Cytokines in periodontology and in periodontal disease

1. CYTOKINES & PERIODONTAL
DISEASES:

2. DEFINITION:
Cytokines are low molecular weight soluble mediators of
immunity which are secreted by activated immunocytes or
some matrix cells and possess high activity and various
functions.

5. FUNCTIONS:

7. PROPERTIES:

12. CLASSIFICATION:
1. Pro-inflammatory cytokines
2. Cytokines with Predominant immuno-regulatory functions
3. Cytokines that regulate lymphocyte growth, activation and
differentiation
4. Cytokines that help in hematopoiesis
5. Chemokines

13. 1) PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES:

15. INTERLEUKIN-1:
• 2 molecular forms-IL-1a, IL-1ẞ
• Encoded by 2 separate genes
• 20% homology
• Main source of IL-1 alpha are the cells of monocyte-
macrophage lineage tends to remain associated to
membranes.
• IL - beta – synthesized as an inactive precursor, released
from the cell after be processed post-transitionally by a
cysteine-asparagene protease

17. TNF-ALPHA:
• Involved in inflammatory and immune responses
• Both autocrine and paracrine inducer of other cytokines like IL-1, IL - 6 IL-8,
PDGF ecosanoids, platelet activating factors and granulocyte monocyte colony
stimulating factor.
• TNF is secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T-cells, NK cells
following their stimulation by bacterial lipo-polysaccharides.
• Cells expressing CD4 secrete TNF-Q while CD8 cells secrete little or no TNFQ.

18. IL-1 & TNF INTERACTION:
1. Metabolic effects: Acute Phase proteins- 1-
anti-trypsin, fibrinogen, CRP
2. Vascular effects: Adherence. Expression of P-
selectin, E-selectin
3. Endogenous pyrogen: Does not cross BBB,
interacts with a group of nuclei in the
hypothalamus to cause fever

19. 2) CYTOKINES WITH PREDOMINANT
IMMUNOREGULATORY FUNCTIONS:

24. INTERLEUKIN-12:
• Generated by T and B lymphocytes, NK
cells and macrophages.
• Inhibited by IL-4 & IL-10.
• Links innate and adaptive immune
response.

26. 3) CYTOKINE THAT REGULATE LYMPHOCYTE
GROWTH , ACTIVATION & DIFFERENTIATION:

27. INTERLEUKIN-2 & 4:

29. 4) CYTOKINES THAT HELPS IN
HEMATOPOIESIS:

30. 1. GRANULOCYTE MONOCYTE COLONY
STIMULATING FACTOR:
• Major cytokine stimulating haematopoiesis
• Released by activated T lymphocytes, stimulating
granulocytes and monocyte cytotoxic activity and
expression of MHC-II molecules.
• Dendritic cell proliferation and differentiation.
• B-cell proliferation and differentiation

31. INTERLEUKIN-1:
• Acts as growth factor on the bone marrow.
• Mobilization of leukocytes which is reflected in
the peripheral blood vessel as leukocytosis.

32. INTERLEUKIN-3:
• Acts as growth factor for early bone marrow
progenitors.
• Released by activated T-lymphocytes.

33. INTERLEUKIN-7:
• Important mediator of the osteoclastogenesis
and bone loss in inflammatory conditions such
as periodontitis.

34. 5) CHEMOKINES:

38. B-CHEMOKINES:
• It has 4 major cytokines which act predominantly on monocytes.
• RANTES (Regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and
secreted): Released by T-cells, attracts T cells with memory
phenotype, NK cells, eosinophils and mast cells
• Macrophage Inflammatory proteins (MIP): Released by
monocytes and macrophages and attracts eosinophils,
lymphocytes and NK cells
• Macrophage Chemotactic Proteins (MCP): Produced by
monocytes and macrophages and related cells and attracts
monocytes, eosinophils and NK cells
• Eotaxin: Induced by IL-4 that recruits eosinophils and Th2 CD41
T cells to the site of allergic inflammation.

39. CYTOKINES & BONE RESORPTION:

42. IL-33 has been shown to have different effects: it
can act as an alarm protein released after cell
injury and as a proinflammatory cytokine, which
is reflected in periodontal disease.

45. THANK YOU