or
Other cells.
- Cytokines bind to specific receptors on target cells.
- Originally were called lymphokines because they were initially
- Thought to be produced only by lymphocytes. Then monokines
Because they were secreted by monocytes and macrophages.
- Then interleukin because they are produced by some
Leukocytes and affect other leukocytes. The term “cytokine” is
Now used more widely and covers all of the above.
- Don’t forget chemokines, they are also considered cytokines.
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interleukins
Interleukins are a group of cytokines that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells and act as signaling molecules between immune cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helper T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. There are several common families of interleukins that play various roles, such as interleukin 1 which participates in immune responses and inflammation, interleukin 2 which induces T cell proliferation, and interleukin 6 which stimulates antibody production.
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiation
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiationKamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Virudhunagar
This presentation is a part of Anna University B.Tech Biotechnology Semester 6 BT6602 Immunology syllabus Unit 2Cytokines
This document provides an overview of cytokines, which are proteins that mediate cell-to-cell communication during immune responses. Cytokines are secreted by white blood cells and other cells in response to stimuli. They regulate immune cell development and functions such as inflammation. Cytokines bind to specific cell surface receptors and initiate signaling pathways that regulate gene expression. The document discusses the four main families of cytokines, their properties, functions, receptors, and antagonists. It also describes how T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 cells secrete different cytokine profiles that determine the type of immune response mounted.
Immunological tolerance
This document discusses immunological tolerance and regulatory T cells. It defines tolerance as unresponsiveness to antigen induced by previous exposure. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus through deletion of self-reactive T cells. Peripheral tolerance occurs through several mechanisms in tissues, including regulatory T cells that suppress immune responses. The key transcription factor controlling regulatory T cells is FOXP3. Mutations in FOXP3 can lead to immune dysregulation diseases like IPEX syndrome.
Antigen Recognition
T lymphocytes recognize short peptide fragments of proteins bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. There are two classes of MHC molecules - MHC class I presents peptides to CD8+ T cells on all nucleated cells, while MHC class II presents peptides to CD4+ T cells on professional antigen-presenting cells. Peptides bind to MHC molecules through anchor residues in a specific sequence motif, and a single MHC molecule can bind many different peptides. MHC molecules are highly polymorphic, which limits T cell recognition to peptides bound to self MHC molecules only.
Natural killer cells
NK cells are lymphocytes that constitute 5-10% of cells in human peripheral blood. They play an important role in the innate immune response by killing infected or abnormal cells. NK cells are divided into two main subpopulations, CD56dim NK cells which are highly cytotoxic and mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and CD56bright NK cells which rapidly produce cytokines and chemokines upon activation. A specialized NK cell population in the uterus, uterine NK cells, help form the placenta during pregnancy by enlarging blood vessels to supply the growing fetus.
Clonal selection
The clonal selection theory proposes that when B cells encounter an antigen, they proliferate and differentiate into clones of plasma cells that secrete antibodies specific to that antigen. Some of these cells become memory cells that allow for a rapid secondary immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen. The theory was developed in the 1950s by Niels Jerne and further expanded by Frank Macfarlane Burnet to explain how antibodies are produced and how immune memory develops. According to the theory, the immune system maintains a vast repertoire of B cells that can be selected and activated to respond to a diverse array of pathogens.
T dependent and t independent antigens
this slide can help you to know full details about the major type of antigen based on its activity on B or T cell. This slide consists of images to clarify your doubts
Cytokine Receptors, Mohammad Mufarreh Ali
A detailed description of the nature, types, and mechanisms of action of cytokine receptors.
Describes the different functions of cytokines and their role in the regulation of the immune response.
Cytokine receptor signalling and their regulation and the role of cytokines in disease is also covered briefly.
Tumor antigen
Tumor antigens are substances produced by tumor cells that trigger an immune response. There are two main types: tumor-specific antigens that are unique to tumor cells, produced due to genetic mutations; and tumor-associated antigens that are normally expressed during fetal development but also expressed in tumor cells. The immune system tries to detect and eliminate tumor cells by targeting these antigens, but tumors can evade the immune response through various mechanisms. Immunotherapies aim to enhance the immune response against tumor antigens and defenses against cancer.
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMORS
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMORS-Humoral immunity
-Cellular Immunity- Failure of Host Defenses
- Evasion of Immune Responses by Tumors
- Cancer Immunosurveillance vs Immunoediting- Immunotherapy
Immune responses to infectious diseases
The document summarizes resistance and immune responses to infectious diseases. It discusses the four main types of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths) and provides details on immune responses to specific pathogens like influenza virus, diphtheria bacteria, malaria protozoa (Plasmodium), and parasitic worms. It also notes that microbes have evolved ways to evade the immune system, such as antigenic variation, hiding in protected niches, and suppressing immune responses.
Cytokines in diseases
Cytokines are proteins that are involved in cell signaling and communication during immune responses and inflammation. They modulate processes like immune cell differentiation, activation of lymphocytes and phagocytes, and the development of adaptive immunity. Corticosteroids suppress immunity by blocking cytokine synthesis and release. Cytokines play roles in diseases like cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and septic shock by regulating immune and inflammatory processes. They can be measured clinically to monitor certain conditions.
Complementactivation.ppt
This presentation is organized with the help of other presentations, text book of immunology and some internet resources for better understanding of students.
Immunological basis of graft rejection and mechanism of graft rejection
It contains, what is transplantation and their types and also include the mechanism graft rejections. the treatment of graft rejection.
T CELL ACTIVATION AND IT'S TERMINATION
T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
Antigen lecture-51 (1)
Antigens are substances that stimulate an immune response and react with the products of that response. They can be classified based on their origin (exogenous, endogenous, autoantigens, tumor antigens) and properties (immunogenicity, antigenicity, epitopes). Antigens are recognized by B cells and T cells and can stimulate both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Adjuvants are substances that enhance the immune response to antigens.
Cytokines ppt
The document discusses cytokines, their properties, classification, receptors, and signaling pathways. It notes that cytokines exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy and antagonism. Major cytokine families include hematopoietins, interferons, chemokines, and TNF. Cytokine receptors include Ig superfamily, class 1, class 2, TNF and chemokine receptors. Cytokine binding induces receptor dimerization and JAK/STAT pathway activation. Cytokines play essential roles in hematopoiesis and immunity, but imbalances can lead to disease.
T and B cell activation
B-cell activation can occur through two routes - dependent or independent of T helper cells. T-helper cells interact with antigen-bound B-cells via CD40/CD40L and B7-CD28 costimulation, releasing cytokines that cause the B-cell to proliferate and differentiate into a plasma cell. The interaction of cytokines and proliferation factors released by T-helper cells provides signals needed for B-cell proliferation and class switching.
T-cell activation requires interaction between the TCR and antigen-bound MHC on an antigen presenting cell, as well as CD28-B7 costimulation, which causes cytokine release and leads to T-cell proliferation, clonal expansion, and differentiation into memory and
Dendritic cells
Dendritic cells are a type of white blood cell that are part of the innate immune system. They are named for their long membrane extensions resembling dendrites. Their main function is to process antigens and present them on their surface to T-cells, acting as antigen presenting cells. Dendritic cells can be found in the skin, inner linings of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines, and in an immature state in the blood. They activate T-cells, induce immune tolerance, and help maintain immune memory with B-cells.
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Cytokines.pptx
Cytokines are soluble mediators of immunity that are secreted by immune cells and have various functions. They can be classified into several groups including pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cytokines that regulate immune responses like interleukin-12, and cytokines that help hematopoiesis like granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Pro-inflammatory cytokines cause metabolic and vascular effects and induce fever. Chemokines recruit different immune cells to sites of inflammation, such as RANTES attracting T cells and eosinophils. Cytokines play roles in both periodontal diseases and bone resorption.
CYTOKINES (Introduction and Description) by Mohammedfaizan Shaikh
Secreted, low-molecular-weight proteins that
Regulate the nature, intensity and duration of the immune
Response by exerting a variety of effects on lymphocytes and/or
Other cells.
- Cytokines bind to specific receptors on target cells.
- Originally were called lymphokines because they were initially
- Thought to be produced only by lymphocytes. Then monokines
Because they were secreted by monocytes and macrophages.
- Then interleukin because they are produced by some
Leukocytes and affect other leukocytes. The term “cytokine” is
Now used more widely and covers all of the above.
- Don’t forget chemokines, they are also considered cytokines.
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Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins secreted by immune cells that mediate communication between cells. They include interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, chemokines, and others. Cytokines act through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine mechanisms. They have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic, and antagonistic effects and induce cascades of other cytokines. Cytokines mediate innate and adaptive immunity through effects on cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, and recruitment. Chemokines are a subfamily of cytokines that direct cell migration through interaction with specific chemokine receptors on target cells.
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A power point presentation on cytokine has also been uploaded.
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Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins that are important mediators of the immune system. They can be classified into interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, colony stimulating factors, chemokines, and growth factors. Cytokines act through specific cell surface receptors and have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic and antagonistic effects. They are involved in innate immunity, adaptive immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Therapeutic uses of cytokines include treatment of viral infections, cancer, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune diseases through administration of cytokines or anti-cytokine antibodies.
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Cytokines are a diverse group of proteins that act as intercellular messengers to regulate immune and inflammatory responses. They are classified based on the cells that produce them and include monokines, lymphokines, interleukins, and chemokines. Cytokines bind to specific cell surface receptors and influence cell growth, differentiation, and synthesis of other cytokines. They are involved in innate immunity, acquired immunity, and hematopoiesis.
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Cytokines are low-molecular-weight proteins secreted by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and other cells that regulate immune responses. They bind to specific receptors and can have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic, or antagonistic effects. Cytokine receptors fall into five main families. Cytokines act through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine mechanisms and mediate effects by binding specific receptors. Transforming growth factor beta inhibits T cell and macrophage functions. Chemokines attract macrophages and neutrophils to sites of inflammation. Macrophages produce cytokines like TNF-alpha that activate other immune cells. Cytokines are also targets for therapies related to transplantation and cancer.
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Cytokines
Cytokines are cell signaling molecules that aid cell-to-cell communication and stimulate cell movement. They are produced by immune cells and mediate processes like immunity, inflammation, and blood cell production. Cytokines bind to receptors on target cells and alter gene expression through signal transduction pathways. They exhibit properties like redundancy, synergy, and antagonism that allow for coordinated regulation of cellular activity. Diseases have been linked to overproduction or underproduction of cytokines, such as septic shock resulting from excessive cytokine levels during bacterial infection.
Role of Cytokines in immuneregulation
CYTOKINES
NOMENCLATURE OF CYTOKINES
PROPERTIES OF CYTOKINES
CYTOKINES BELONG TO FOUR FAMILIES
CYTOKINES RECEPTORS
CLASS I AND CLASS II CYTOKINE RECEPTORS
ACTIVATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY BY CYTOKINE
1.Immunoglobulin superfamily receptors
2. Class I cytokine receptor family (also known as hematopoietin receptors family)
Three subfamilies of the class I cytokine receptor family (hematopoietin)
3. Class II cytokine receptor family (also known as Interferon receptors family)
4. TNF receptor superfamily
5. Chemokine receptors
Functional Categories of Cytokines
A. Mediators of natural immunity
B.Cytokines acting as mediators and regulators of adaptive immunity
C. Cytokines acting as stimulators of haematopoiesis
Cytokine Antagonists
IMMUNE REGULATION
A. Regulation by cytokines
B. Regulation by regulatory T cells (Tregs)
Cytokine cross-regulation
Therapeutic Uses of Cytokines and their Receptors
Cytokines in Periodontal Diseaase
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious inflammatory disease caused by microbes; however the presence of microbes is not enough for the cause of its complex nature of disease. Inflammation is the prime cause of periodontal disease. It commences with the aggregation of pathogenic microbes that induce the host to stimulate a cascade of inflammatory response reactions which in-turn leads to the destruction of the host tissues itself. There is a complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune responses which fights against the pathogens by direct interaction or by release of certain molecules including cytokines.
Cytokines are cell signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma. Cytokine biology reveals that there are some subsets of cytokines which are pro-inflammatory cytokines which stimulate the inflammatory responses and cause tissue destruction.
A periodontist is expected to have a sound basis of the cytokine profile to understand the pathogenesis of periodontitis and also to discover the new treatment modality of anti-cytokine therapy.
Immunopharmacology
The immune system protects organisms through layered defenses. The innate immune system provides an immediate response, while the adaptive immune system has immunological memory. The adaptive immune system is activated if pathogens evade the innate response and has both cell-mediated and humoral components. Cytokines allow communication between immune cells and help regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Immunosuppressive drugs target different parts of the immune activation cascade to suppress immune responses, such as by inhibiting cytokine production or lymphocyte proliferation.
Cytokines
Cytokines are low molecular weight polypeptides or glycoproteins that are secreted by cells and have various functions including mediating and regulating immune responses and inflammatory reactions. Cytokines are produced by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, glial cells and other cells. They act through autocrine, paracrine or endocrine mechanisms and initiate their actions by binding to specific membrane receptors. Cytokines have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic and antagonistic effects and form a cytokine network. The major classes of cytokines include interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, interferons, colony stimulating factors, transforming growth factors and chemokines. Cytokines play important roles in various diseases and their therapeutic uses include treatment
Cytokines
Cytokines are small proteins that mediate and regulate inflammation. The major cytokines involved in acute inflammation are interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17 (IL-17), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and chemokines. These cytokines are primarily secreted by macrophages and T lymphocytes and work together in a cascade to recruit immune cells to sites of injury, induce fever, and stimulate the production of acute phase proteins from the liver. Chemokines specifically direct the movement of leukocytes through chemotaxis.
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Cytokines
- 1. BY: MALIHA FIRDOUS DEPARTMENT: CHEMISTRY Cytokines of the Immune System
- 2. OBJECTIVESTo explain: What cytokines are How they are produced How they work What properties do they attain How they act in different ways What functions do they perform What are their therapeutic uses
- 3. WHAT ARE CYTOKINES? Cytokines are non antibody, low molecular weight, soluble proteins that are produced in response to an antigen and function as chemical messengers for regulating the innate and adaptive immune systems.
- 4. PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINESCytokines are produced by virtually all cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity, but especially by T- helper lymphocytes. The activation of cytokine- producing cells triggers them to synthesize and secrete their cytokines.
- 6. NAMING OF CYTOKINES1. Monokines - produced by monocytes 2. Lymphokines - produced by activated T cells 3. Interleukins - made by one leukocyte and acting on other leukocytes 4.Chemokines-cytokines with chemo tactic activities
- 8. ACTION OF CYTOKINE• AUTOCRINE: In it cytokine binds to receptor on cell that secreted it. • PARACRINE: In it cytokine binds to receptors on near by cells. • ENDOCRINE: In it cytokine binds cells in distant parts of the body.
- 9. FUNCTIONS OF CYTOKINES Colony stimulating factors Growth and differentiation factors Immunoregulatory and Pro- inflammatory cytokines
- 10. THERAPEUTIC USES OF CYTOKINESTreatment of viral diseases T-cell activation in immunodeficiency diseases Treatment of cancer Septic shock treatment Adult T-cell leukemia treatment
- 11. LEARNING OUTCOME We have understood: • Working • Production • Functions • Uses • Actions • properties of cytokines