The document discusses current perspectives on stem cell biology and future implications. It provides an overview of different stem cell types including embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. It also discusses stem cell properties such as self-renewal and differentiation, as well as potential applications in regenerative medicine for conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
history ,definition,type of stem cells , characters of stem cells , source, stem cell banking , indications of stem cell therapy ,applications in gynaecology
Stem Cell Therapy Clinical Trial at Patients MedicalPatients Medical
Dr. Kamau Kokayi from the New York Stem Cell Treatment Center at Patients Medical gives the latest information on the amazing discoveries and healing capacity of stem cells and details on enrolling in the current clinical trial at NYSCTC.
This slide is about the potential uses of stem cells. It describes how they are useful and also puts froward the extraction process and the ares in which stem cells prove to be extremely useful. This slide also lists the various from of cells and the difference between stem cells and the normal differentiated cells. It is also richly supplied with photos and content which would altogether increase the quality of the slide. Hope you enjoy and learn. Please do like and follow. Share with your friends who might benefit from this.
iPSCs are pluripotent; unlike ESC, iPSCs are not derived from the embryo, but instead created from differentiated cells in the lab through a process – cellular reprogramming.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
Stem Cell Technology and its Clinical ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
Dr. Barkha Gupta has been teaching Veterinary Biochemistry as well as clinical physiology at CVAS, Udaipur and PGIVER, Jaipur. She has earlier served in various capacities in the Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Rajasthan. She has several publications and awards to her credit. She is the PI of M-RAJUVAS Android Educational Mobile Application for Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Kiosk Information System for Farmers/Livestock Owners. Dr. Gupta is also IFBA Certified Professional.
history ,definition,type of stem cells , characters of stem cells , source, stem cell banking , indications of stem cell therapy ,applications in gynaecology
Stem Cell Therapy Clinical Trial at Patients MedicalPatients Medical
Dr. Kamau Kokayi from the New York Stem Cell Treatment Center at Patients Medical gives the latest information on the amazing discoveries and healing capacity of stem cells and details on enrolling in the current clinical trial at NYSCTC.
This slide is about the potential uses of stem cells. It describes how they are useful and also puts froward the extraction process and the ares in which stem cells prove to be extremely useful. This slide also lists the various from of cells and the difference between stem cells and the normal differentiated cells. It is also richly supplied with photos and content which would altogether increase the quality of the slide. Hope you enjoy and learn. Please do like and follow. Share with your friends who might benefit from this.
iPSCs are pluripotent; unlike ESC, iPSCs are not derived from the embryo, but instead created from differentiated cells in the lab through a process – cellular reprogramming.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
Stem Cell Technology and its Clinical ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
Dr. Barkha Gupta has been teaching Veterinary Biochemistry as well as clinical physiology at CVAS, Udaipur and PGIVER, Jaipur. She has earlier served in various capacities in the Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Rajasthan. She has several publications and awards to her credit. She is the PI of M-RAJUVAS Android Educational Mobile Application for Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Kiosk Information System for Farmers/Livestock Owners. Dr. Gupta is also IFBA Certified Professional.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
10. BALB/c BONE MARROW CELLS MOUSE SPLEEN IRRADIATED MOUSE BONE MARROW BALB/c BALB/c IRRADIATION WILL EMPTY BONE MARROW SPACE AND RECONSTITUTION CAN BE ACHIEVED BY NEW STEM CELLS CFU-S INFUSION OF IRRADIATION
11.
12. FROM EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS TO A NEWBORN Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC)
68. ANNUAL NUMBERS OF BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPLANTS WORLDWIDE 1970-2000 MDM01_21.ppt NUMBER OF TRANSPLANTS YEAR 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Autologous Allogeneic 2000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000
69. E.DONNALL THOMAS, M.D. Emeritus Professor of Medicine University of Washington Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Seattle, USA Nobel Laureate for his contributions to Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in hematologic disorders 1990 1990
70.
71. Morphology of Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MSC) (CD 45- GlyA-)
72. MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS BONE CARTILAGE MUSCLE TENDON LIGAMENT CONNECTIVE TISSUE Chondroblasts Collagen II SM Myoblast Sm Myosin CaPo4 Osteoblasts
73.
74. FROM EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS TO A NEWBORN Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC)
77. 2007 Physiology and Medicine Oliver Smithies Univ North Carolina U.S.A. Mario Capecchi Univ of Utah U.S.A. Sir Martin Evans Cardiff Univ U.K. “ Contributions to Embryonic Stem Cell Biology and Development of Knock-Out Mouse Model to Understand Pathobiology of Diseases”
78.
79. SPERM + OVUM DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYO AND NEWBORN BABY FERTILIZATION
80. IVF TÜPLERİNDEN EMBRYONİK KÖK HÜCRE ELDESİ IVF In Vitro Fertilization Thomson J & Yu SCIENCE’1998 :1998
87. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH- VATICAN’S VIEWS SHOULD THE RESEARCHERS USE HUMAN EMBRYONIC CELLS ? ANSWER : NO IS IT ETHICAL TO CLONE EMBRYONIC CELLS AND THEN DESTROY THEM FOR RESEARCH ? ANSWER : NO IS IT ETHICAL TO USE HUMAN ESCs ? ANSWER : NO
90. SKIN BIOPSY FROM TAIL OF MOUSE CELLS ARE SEPERATED SKIN FIBROBLASTS ARE OBTAINED NUCLEUS IS REMOVED Takashi & Yamanaka ‘2006 MOUSE OOCYTE NUCLEAR TRANSFER Enucleated Oocyte
91. “ iPS CELLS” Embryonic –like Cells GFP+ FROM SKIN to iPS CELLS Cell Cultures OCT-4 SOX-2 Kit-4 c-myc
92. November 20, 2007 Re-Programming Adult Stem Cells (Skin Cells) to Embryonic like cells Without Cloning and without Making Embryos Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS)
93. I nducible P luripotent S tem Cells ( iPS Cells ) S.Yamanaka J.Thompson Re-Programming of Somatic Cells Rudolph Jaenisch
98. ARTIFICIAL BLADDER …April 2006 Wake Forest University Winston –Salem , California HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL BOSTON STEM CELLS AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
101. Growing Human MSCs on Nanofibril Scaffolds Chen FH,et al.Nature 2006
102.
103. STEM CELLS WHICH CELLS ? NUMBER OF CELLS ? AT WHICH STAGE OF DISEASE ? TO INDUCE A REMISSION ? OR FOR CURE ? OR FOR PALLIATION ?
104.
105. ARE WE READY TO USE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS ? IN-VITRO YES IN-VIVO Animals Yes IN-VIVO FOR HUMANS ? NO ! NO!
106.
107. MEDICINE The Whole World Is Watching Hope—and anxiety—run high as the first clinical trial of embryonic-stem-cell therapy begins this summer. President Barack Obama’s executive order lifted restrictions on Embryonic Stem Cell Research NEWSWEEK March 30 , 2009
108. FUTURE PROSPECTS OF STEM CELL RESEARCH TO UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (Endoderm-Mesoderm-Ektoderm) FOR SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF CELLULAR THERAPIES TO UNDERSTAND PATHOPYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN DISEASES DRUG DISCOVERY AND TOXICOLOGY TESTING
109. More Basic Research is Needed… Too Many Hopes.... Future of Stem Cells The ideas are Great !
110.
111.
112. CD4+ T-CELLS CD8+ T- CELLS NK CELLS NKT CELLS Treg CELLS HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL HOMING AND EDUCATION AT “NICHE” HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DC BONE MARROW “NICHE” MHC HSC
113.
114. Engineering A Bioartificial Heart NATURE MEDICINE Jan 13, 2008
115. Engineering A Bioartificial Heart NATURE MEDICINE Jan 13, 2008
124. REPROGRAMMING OF SOMATIC CELLS TO THE EMBRYONIC STEM CELL SOMATIC CELLS ES-like cells SOMATIC CELLS ESC FUSION ES-like Cells
125. E.DONNALL THOMAS, M.D. Emeritus Professor of Medicine University of Washington Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - Seattle, USA Nobel Laureate for his contributions to Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in hematologic disorders 1990 1990
128. 2007 Physiology and Medicine Oliver Smithies Univ North Carolina U.S.A. Mario Capecchi Univ of Utah U.S.A. Sir Martin Evans Cardiff Univ U.K. “ Contributions to Embryonic Stem Cell Biology and Development of Knock-Out Mouse Model to Understand Pathobiology of Diseases”
134. BREAKTHROUGHS of THE YEAR - 2007 SCIENCE December 21, 2007 318:1833 **Human Genetic Diversity and Personal “ Geneology” -Having One’s Own Genome ? *** How Adult Human Epithelial Cells could be re- programmed to act Like “Pluripotent Stem Cells” and like Embryonic Stem Cells... ** Progress in Climate Change Research and Impacts of global warming on Ecosystems and sea-ice.
135. STEM CELLS - MOUSE CLP T B NK CMP GMP G DC M MeP TR RBC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSC) LONG-TERM STEM CELLS (LTSC) SHORT-TERM STEM CELLS (STSC) MULTIPOTENT PROGENITOR CELLS (MPC)
136. PROLIFERATION AND SELF-RENEWAL OF STEM CELLS IN “ NICHE” NICHE SIGNALLING TARGET CELLS WITHIN THE RANGE OF NICHE Ang-1/Tie-2 signalling and N-Cadherin contributes to NICHE - STEM CELL INTERACTION SC SC SC SIGNALLING CELLS EFFECTIVE RANGE OF SIGNALS
137.
138.
139.
140.
141. MEDICINE The Whole World Is Watching Hope—and anxiety—run high as the first clinical trial of embryonic-stem-cell therapy begins this summer. President Barack Obama’s executive order lifted restrictions on Embryonic Stem Cell Research NEWSWEEK March 30 , 2009
143. Endothelium vWF Alb/HNF1 Hepatocytes Neural cells Cardiac: No? Hemopoietic cells MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS PDX1 TRITC Pancreas Endod *** *** *** CaPo4 Osteoblasts Chondroblasts Collagen II SM Myoblast Sm Myosin Sk Myoblast Sk Myosin
144.
145. PROLIFERATION AND SELF-RENEWAL OF STEM CELLS IN “ NICHE” NICHE SIGNALLING TARGET CELLS WITHIN THE RANGE OF NICHE Ang-1/Tie-2 signalling and N-Cadherin contributes to NICHE - STEM CELL INTERACTION SC SC SC SIGNALLING CELLS EFFECTIVE RANGE OF SIGNALS
146. IN THE STEM CELL.... GENES mRNAs PROTEINS CELL FATE
The stem cells have been traditionally divided into two categories, the totipotent ones, which are capable to differentiate into all three germ layers and since a few years ago this property was thought to be confined to embryonic cells and secondly the multipotent stem cells whose progeny is in fact limited to one germ line
3
4
Actually physiological – evidence? – CAN isolate them from circulating blood; and lots of bmtx pm studies, eg….