this slide can help you to know full details about the major type of antigen based on its activity on B or T cell. This slide consists of images to clarify your doubts
B cell Activation by T Independent & T Dependent Antigens-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
During humoral immune response, Ab production is brought about by B lymphocytes. Based on the ability to induce Ab formation, antigens can be classified into T independent and T dependent antigens. Some antigens can directly induce the B cells to produce the Abs and are called T Independent Ans. However, some Ans require the help of T lymohocytes for the production of Abs from B cells. These Ans are called T Dependent Ans.
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
B cell Activation by T Independent & T Dependent Antigens-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
During humoral immune response, Ab production is brought about by B lymphocytes. Based on the ability to induce Ab formation, antigens can be classified into T independent and T dependent antigens. Some antigens can directly induce the B cells to produce the Abs and are called T Independent Ans. However, some Ans require the help of T lymohocytes for the production of Abs from B cells. These Ans are called T Dependent Ans.
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMORS-Humoral immunity
-Cellular Immunity- Failure of Host Defenses
- Evasion of Immune Responses by Tumors
- Cancer Immunosurveillance vs Immunoediting- Immunotherapy
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
Viruses are small, acellular particles that can replicate only in a host cell. They are obligatory intracellular parasites.They
consist of a nucleic acid genome enclosed in a protective protein shell or capsidBacteriophage is the virus that infect bacteria.Bacteriophages were discovered by Frederick Twort(1915)and Felix d'Herelle(1917).
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMORS-Humoral immunity
-Cellular Immunity- Failure of Host Defenses
- Evasion of Immune Responses by Tumors
- Cancer Immunosurveillance vs Immunoediting- Immunotherapy
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
Viruses are small, acellular particles that can replicate only in a host cell. They are obligatory intracellular parasites.They
consist of a nucleic acid genome enclosed in a protective protein shell or capsidBacteriophage is the virus that infect bacteria.Bacteriophages were discovered by Frederick Twort(1915)and Felix d'Herelle(1917).
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
A detailed description of Cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity. Lecture notes for medical, dental and paramedical undergraduate students.
Adaptive immunity involves specialized immune cells and antibodies that attack and destroy foreign invaders and are able to prevent disease in the future by remembering what those substances look like and mounting a new immune response.
Cells involved in immune response by faunafondnessfaunafondness
Content :- Cells involved in immune response
1. Types of immune cells
2. Their production
3. Function of immune cells
4. T-cells, B-cells, Macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells.
A brief covering basics of immunity understanding and also allowing students to understand with ease the concepts of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Tcell, Bcell, MHC molecular genetics, and also cytokines and also its role in various disease.
ANTIGEN PROCESSING PRESENTATION AND RECOGNITION - Copy [Autosaved].pptxSamboZailani1
This is a medical students' lecture.
It is among the immunology lectures. it is important for a medical student to understand immunology to some extent.
Wolbachia the biology of cytoplasmic incompatibilitybharathichellam
This bacterial studies are under research. It will much useful for agricultural industry. One can clearly understand the role of wolbachia in the arthropods and also how they reduce the population of such arthropods through cytoplasmic incompatibility.
It has some information about the role of secondary metabolites in the plant development. It also share the economic importance of such secondary metabolites.
Penicillin is one of the foremost important antibiotic in the world. It is used against the gram positive bacteria. But the resistance mechanism has been developed by them. But researchers are taking step to synthesis such synthetic penicillin for multipurpose use.
It deals with application of such genes and proteins obtained from the animals especially for medicine and also industries. It is much useful to understand the basic.
It deals with basics about the mechanism and changes happening in chromosome during cell division. You can understand the changes with the help of diagrams in this slide
this slide will deal with role of antibiotics in pathogenic organisms and also the resistant mechanism of such pathogenic bacteria against such available antibiotics which are now in use.
this will be useful to understand about the new topics such as abzymes, ribozymes and also isoenzymes. You have to clear that ribozymes are not protein. because all enzymes are proteins but all proteins are not enzymes except ribozymes
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
T dependent and t independent antigens
1. T DEPENDENT AND
T INDEPENDENT ANTIGENS
Muthubharathi B C
I M.Sc., Biotechnology
2016501012
2. A BRIEF ABOUT ANTIGEN
• Ladislas Deutsch, 1899
• Induces the production of antibodies
• Antibody generator
• Can be recognized by antibody when binds with MHC molecules
• Soluble compounds
5. IMMUNOGENICITY
• B cell + Antigen effector T cell + memory B cell
• T cell + Antigen effector T cell + Memory T cell
Plasma cell
CTLs, TH cells
6. T DEPENDENT ANTIGENS
• Do not directly activates antibodies
• Depends on T cells for the production of cytokines
• Cytokines supports the activation, proliferation and differentiation of B cells
• Cytokines helpful for both cell mediated and humoral immune response
7.
8. • T-D antigens elicit memory B cells, which develop in T-D germinal centers
• Can be identified by somatic mutation in their Ig loci or by surface expression
of secondary Ig isotypes
12. T INDEPENDENT ANTIGENS
• Follicle dendritic cells (FDC)
• More IgM production Membrane bound immune
complex of T-D antigen
B cell recptors
B cell
13. EASILY SAY THAT
•The antigen which directly
approaches B cell for antibody
production
14.
15. TYPES
• T-ID type- I Ag
Mitogenic stimuli like LPS, CpG or poly IC and B cell mitogens
Function by nonspecifically or polyclonal activity
Elicit the polyclonal B cell activation via Toll like receptors (recognize microbial
molecules, signal cell to secrete immunostimulatory cytokines)
T-ID type-II Ag
Polysaccharides
Able to activate complements
Lack ability to induce MHC dependent T cells
Flexible, Hydrophilic, Nondegradable
Capable of engaging multiple BCRs
16.
17. RECENT STUDY
• T-ID type II antigens elicit robust and long lasting primary antibody responses
in mice but cannot recall response, ie., secondary immunization
• Polysaccharide vaccines – Pneumovax and Menomune confer long term
humoral protection in adult humans
• T-ID type II stimulate extrafollicular foci of plasma cell production and short
lived abortive T-ID germinal centers
18. T-ID TYPE II ANTIGEN
• Do not induce immunological memory
• Antibodies to T-ID developed after the age of 2 years
• Biochemical structure
polymeric protein antigen
trinitrophenyl-ficoll (TNP)
Dinitrophenyl-ficoll (DNP)
Eg., Polysaccharides of bacterial capsule – Streptococcus, Haemophilys,
Neisseria
19. B CELL OR T INDEPENDENT ANTIGEN
• Bound in narrow grooves or deep pockets of the antibody.
Protein B-cell epitopes are much larger and interact with a
larger, flatter complementary surface on the antibody
molecule.
• But, memory B cells are derived from T-D antigens (Widely
accepted)
20. GENERATION OF ANTIBODIES TO T-ID
TYPE II
• Membrane immunoglobulin cross linking by multivalent T-ID II ag
B lymphocytes activation requires cross linking of a minimum of 10-20
membrane immunoglobulin response
Non antigenic specific stimuli
Directly target B cell
Indirect via injection of Cytokines or expression of co-stimulatory
molecules of other cells of immune system or complement compounds
23. ROLE OF DENDRITIC CELLS
Dendritic
cell
T cell activated T cell cytokines B cell
B cell
Activated B cell
Both T dependent and T
independent B lymphocyte
activation