- The smart grid extends power systems into homes and businesses, creating new security challenges as critical infrastructure connects to less secure networks. - We need accurate models of the smart grid that consider both cyber and physical pathways between components in order to understand vulnerabilities and identify security weaknesses across the integrated system. - A federated approach is needed to both secure the smart grid and model its complex interactions, as the system spans multiple organizations with critical and non-critical functions that must be isolated despite sharing physical infrastructure.