Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Monosaccharides are the simplest and include trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses. Oligosaccharides contain a few monosaccharide units and include disaccharides like sucrose. Polysaccharides are long chains and include homopolysaccharides like starch and glycogen for storage, and structural heteropolysaccharides like cellulose and chitin. Carbohydrates provide energy, structural support, storage, sweetness, and are a source of B-vitamins. They can be dextrorotatory, levorotatory, or exist as anomers that differ at carbon 1

1. CARBOHYDRATES
BY: MALIHA FIRDOUS

3. WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES?
Carbohydrates are chemically defined as "polyhydroxy
aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketones or complex substances
which on hydrolysis yield polyhydroxy aldehyde or
polyhydroxy ketone."

4. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES:
CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACHHARIDES OLIGOSACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES

5. MONOSACCHARIDES
FUNCTIONAL
GROUP
ALDOSES
KETOSES
NUMBER OF
CARBON
ATOMS
TRIOSES
TETROSES
PENTOSES
HEXOSES

6. OLIGOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
SUCROSE
TRISACCHARIDE
RAFFINOSE
RAFFINOSE

7. POLYSACCHARIDES
HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES
STORAGE
ANIMAL
GLYCOGEN
PLANT
STARCH
STRUCTURAL
ANIMAL
CHITIN
PLANT
CELLULOSE
HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES
HEPARIN
HYALURONIC
ACID

8. HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES

9. FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES:
1- Provides energy.
2- Supporting structure.

10. 3- Storage.
4- Sweeteners.
5-Source of B-
vitamins
.

11. OPTICAL ACTIVITY:
It is the ability of a chiral compound to rotate the plane
polarized light towards right or left
CAUSE OF OPTICAL ACTIVITY
Asymmetric or chiral carbon

12. TYPES OF OPTICAL ACTIVITY
DEXTROROTATORY(+)
LEVOROTATORY(-)

13. ANOMERS
Anomers are the cyclic isomers
differing from each other at the
anomeric carbon
If they are aldoses then they will
differ from each other at C-1 BUT if
they are ketoses then they will differ
from each other at C-2
TYPES OF ANOMERS:
 ALPHA: downwards
 BETA: upwards

15. ISOMERS
Isomers are compounds
having same chemical
formula but different
arrangement of atoms in a
molecule.

16. EPIMERS
The compounds
having same
molecular formula
but different spatial
configuration around
a
Single carbon atom
only are known as
epimers of each
other.
NOTE: Epimers are formed by a process called epimerization