This document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids and bases according to Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. It explains the properties of acids and bases, including neutralization reactions between acids and bases that produce salts and water. Examples of strong vs. weak acids and bases are given. The document also discusses hard and soft acids and bases according to the hard and soft acid and base theory. Common uses of bases like sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide are listed.

1. ACID AND BASE
BY: MALIHA FIRDOUS

2. ACIDS????

3. PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES

4. NEUTRALIZATION REACTION:
BASE + ACID SALT + WATER
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
REACTION WITH CARBONATE:
MgCO3+2HCl MgCl+CO2+H2O

5. REACTION WITH BICARBONATE:
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl+CO2+H2O
REACTION WITH METAL:
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

6. BASE???

7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

8. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 NEUTRALIZATION REACTION:
BASE + ACID
NaOH + HCl
SALT + WATER
NaCl + H2O

9. REACTION WITH AMMONIUM SALT:
ALKALI+AMMONIUM
AMMONIA+WATER+SALT

10. ACID
STRONG
ACID
WEAK
ACID
STRENGTH OF ACID

11. STRENGTH OF BASE
BASE
STRONG
BASE
WEAK
BASE

12. EXAMPLES

13. CONCEPT OF SOFT AND HARD ACIDS AND BASES
• EXAMPLE: SILVER ION, CUPEROUS ION etc.
SOFT ACID
• EXAMPLE: LITHIUM ION, MAGNESIUM ION etc.
HARD ACID
• EXAMPLE: THIOCYANIDE ION, THIOSULPHATE ION etc.
SOFT BASE
• EXAMPLE: WATER, HYDROXIDE ION etc.
HARD BASE

14. THEORIES OF
ACID AND BASE
ARRHENIUS
THEORY
BRONSTED
LOWRY THEORY
LEWIS
THEORY

15. ARRHENIUS THEORY
ACID
HCl H+Cl
BASE
NaOH Na+OH

16. BRONSTED-LOWRY THEORY
•PROTON DONORS
ACID
• PROTON ACCEPTORS
BASE

17. LEWIS THEORY
e-
ACCEPTORS
e-
DONORS
BASEACID

19. USES
OF
BASE
SODIUM
HYDROXIDE
BLEACHING
POWDER
DRY
MIXES
AMMONIUM
HYDROXIDE